PROJECT REPORT

3RD SEMESTER

SESSION-09

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Circuit Description

U1a operates as a low-noise microphone preamp. Its gain is only about 3.9 because the high output impedance of the drain of the FET inside the electret microphone causes U1a effective input resistor to be about 12.2K. C2 has a fairly high value in order to pass very low frequency (about 20 to 30Hz) heartbeat sounds. U1b operates as a low-noise Sallen and Key, Butterworth low-pass-filter with a cutoff frequency of about 103Hz. R7 and R8 provide a gain of about 1.6 and allow the use of equal values for C3 and C4 but still producing a sharp Butterworth response. The rolloff rate is 12dB/octave. C3 and C4 can be reduced to 4.7nF to increase the cutoff frequency to 1KHz to hear respiratory or mechanical (automobile engine) sounds. The U4 circuit is optional and has a gain of 71 to drive the bi-colour LED. U5 is a 1/4W power amplifier IC with built-in biasing and inputs that are referred to ground. It has a gain of 20. It can drive any type of headphones including low impedance (8 ohms) ones.

ASSEMBLY OF THE CIRCUIT

Assemble the circuit using Veroboard (stripboard) or a PCB. Use a shielded cable for the microphone as shown on the schematic.

Fasten the microphone to the stethoscope head with a rubber isolating sleeve or use a short piece of rubber tubing on its nipple. A thick jar lid can be used as a stethoscope head. The microphone must be spaced away from the skin but the stethoscope head must be pressed to the skin, sealing the microphone from background noises and avoiding acoustical feedback with your headphones.

The microphone/stethoscope head must not be moved while listening to heartbeats to avoid friction noises. Protect your hearing. Keep the microphone away from your headphones to avoid acoustical feedback.

Note that for the proper functioning of the op-amps two batteries are required in order to full fill the requirement of +9v and -9v

PARTS

DESCRIPTION

R1 R2 R3, R9 R4 R5, R6, R7 R8 R10 R11 R12 R13, R15, R16 R14 C1, C8 C2 C3, C4 C5 C6, C7 U1 U4 U5 MIC J1 LED Batt1, Batt2 SW

10K 1/4W Resistor 2.2K 1/4W Resistor Not used 47K 1/4W Resistor 33K 1/4W Resistor 56K 1/4W Resistor 4.7K 1/4W Resistor 2.2K to 10K audio-taper (logarithmic) volume control 330K 1/4W Resistor 1K 1/4W Resistor 3.9 Ohm 1/4W Resistor 470uF/16V Electrolytic Capacitor 4.7uF/16V Electrolytic Capacitor 0.047uF/50V Metalized plastic-film Capacitor 0.1uF/50V Ceramic disc Capacitor 1000uF/16V Electrolytic Capacitor TL072 Low-noise, dual opamp 741 opamp LM386 1/4W power amp Two-wire Electret Microphone 1/8" Stereo Headphones Jack Red/green 2-wire LED 9V Alkaline Battery 2-pole, single throw Power Switch

HAMMAD ALVI M.IMRAN

2009-EE-393 2009-EE-383

MEHMOOD ILYAS

2009-EE-392

HASEEB KHAN

2009-EE-402

Project description
Stethoscope
The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for listening to the internal sounds of body. It is often used to listen to lung and heart sounds. by listening to the sounds of its internal parts.

Electronic stethoscope
An electronic stethoscope (or stethophone) overcomes the low sound levels by electronically amplifying body sounds. However, amplification of stethoscope contact artifacts, and component cutoffs (frequency response thresholds of electronic stethoscope microphones, pre-amps, amps, and speakers) limit electronically amplified stethoscopes' overall utility by amplifying mid-range sounds, while simultaneously attenuating high- and low- frequency range sounds. Electronic stethoscopes require conversion of acoustic sound waves to electrical signals which can then be amplified and processed for optimal listening. Unlike acoustic stethoscopes, which are all based on the same physics, transducers in electronic stethoscopes vary widely. The simplest and least effective method of sound detection is achieved by placing a microphone in the chestpiece. diaphragm responds to sound waves identically to a conventional acoustic stethoscope, with changes in an electric field replacing changes in air pressure. This preserves the sound of an acoustic stethoscope with the benefits of amplification.

IMPORTANCE
Because the sounds are transmitted electronically, an electronic stethoscope can be a wireless device, can be a recording device, and can provide noise reduction, signal enhancement, and both visual and audio output. Around 2001, Stethographics introduced PC-based software which enabled a phonocardiograph, graphic representation of cardiologic and pulmonologic sounds to be generated, and interpreted according to related algorithms. All of these features are helpful for purposes of telemedicine (remote diagnosis) and teaching.