A REPORT ON

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TRAINING REPORT CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ABOUT PROJECT BUILDING MATERIAL SHUTTERING CURING FOUNDATION SLAB CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
The building is defined as any structure what so ever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and ever part there of whether used as human habitation or not for this practical training. I reported at Dwarikapuri pratap nagar jaipur at Construction by crescent construction company in response to Mr. Sunil (General Manager) dated 06.12.2010. In connection with same, I have reported to Mr. Prateek (General Manager) at Rajasthan housing board pratpnagar furthers ordered me to join project site. The site incharge Mr. Nisar Ahmed meet me at the site and gives me brief introduction of this project as under.

ABOUT PROJECT I did this project in a construction company.

This project has the following features: Location : Dwarikapuri pratap nagar jaipur Construction Company : Crescent construction co.

Cost of the Project

: 200 crore rupees

The building is fully naturally air-conditioned. It have fire detection system and fire fighting system and escape way in the carious condition. This building is earth quack resistance. It has both staircase and man lift.

BUILDING MATERIAL:A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are either called as building material. The material use in the building on basis of the avaibility and cost. For construct a building the essential building material are as follow: Cement The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of compound of lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc) together to form a durable mass called the Concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it play the most critical role in giving strength and durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic building such as home are basically of three types.

1)Portland Slag Cement 2)Portland Pozzolana Cement 3)Ordinary Portland Cement

Sand These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm. Alternatively,

these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the disintegration of rock. These are of three types: Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6 mm and less than 2 mm. Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of particles size greater than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm. Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 0.2 mm.

COMPUTRIZED CONCRETE MIX PLANT

AGGREGATE Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring aggregates such as sand, crushed rock and gravel. Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories: Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150 micron. Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75 micron All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is some times used for unimportant work without separating into different sizes.

REINFORCEMENT STEEL:RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of the concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided in an appropriate manner. Such concrete is called reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement. These bare are provided at various locations to resist the internal forces which are developed due to the loads acting on the structure. Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has low tensile, but high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of which are marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is provided exactly as the engineering design specification. 1. LAP LENGTH Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length.. Lap length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case, required lap length is not available at junction because of space and other

constraints, bars can be joined with couplers or welded (with correct choice of method of welding). 2. ANCHORAGE LENGTH This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction, column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions

3. COVER BLOCK Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shuttering plates and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per the design drawings. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the concreting activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires called binding wires (projected from cover surface and placed during making or casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be made of cement sand mortar (1:3). Ideally, cover should have strength similar to the surrounding concrete, with the least perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through periphery will be minimized. Provision of minimum covers as per the Indian standards for durability of the whole structure should be ensured.

SHUTTERING:A fresh concrete is in a plastic state,when it is placed for construction purpose ,so it become necessary to provide some temprorary structure to confine and support the concrete ,till it gains sufficient strength for self supporting this temprory structure known as shuttering. The shuttering which is used on the construction site is mi van shuttering which is import from malasiya 1)Mi van shuttering is an engineering shuttering other engg. shutterings are mescon ,tie wall. 2)It is an aluminium alloy shuttering

3)Its specific gravity is 2.6. 4)Its cost is 10,000rup./sq. meter

ADVANTAGE AND DIS ADVANTAGE OF MI VAN SHUTTERING ADVANTAGE 1)This shuttering is used for fast construction . 2)It is easily handleable because its specific gravity is low 2.6 so it is light weight . 3)It is easily adjustable . 4)This shuttering provides good finishing for wall and roofs . DISADVANTAGE 1)This shuttering is costly than other convential shuttering . 2)This shuttering is unique for particular type of building it can not be used for multipurpose . 3)It is used for completely reinforced concrete structure there is no use of bricks . 4)Concrete structure not provide better heat insulation.

MI VAN SHUTTERING

CURING:The term curing is used to include maintenance of a favorable environment for the continuation of chemical reactions, i.e. retention of moisture within, or supplying moisture to the concrete from an external source and protection against extremes of temperature

Following are the methods for curing different building parts:-

Walls - Water should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole area of the wall and it should be remain wet. Slab - Pounding should be done on the slab by constructing bunds of mortar Beams and columns - The beams and columns can be maintained wet by tying gunny bags around the periphery and by maintaining it wet always. Pounding, continuous sprinkling, covering with wet cloth, cotton mats or similar materials, Curing should be started just after the surfaces begin to dry. Normally 7 to 14 days curing is considered adequate.For fast curing we can also used steam curing.

CURING OF ROOF

FOUNDATION
The foundation of the building should be so planned and the lay out of the foundation should be on the ground should be correct in the measurement. Should not place the concrete in the foundation before checked by the Engineer-in charge. If building has the basement more than two raft foundations should be provided.

 In the P.C.C. it should be in the ratio of 1:4:8 and 75 mm thick 75 mm projected beyond raft foundation. The concrete provided in the raft foundation should be M-25 Grade confirming to IS 456. The design and thickness of the raft foundation provided by the Soil testing. The foundation used on construction site is raft foundation: Raft is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath the structure and support all the walls and coloums . Raft foundation is provided where allowable soil pressure is low or the building loads are heavy (mainly for multistorey buildings). Raft foundation is provided where diffrential settlement is difficult to control. Raft is design on the basis of if centre of gravity of load is coincide with the centroid of the raft than no deffrential settlement would occur.

TOP VIEW OF RAFT FOUNDATION SLAB:

Slabs are of two types 1)one way slab and 2)two way slab If the length by width ratio of the slab is equal or more than 2 than the slab provided is one way slab If the length by width ratio of the slab is less than 2 than the slab provided is two way slab. ONE WAY SLAB There are two types of reinforcement provided in the one way slab the main reinforcement (longitudinal reinforcement )other is transverse reinforcement also called distribution reinforcement is provided in direction to the right angle to the span of slab. The transverse reinforcement is provided to serve the following purpose:1)It distribute the effect of point load on the slab more evenly and uniformly. 2)it distribute the shrinkage and temperature cracks more evenly. 3)it keeps the main reinforcement in position. The amount of transverse reinforcement may vary from a minimum of 0.15% of gross concrete area for ordinary slab to 0.3% for bridges slabs or for slab where temperature variations are high. The maximum diameter of the reinforcement shall not exceed one eigth of total thickness of the slab. As per IS456 at least one third of the maximum positive reinforcement should extend along the same face of the slab into the support to a length equal to Ld/3. The bars should be bent up at the distance of L/7 from the centre of support. The other popular scheme to bent up the bars is l/7 from the face of the support.

ONE WAY SLAB TWO WAY SLAB When the slab supported on all the four edges and when the ratio of long span to short span is less than 2 bending of the reinforcement take place along both the spans such a slab is known as two way slab or a slab spanning in two directions. The maximum bending moment and deflection for such a slab is much smaller than that of one way slab and hence a thinner slab is required. However reinforced has to be provided in both the directions when such a slab is loaded the corners get lifted up if the corners are held down by the fixidity at the wall support the bending moment and deflections are further reduced thus requiring still thinner slab. In that case special torsional reinforcement at the corners should be provided to check the cracking of the corners.

TWO WAY SLAB

CONCLUSION
The training undergone was highly lucrative. Because of the training I took cognizance of lot of things like high rise buildings, low rise buildings, foundations, quality control, etc. It proved to be a very good link between bookish knowledge and practical application. Thus, in a nutshell it was a very rich learning experience for me. I would again like to thank sunil and prateek sir. For providing a euphoric training, all the other officers who were involved in this training for making it par excellence.