Chapter 6: Permutations and Combinations

Chapter 6 Readiness Check

Prerequisites Students should be able to: Solve problems involving basic probability. Simplify fractional expressions that contain common factors in the numerator and denominator. Evaluate expressions using the correct order of operations. Recognize and describe number patterns. Simplify polynomial expressions. Readiness Check Exercises for Chapter 6 1. Define the following terms: binomial expansion, expectation, factorial notation (!). 2. A six-sided die is tossed. What is the probability of each outcome? a) a 5 b) an even number c) a 1 or a 6 3. A six-sided die is tossed and a coin is flipped. a) List all the possible ways a coin and a die can land. b) What is the probability that the coin lands tails and the die shows an odd number? 100 99 98 97 96 ... 2 1 97 96 95 ... 2 1 n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) ... 2 1 5. Simplify (n 2)(n 3) ... 2 1 4. Simplify 6. Given an expression containing a number of operations explain how you determine the order in which the operations are performed 7. Explain why 60 3 2 2 is not equal to 60 . 3 2 2

[6.1] [6.2] [6.3] [6.5] [6.6]

8. For each of the following number patterns find the next three terms and explain how you determined them. a) 4, 7, 10, 13, b) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 9. For each of the following number patterns find the next three terms and explain how you determined them. a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, b) 1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 10. Is ( 6 equivalent to 6? Explain. 2x) 2x 11. Simplify each expression.

a) 6(2x)5

b) 165(x)8(3y)3

c) 15( 4( 3 2x) 3y)

Chapter 6 Overview
There are five main concepts you should thoroughly understand in this chapter: 1. The fundamental counting principle can be used to determine the number of ways that different items can be selected. This counting of possible arrangements is important for determining probabilities. 2. When the order or arrangement of a set of objects is important the arrangement is called a permutation. When all the objects involved are different, nPr provides the number of n! arrangements. When objects are identical, a!b!c! provides the number of arrangements, where n is the total number of objects, a, b, and, c are the total number of objects of three different types. 3. When the order in which the objects are chosen is not important then the selection is called a combination. The number of combinations of n different objects taken r at a time is given by, nCr. 4. Pascals triangle contains a number of patterns that can be used to describe a variety of relationships. 5. The binomial theorem can be used to write the expansion for any binomial power and has applications to probability and calculus.

Chapter 6 Assignments
6.1 The Fundamental Counting Principle In this section, you will use the fundamental counting principle to solve problems. Read pages 354-356, making notes on important ideas. Do exercises #1-9, 11, 13-17 on pages 356-359. 6.2 Permutations Involving Different Objects

In this section, you will solve problems using permutations. Read pages 360-363, making notes on important ideas. Do exercises #1, 2, 4-7, 18, 19, 21 on pages 364-365. 6.3 Permutations Involving Identical Objects

In this section, you will solve problems involving permutations with identical objects.

Read page 366-368, making notes on important ideas. Do. exercises #1-15 on pages 368-370. 6.4 Combinations In this section, you will determine the number of combinations of n different objects taken r at a time, and use combinations to solve problems. Read pages 371-374, making notes on important ideas. Do. exercises #1-15, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25 on pages 374-378. 6.5 Pascals Triangle In this section, you will understand and apply patterns and relationships in Pascals triangle. Read pages 382-383, making notes on important ideas. Do exercises #1-7, 10, 11 on pages 384-387. 6.6 The Binomial Theorem In this section, you will solve problems using the binomial theorem. Read pages 391-395, making notes on important ideas. Do. exercises #2-6 on page 396.

Chapter 6 Review
Reread the main objectives listed at the beginning of this section. Make sure you know the following key terms: binomial theorem combination fundamental counting principle Pascals triangle permutation pigeonhole principle recursive pattern symmetric pattern nCr nPr

Try to do all the questions in the Chapter Review without looking at your notes or text. If you need to consult your notes for certain questions, it shows you may need extra work in those areas. Go back to the relevant section to clarify and review. If you need more help or extra questions, ask your teacher. Complete the Chapter 6 Review, #1-17 on pages 398-399, and write all your steps. Ask your teacher for the test when you are ready.