Anti-Lock Braking System

Ganesh.S1, Arun.K2, Department of civil engineering, ACS college of engineering, Kambipura, Mysore road, kengeri Hobli, Bangalore-74. Ganfuturebillgates@gmail.com Ph: +91 7760773375 Almighty.arun@yahoo.com Ph: +91 9164625516

Abstract-Owing to advanced development of vehicular technology, the requirement of safety for automobiles becomes more and more important. When a driver of a vehicle hits a conventional brake hard that is during panic braking, the wheels may lock causing the vehicle to skid, especially on wet and slippery roads. Antilock brake systems provide the capability for shorter stopping distances and the ability to steer and to maintain control during hard braking, especially on wet and slippery surfaces. This paper develops the anti-lock braking control system integrated with active suspensions applied to a four wheeler. In emergency, although the braking distance can be reduced by the control torque, the braking time and distance can be further improved if the normal force generated from active suspension systems is considered simultaneously. Finally the future developments on the ABS are dwelt on. Keywords Traction control system [TCS], Electronic control unit [ECU], Braking principles, Disc brake, Antilock braking system [ABS].

and in particular the surge in consumer electronics have added another dimension to product development in the automotive industry. But it is not just a consumer electronics trend: there is a revolution taking place beneath the surface of the car and electronics is supporting an improvement in the driving environment, in safety and in the fuel economy and cleanliness of the car. Broadly the safety systems can be classified as Active safety system: Active safety systems help prevent accidents Ex: ABS, TCS, etc Passive safety system:. Passive safety systems protect the passengers in case of an accident Ex: Airbag, Seat-belt tightened, etc Damage control When an accident is imminent, various passive safety systems work together to minimize damage to those involved. Much research has been done using crash test dummies to make

INTRODUCTION Car safety is the avoidance of car accidents or the minimization of harmful effects of accidents, in particular as pertaining to human life and health. Special safety features have been built into cars for years, some for the safety of car's occupants only, and some for the safety of others. Road traffic injuries represent about 25% of worldwide injuryrelated deaths (the leading cause) with an estimated 1.26 million deaths in 2000. Major factors in accidents include driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs; inattentive driving; driving while fatigued or unconscious; encounters with road hazards such as snow, potholes, and crossing animals; or reckless driving.

modern cars safer than ever. Recently, attention has also been given to cars' design regarding the safety of pedestrians in carpedestrian collisions. Seatbelts (or safety belts) keep a person from being thrown forward or ejected from the vehicle. Airbags: Front airbags inflate in a medium speed head on collisions to cushion

the blow of a head on the dashboard or steering Safety features The primary function of a vehicle is to provide a safe and efficient means of transport. Pressures in the modern world wheel. Side airbags inflate in a side (T-bone) collision to cushion the torso. Curtain airbags protect the heads of passengers in a side collision

Bumpers to withstand low-speed collisions without damaging bodywork. Crumple zones absorb the energy of an impact when the car hits something Crash box to dissipate impact forces Collapsible steering column sometimes provided with steel sheet bellows. Crash compatibility can be improved by matching vehicles by weight and by matching crumple zones with points of structural rigidity, particularly for sideon collisions. Some pairs of vehicle front end structures interact better than others in crashes. Widely different height and body on rail frame design are particularly bad. Fuel pump shutoff devices turn off gas flow in the event of a collision for the purpose of preventing gasoline fires. Light weight: the possible damage a vehicle can do to outside people and things are roughly proportional to its kinetic energy, which is its weight times the square of its speed. Active pedestrian protection systems. Principle of Braking We all know that pushing down on the brake pedal slows a car to a stop. But how does this happen? How does your car transmit the force from your leg to its wheels? How does it multiply the force so that it is enough to stop something as big as The components of a brake system are shown in fig 2.1. When the brake pedal is depressed by the drivers foot, the vehicle transmits the force from the foot to its brakes through a fluid. Since the actual brakes require a much greater force

than one could apply with his leg, the vehicle must also multiply the force of the foot. It does this in two ways: a car?

Fig 2.1: Brake system components Mechanical advantage (leverage) Hydraulic force multiplication The brakes transmit the force to the tires using friction, and the tires transmit that force to the road using friction also. Working of a Simple Disc-Brake system Most modern cars have disc brakes on the front wheels, and some have disc brakes on all four wheels. This is the part of the brake system that does the actual work of stopping the car. The most common type of disc brake on modern cars is the single-piston floating calliper. In this article, we will learn about disc brake design.

The location of the disc brakes in a car is as shown in fig 2.6:

Fig 2.6: Disc brake location

The main components of a disc brake are: The brake pads The calliper, which contains a piston The rotor, which is mounted to the hub

Hydraulic Modulator

Fig 3.1: Components of ABS

Speed-sensors Fig 2.7: components of a Disc-brake Anti-Lock Braking System Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) or - to use another common term automatic anti-lock systems - are used to prevent a vehicles wheel from locking as a result of excessive The anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. The speed sensors, which are located at each wheel, or in some cases in the differential, provide this information.

operation of the service brake, especially on a slippery road surface. Thus lateral control on the wheels being braked is maintained even at full brake application or in panic braking situations to ensure the cornering stability and steer ability of a vehicle or a tractor-trailer combination to the greatest possible physical extent. Fig 3.2: Wheel speed sensor An anti-lock braking system is an electronic system which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. The purpose of this is twofold: to allow the driver to maintain steering control and to shorten braking distances (by allowing the driver to fully hit the brake without the fear for skidding or the loss of control). Components of ABS There are two main components in an ABS system as shown in fig 3.1 Wheel Speed sensors Hydraulic Modulator There are two versions Solenoid valves Electric motors

Solenoid valve system A simple solenoid valve based system has the following working cycle:

If the solenoid valves are de-energized, hydraulic fluid is free to flow between the master cylinder and the brakes.

controller. Working Principle

If too much of pressure is presented to the brakes and wheel lock is imminent, the ABS will actuate a solenoid valve and switches on the hydraulic pump.

Fig 3.3: Principle of working of ABS

Electric Motor/Pump: Some ABS uses multiple electric motors driving pistons to provide multiple-channel pressure

reduction and rebuild. In some cases, an electric motor driven pump is used in conjunction with solenoid valves to achieve individual brake or brake channel pressure reduction and rebuild. To ensure, total hydraulic separation (for safety reasons), dual pump is often used. ABS ECU The ECU controls the operation of the hydraulic modulator and electric motor/pump. For enhanced reliability, electronic control units may be either attached to or integrated with hydraulic modulator. For improving safety in ABS, extensive built-in-test capabilities are included in ECU. All inputs to the ECU and outputs to the other components of ABS are tested for proper signals and loads and all functions internal to the ECU are extensively tested. Redundancy is built in to the control unit either by way of a parallel controller or by way of a watch-dog If the wheel slip exceeds a set value, the ECU influences the braking pressure via the solenoid valves of the hydraulic unit. Thus it prevents wheel lock-up There are many different variations and control algorithms for ABS systems. We will discuss how one of the simpler systems works. The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. Fig 3.4: The ABS closed-loop control The ABS closed-loop control: The driver hits the brake. Master cylinder and brake booster build up braking pressure The wheel-speed sensors provide the ABS ECU with information on the wheel Speeds. The ABS ECU calculates the wheel slip.

It is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked, the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 kph) under ideal conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second. The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible, so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees acceleration, then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change speed. The result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power. When the ABS system is in operation you will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. Some ABS systems can cycle up to 15 times per second.

One channel, one-sensor ABS - This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this system, it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to identify. Usually there will be one brake line going through a T-fitting to both rear wheels. You can locate the speed sensor by looking for an electrical connection near the differential on the rear-axle housing. The benefits of ABS ABS prevents wheel lock-up ABS reduces the total stopping distance as far as possible

Types of Anti-lock Braking System Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use. They are referred to by the number of channels i.e. how many valves that are individually controlled and the number of speed sensors. Four channels, four-sensor ABS - This is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel

ABS increases vehicle stability ABS maintains steer ability even in case of all-out braking ABS complies with complex demands: Maximum utilization of the coefficient of slip between tires and road for minimum braking distances Best-possible braking effectiveness, vehicle stability and steer ability with different levels of grip on the left and right (split) with varying levels of grip during braking throughout the vehicles complete speed range down to as low as walking speed Improved braking force distribution between front and rear axle Increased stability every time the driver hits the brake

individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force. Three channels, three-sensor ABS - This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle.

and shorter stopping distances on nearly all road surfaces Self-monitoring when the vehicle is being even when the system itself is not in operation driven,

Disadvantages of ABS The sensors can become contaminated with metallic dust and fail to detect wheel slip. Increased braking distances under certain conditions. Creation of a "false sense of security" among drivers who do not understand the operation and limitations of ABS. Conclusion In this document, a case study on ABS has been done. It is one of the essential active safety features considering day to day busy life. By using ABS, the stability of the vehicle can

Freedom from maintenance, together with safety and reliability throughout the vehicles useful life Unlimited functionality, independent of operating status, road conditions, state of the tires, and vehicle-specific characteristics. Comparison of performance of vehicles with and without ABS

Ex 1: Panic braking and avoiding an obstacle

be controlled during braking, deceleration, cornering, stopping distance can be minimized. Also expertise driver skill is not needed to drive the vehicle, tire wear can be minimized. It has been concluded that ABS is an essential part of modern automotive system References: www.howstuffworks.com\underthehood\antilockbrake.htm www.wikipedia.com\antilockbrakingsystem.htm www.samarins.com www.cse.wustl.edu/~lu/cs520s/520.htm

Ex 2: Braking on surface with different levels of grip (split), Ex. snow, ice, leaves, oil

Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia. Automobiles Mechanics by Crouse. ABS/ASR D-Cab Version Anti-Lock Braking System for Commercial Vehicles by WABCO, Vehicle Control Systems, an American Standard Company http://www.meritorhvs.com http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov http://www.telsafe.org/ntsp/itsc2003/ABS