Tugas Kelompok Mata Kuliah Elektronika Telekomunikasi

DPLL

OLEH AHMAD HUSNAN NOVATRI BULO PINGKAN WALUKOW ENDAH DWI WARDHANY FARADILA MUSTAFA FEBRIYATI FIKHA CHRISTINE TRIMURTI FEMININA R. D411 07 020 D411 07 041 D411 07 045 D411 07 081 D411 07 086 D411 07 104 D411 07 108 D411 07 161

JURUSAN ELEKTRO FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN MAKASSAR 2009

If a digital phase detector (EXOR gate or J-K flip flop) is used, and everything else stays the same, the system is called a digital PLL (DPLL). DPLLs have: (a) digitally controlled analog oscillator (DCAO), (b) frequency divider, (c) time-to-digital converter (TDC) and (d) digital loop filter (LF). The DCAO is an analog oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a digital word. The intrinsic oscillator can be an LC-tank or ring type architecture. Frequency tuning in an LC-tank oscillator is achieved by switching a parallel bank of capacitors. Similarly, a ring oscillator can be controlled by switching parallel current sources to control the tail current in the delay element. The output of the DCAO is divided to enable comparison with the input reference. The TDC compares the phases of the reference and the DCAO divided output to generate the phase error as a digital word. The LF filters the phase error to produce the control word for the DCAO.

in

D ig ita l L o o p F ilt e r PFD + TDC

PE CTRL

DCAO

L F (z )

out

N F r e q u e n c y D iv id e r

These noise sources can be broadly classified into two types:

 The noise that is low pass filtered by the loop (low frequency noise). The noise due to the reference oscillator and divider come under this category. The noise that is high pass filtered by the loop (high frequency noise). The Phase noise due to the DCAO comes under this category.

The components of a PLL that contribute to the loop gain include: 1. The phase detector (PD) and charge pump (CP). 2. The loop filter, with a transfer function of Z(s) 3. The voltage-controlled oscillator (DCO), with a sensitivity of KV/s 4. The feedback divider, 1/N
DPD LOOP FILTE R

DCAO

Basic phase-locked-loop model Some guidelines to minimizing the phase noise in DCOs are: 1. 2. Keep the tuning voltage of the varactor sufficiently high (typically between 3 and 3.8V) Use filtering on the dc voltage supply.

3. 4.

Keep the inductor Q as high as possible. Typical off-the-shelf coils provide a Q of between 50 and 60. Choose an active device that has minimal noise figure as well as low flicker frequency. The flicker noise can be reduced by the use of feedback elements

5.

Most active device exhibit a bowlshaped Noise Figue vs Bias Current curve. Use this information to choose the optimal operating bias current for the device.

6. 7.

Maximize the average power at the tank circuit output. When buffering the DCO, use devices with the lowest possible Noise Figure.

A dual-loop frequency synthesizer has been proposed for reducing the phase noise introduced by the DCO. Simulations have shown an improvement of 10us in the lock time and a 7dB improvement in signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio over the DPLL-based frequency synthesizer. It is necessary to accurately characterize the noise performance because each of the components contributes noise which affects the system in a non-linear fashion. Major contributors of noise are phase detector/ charge pump and the DCO. The proposed architecture with two feedback loops has shown to reduce the DCO phase noise in the loop. Applications such as transceiver require the synthesizer to maintain its phase noise and spurious tone performance in the presence of current and voltage perturbations in both the substrate ground and supply. Fully differential implementation of the complete synthesizer path is important for this reason. A differential cell ring oscillator is designed for DCO to reduce the substrate noise introduced. A differential charge pump with active loop filter can be implemented to minimize spurious tones and to maximize the frequency tuning range of DCO by making the synthesizer fully differential.

In the DPLL-based frequency synthesizer the phase noise can be reduced by using a fractional-N-divider in the feedback. Using the fractional divider allows the use of higher reference frequencies thereby reducing the phase noise. The integer divider in the proposed dual-loop synthesizer architecture can be replaced by a fractional divider to suppress the phase noise further.