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Prometheus Bound is part of a trilogy of plays attributed to ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus.
The other two in the trilogy are Prometheus Unbound and Prometheus Pyrphoros.
Prometheus was a Titan who gave the gift of fire to the human race. For this he was punished by
Zeus, the King of Gods. He invited the wrath of Zeus also by holding back the name of the
potential usurper of Zeus' throne, which he knew by merit of his prophetic wisdom.
The play begins when three gods chain Prometheus on to the Caucusses. Throughout the play
the hero is chained and most of the action is revealed through dialogues, monologues, soliloquies
and asides.
Hephaestus sympathizes with Prometheus, but has to chain him by the order of Zeus, the new
ruler of Olympus. He is punished for providing fire to the mortal humans. He then leaves with his
companions Bia and Kratus after advising him to learn to admire the rule of Zeus. Prometheus
invokes nature to witness the suffering of one god at the hands of the others.
Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus (friend of Prometheus) arrive and console him. To their
enquiry Prometheus recounts how the Titans had refused his help in their fight against Zeus and
how he had helped Zeus win against the Titans. Now like every tyrant, Zeus distrusts him. Also he
had stood against Zeus’ plans of destroying the race of the humans and had given the gift of fire
to them. The chorus of Oceanids opines that he has sinned in doing this.
Then Oceanus himself appears and advises Prometheus not to arouse more wrath of Zeus
through his arrogant words. He offers to mediate with Zeus, but Prometheus warns him not to
involve himself in danger by intervening when the time is unripe.
The Chorus sings that the whole world mourns the fate of Prometheus and his brothers tortured
by Zeus, especially Atlas who has to bear the earth on his shoulders. Prometheus narrates
everything he has done for humanity- he gave them fire, hope; he taught them agriculture,
mining, languages, mathematics… and what not. The Oceanids affirm loyalty to Zeus and scolds
him for his unwise helping of the mortals who cannot help him back.
Next visitor is io whom Zeus had pursued once and had converted into a cow. Prometheus tells Io
of her future wanderings through Europe, Asia, and Africa, where she must constantly avoid
dangerous peoples and monsters. He also tell her that her descendant will free him from the
torments of Zeus. At the end of her suffering Zeus will cure and impregnate her with a gentle
touch of his hand. Prometheus talks about Io's descendants, who will become kings of the city
Argos. Io runs off again tortured by the gadfly.
Angered by Io's suffering, Prometheus shouts out that Zeus's own son will topple him.
Zeus sends his messenger Hermes to Prometheus and demands to know the name of the person
who is bound to overthrow him. Prometheus is still defiant. Hermes warns that he will be sent to
Tartarus, the abyss. Then an eagle will eat his lungs the whole day, it will grow at the night for the
eagle to prick on the coming day. This torture will go on until some god volunteers to die for him.
The Oceanids advice him to yield; but he is undaunted. Hermes warns the Oceanids; but they
stay back by Prometheus saying that to desert a friend in difficulty is the worst crime. The earth
shivers; thunderstorms gather; Prometheus invokes nature to witness his suffering.
The sequels to the play tell the rest of the story and vindicate Prometheus's prophetic powers.