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and so the many relationships involving exponential terms can often be easily handled by natural logs.
1.3 Typical Equations Handled by Log Graphs (or linear graphs of the logs)
Special graph paper has axes ruled logarithmically on one or both axes. Log graphs can also be plotted conveniently on linear paper by plotting the log value of the variables concerned. The theory is the same in each case. Three cases are considered here.
Figure 1.1 The Data, with calculated log values This has been plotted in dierent ways a. A linear plot of the data y vs x. This shows a curve, and could not easily be described by numerical parameters. An Excel plot has estimated a power relationship here - but that is not easily performed manually. In addition it is more dicult to quantify the degree of uncertainty in a curve t than in a linear t. b. A plot of log10 y vs log10 x plotted on linear graph paper. This is clearly linear in nature and therefore a slope and intercept can be determined for the plot,
(a)
(b)
Figure 1.2 a) Linear Plot b) Log10 P lotonLinearScale together with uncertainties in those values if appropriate. If m and b are determined, we conclude that: log10 y = m log10 x + b OR log10 y = mlog10 x + log10 B whereB = 10b (1.6) (1.7)
Using the properties of logs this can be rewritten as log10 [y] = log10 [Bxm ] and hencey = Bxm (1.8)
In other words, the slope of the graph gives the power of the relationship and from the intercept one can determine the multiplying constant of the relationship. c. A plot of ln y vs ln x . While the actual values of the logs dier with the dierent base , the theory applies as for any logs , so again the slope of the graph gives the power of the relationship and from the intercept one can determine the multiplying constant of the relationship. d. A plot of y vs x on log-log paper. This is clearly linear in nature and one can work with it as a linear plot, determining the slope and the intercept. The intercept in this case is the intersecting point of the graph when the horizontal axis = 1 (since both log10 1 and ln 1 = 0 ). When reading other values from the graph one is aware that each data point read is the log of the value, but the uniformity of the scaling in log log graphs means that the slope calculation is extremely easy.
(c)
(d)
In the above formula the slope calculation would then determine the power multiplier, a.
which is itself a logarithmic scale. The horizontal ( frequency ) scale is logarithmic and therefore covers a much wider range of values than possible with a linear scaling. 100
10
LB
Figure 1.5 Audio (Fletcher Munson) Curves showing use of logarithmic scales.
Rise = 5.7 cm