SMK Kuching High

5.0 Cell Division

Names: Group Leader Lim Hoong Yang Group Members Lim Lih Shian Lee Yee Jing Lim Jin Name of teacher: Pn. Goh Siew Kian Date of assignment: 19.3.2012

Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to thank to the principal of the SMK Kuching High for giving me the opportunity to present an assignment of biology. Besides I would also like to thank to my Biology teacher, Puan Goh Siew Kian for guiding us and giving instructions in order to complete this assignment. Secondly, I would also like to thank to my parents which is Mr.Lim Shu Choy and Mrs. Liong Shook Lan for providing me with internet access to search for related information so that my assignment goes on successfully. Lastly, I would also like to thank to all my group members which is Lim Lih Shian, Lee Yee Jing and Lim Jin which had been spending all their time during the holiday doing this assignment in order to complete this assignment.

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Introduction Content Summary References Attachments

Contents
Mitosis and the cell cycle
While making your observations, consider the number of cells actually involved in mitosis. Some of these cells are still involved in the cell cycle, which encompasses all of the processes involved in cell replication. Cell that are actively dividing but not yet in mitosis are said to be in interphase, during which time the DNA is copied and the cell is otherwise preparing for replication. Some root cells have ceased dividing and are only increasing in size, whereas others have reached their final, mature size and function, and are said to be in the GO stage.

Cell Cycle

Viewing mitosis in onion root tips. Onion root tips are used to view mitosis because the roots are easy to grow in large numbers. Besides that, the cells at the tip of the roots are actively dividing, and thus many cells will be in stages of mitosis. Moreover, the tips can be prepared in a way that allows them to be flattened on microscopes slide (squashed) so that the chromosomes of individual cells can be observed. The chromosomes can be stained to make them more easily observable. Viewing Chromosomes Chromosomes generally are not visible as distinct entities in nondividing cells, since the DNA is uncoiled, but the process of mitosis is facilitated by supercoiling of the chromosomes into a highly compacted form. Supercoiled chromosomes can be visualized in cells, particularly if they are treated with a DNA-specific stain, such as the Feulgen stain. Observations of onion root tip squash. The microscope is scan under the 10x objective. The region that has large nuclei is then observed. Among these cells will be found cells that displaying stages of mitosis. Since prophase and prometaphase are difficult to distinguish, these cells are all classify as prophase.

Interphase

-prophase

-metaphase

-anaphase

-telophase

The importance of controlled mitosis

-cells must divide in a controlled and orderly manner and be precise in distributing an exact copy of each of their chromosomes to the new cells. -it is important because the genetic information carried by the chromosomes is necessary for the proper functioning of an organism. -mitosis also ensures the genetic content and the number of chromosomes in the parent cells are maintained in the daughter cells from one generation to the next. -the cell cycle and the cell division is closely regulated. i) each of the cell has a system consisting of specific proteins which control and direct the sequence and progression of phases in the cell cycle. ii) the controlled system within the cells ensures that the cell division is complete and the cell divides in a controlled manner. iii) certain genes are also involved in the synthesis of certain proteins that can stimulate the replication of chromatin during the S phase.

The effects of uncontrolled mitosis

-when a cell divides by mitosis repeatedly, without control and regulation, it can produce cancer cells. -cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis due to severe disruption to the mechanism that controls the cell cycle. -cancer cells divide freely and uncontrollably without heeding the cell cycle control system. -cancer cells compete with the surrounding normal cells to obtain sufficient nutrients and energy for their own growth. -a cancer cell that is not destroyed will divide uncontrollably to form a tumour, an abnormal mass of cells. -cancer can intrude on and spread to other tissues which then lead to the malfunction of the tissues and ultimately death. -cancer can be caused by many factors such as i) damage to the DNA ii) change in genes (mutation) that control cell division

iii) ionizing radiation, example, X-rays, ultraviolet rays and gamma rays iv) certain chemical compounds like tar in tobacco smoke v) carcinogenic (cancer-causing) compounds such as formaldehyde

Cytokinesis
-Following mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell divides through a process called cytokinesis to form two daughter cells, each having one nucleus. -Through cytokinesis, the daughter cells formed have all the organelles, nutrients and other components needed to survive and maintain themselves. -Cytokinesis is the process of cytplasmic division. -It usually begins before nuclear division is complete, that is, towards the end of telephone.

Regeneration Of Lizard Tail.

-it occurs under natural conditions after autotomy. -

References
1. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/path.1700280104/abstract ? systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+24+Mar ch+from+10-14+GMT+%2806-10+EDT %29+for+essential+maintenance 2. http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/introlab/Onion%20root%20mitosis.pdf 3. http://www.slideshare.net/maieymuhamad/51-mitosis 4. http://www.biologyreference.com/Ma-Mo/Mitosis.html#b 5.