Chapter -1

INTRODUCTION
Waste water generated from urban settlements has been a major source of pollution in India .Sewage treatment, though essential from pollution abatement and public health point of view, has been grossly neglected in our country. This chapter includes information on waste water generated by class I & II cities, brief knowledge about Jaipur city, its population and the status of present sewage treatment works. 1.1 General : Every community produces liquid and solid wastes. The liquid portion or the waste waster, may be defined as a combination of the liquid and / or water carried wastes removed from the residences, institutions and commercial establishments together with which ground water (rarely), surface water may also be present. If the waste water is allowed to accumulate without any treatment, the organic matter decomposes and malodorous gases evolve. In addition, untreated waste water usually contains numerous pathogenic microorganism that dwell in the human intestinal tract .Waste water also contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plant and it may also contain toxic compounds. Hence waste water collected from municipalities and communities must be treated properly and ultimately returned to the receiving waters or to the land. The extent of the nuisance caused by the discharge of untreated waste water into relatively larger bodies of water was not severe in the past, because large areas of land suitable for disposal were available. But the impracticability of producing sufficient areas for the disposal of untreated waste water on land particularly for large cities, nuisance and health conditions brought about an increasing demand for waste water collection treatment and disposal In India, out of 212

class I cities, 170 (80.19%) are located in 14 major river basins, 23 cities (10.85%) in coastal areas and 19 cities (8.96%) in non major river basins non coastal areas. The percent distribution of population in major river basin areas , coastal areas and non major river basins are 72 , 20 and 8 respectively .About 41 % of total populations of the class I cities resides in 12 metropolitan cities. Out of 212 class I cities , only 48 cities (23%) are having wastewater treatment plant facilities . 20 cities have only primary treatment facility , 15 have partial primary and partial secondary treatment facilities and 13 have only secondary treatment facilities (CUPS/30/1989-90) Proper collection , treatment and disposal / utilization of waste water of domestic origin are an essential pre requisites for protection of public health and improvement in quality of life .waste water generated from urban settlements has been the major source of surface water in India . According to a survey by the central pollution control board of India (CPCB), the estimated waste water generated from class I cities in India is 12145 million liter per day. Out of this, only 2485 MLD (approx 20 %) receives treatment, in some cases only partially. from 241 out of 270 class II cities (as estimated in the 1981 census ) , an estimated 1298 MLD waste water is generated . Further it has been reported that less than 5 % of the total waste water generated in class II cities is collected and only 2 % of that is receiving some kind of treatment. The situation had only deteriorated what it has been in 1978. The above statistics shows that the major cause of water courses, streams and water bodies pollution is because of untreated or partially treated waste water disposal. Realizing the importance, the Indian government has launched Ganga action plans; Indian cities are establishing sewage treatment plant to treat the huge amount of sewage. Keeping in view of these developments, an effort has been made in the present study, on performance evaluation of

Jaipur North Sewage treatment plant as a sequel to an earlier study after which many modifications have taken place in its operating system. 1. 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS: Jaipur popularly known as Pink City is amongst the few well planned cities in the country. The city has been planned taking into consideration the local environmental factors to achieve a basically safe, healthy, aesthetic and socially pleasing environment. Traditional architecture and civic designs have been given due weight age in the walled city which was founded in 1727 AD by then Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh. Before the formation of Rajasthan State, Jaipur city was an important center for development of culture and fine arts. With the declaration of Jaipur as capital of Rajasthan State in 1949, the city turned into a big center for administrative and commercial activities and is continuing to be soon a larger scale. 1.3 LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY: Jaipur city is located at north latitude 260-55 and east longitude 750-60. The average level of the city is 430m above MSL. It lies in the eastern part of Rajasthan. Aravali Hills are situated on north and east side of the city. The topography varies from 462m to 362m above MSL between north and south part of the city. Jaipur is situated on a plain, hemmed by hills towards the north and east but otherwise unrestricted. The watershed is a shallow ridge from roughly east to west, located partly inside and partly just outside and approximately parallel to the southern boundary of walled city. From the watershed, the ground slopes gently both towards the northeast and southwards. Jaipur city has a topography, which is rather flat (around 450 meters above sea level) but the city is surrounded on the North and East sides by hill ranges (around 650 meters above

sea level) whereas there are no barriers towards the south and the West. The northern part of the city center (so called the Walled City) is sloping towards the north to the Jalmahal Lake. But most of the city area, i.e. the southern part of the walled city and the modern city, is sloping towards the west and southwest in the direction of the Amanishah Nallah, which forms the major drainage system of the city. 1.4 DEMOGRAPHY: The population of the Jaipur in year 2001 is 2.324 million people against 1.453 million in 1991. The estimated population of Jaipur City expected to be 3.6 million in 2011, and 4.8 million in 2021. These population projections are based on 2 methods (i) the demographic approach which considers each component of the population growth (fertility, mortality and migration); (ii) the urban development approach which consists in trying to accommodate the demographic pressure on a ward wise basis throughout the city. Details of the projections for the three scenarios that have been considered and are given in the table 1.1 (ref) Table 1.1: Future Population of Jaipur City(ref)

Section I.1 Assumption

Year 2011 2021 Low 3279000 4071000 Medium 3560000 4799000 High 3544000 5388000

1.5 WATER CONSUMPTION IN JAIPUR CITY:

Based on a household survey (1000 households in Jaipur) conducted during a recent study (ref), the estimated average domestic water consumption in Jaipur city is 86 lpcd. About 75% of the households are connected to the PHED network, 9% are supplied by PHED hand pumps or public taps, and the rest receive water from private wells or networks. The overall connection rate is 83% (PHED and private networks. The daily domestic water consumption is estimated to be about 170,000m3, whereas the domestic water demand is about 22% more. The percentage of connected households is higher in the walled city and the rest of Jaipur and significantly lower in the peripheral areas. The connected households in Walled city are 93% and in the rest of town 88% but in periphery they are only 42%. Private network provides water mainly in peripheral area.

1.6 EXISTING SEWERAGE FACILITIES: The main features of sewage system in Jaipur are summarized below:

Table 1.2 Salient Features of sewerage system in Jaipur city (REF) Format it into 1 page Population 2324319

Area Cross area Developed area 52000 ha 19000ha

Water demand

231000m3/day

Waste water generation To sewer North treatment 18000m3/day works South drainage zone To street drains Not connected Sewer network 150mm Diameter 150-600 mm 600mm above Main sewer outfall North sewage treatment works Year of commissioning Capacity Process Effluent disposal 1979 27 mld Diffused aeration Jalmahal irrigation South sewage treatment works Year of commissioning Capacity Process Effluent disposal 2006 125 MLD. Diffused aeration irrigation Lake/ 264 km 140 km 70 km 17.5km 47000 m3/day 76000 m3/day 33000 m3/day 27% 44% 19% 10%

Jaipur has two natural drainage areas. The watershed is a shallow ridge running through east to west located close and approximately parallel to the southern boundary of the 6

walled city. From this watershed, the ground slopes generally and gently either towards to the Northeast or southwards.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK: This study was carried out to compare the performance of STP monitored by Mr.M.M.Rawat in 2001 (Rawat, 2001), when mechanical aeration was employed with the present system after switching to diffused aeration. Apart from this change, many other modifications have been introduced in the treatment process, namely: 1 Manual coarse screen channel has been installed. 2 Manual fine screens has been replaced by SS 304 screen with 10 mm clear spacing 3 A new grit separator has been commissioned. 4 Mechanical aerators have been replaced by diffused aeration mechanism. 5 New return sludge pumps of 3.5 MGD capacity have been installed. 6 New centrifuge systems have been introduced for sludge dewatering. 1.8 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 1. Collection of samples from different units of plants at specific intervals and analyzing them for following parameters : pH , temperature, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids ,Biochemical oxygen demand , Chemical oxygen demand, MLSS, sludge volume index. 2. Biological Analysis including total coliform count, phytoplankton and zooplanktons.

3. Comparing the performance of plant having mechanical aerator earlier with that of current performance having diffused aeration. 4. Comparing performance of fixed film system (RBC) with that of suspended film growth (ASP with diffused aeration).

Chapter 2

Literature Review
In wastewater treatment processes, aeration introduces air into a liquid, providing an aerobic environment for microbial degradation of organic matter. The purpose of aeration Is two-fold: 1) To supply the required oxygen to the metabolizing microorganisms and 2) To provide mixing so that the microorganisms come into intimate contact with the dissolved and suspended organic matter.

The two most common aeration systems are subsurface and mechanical. In a subsurface system, air is introduced by diffusers or other devices submerged in the wastewater. A mechanical system agitates the wastewater by various means (e.g., propellers, blades, or brushes) to introduce air from the atmosphere. Fine pore diffusion is a subsurface form of aeration in which air is introduced in the form of very small bubbles. Since the energy crisis in the early 1970s, there has-been increased interest in fine pore diffusion of air as a competitive system due to its high oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE). Smaller bubbles result in more bubble surface area per unit volume and greater OTE.

2.01 DIFFUSERS: In the past, various diffusion devices have been classified based on their OTE as either fine bubble or coarse bubble. Since it is difficult to clearly demarcate or distinguish between fine and coarse bubbles, diffused aeration systems have been classified based on the physical characteristics of the equipment.

Diffused aeration systems can be classified into three categories: Porous (fine bubble) diffusers: Fine pore diffusers are mounted or screwed into the diffuser header pipe (air manifold) that may run along the length or width of the tank or on a short manifold mounted on a movable pipe (lift pipe). These diffusers come in various shapes and sizes, such as discs, tubes, domes, and plates. Nonporous (coarse bubble) diffusers: The common types of nonporous diffusers are fixed orifices (perforated piping, spargers, and slotted tubes); valved orifices; and static

tubes. The bubble size of these diffusers is larger than the porous diffusers, thus lowering the OTE.

Other diffusion devices: These include jet aerators (which discharge a mixture of air
and liquid through a nozzle near the tank bottom); aspirators (mounted at the basin surface to supply a mixture of air and water); and U tubes (where compressed air is discharged into the down leg of a deep vertical shaft).

2.02 TYPES OF FINE PORE DIFFUSERS: Fine pore diffusers (discs, tubes, domes, and plates) are usually made from ceramics, plastics, or flexible perforated membranes. Although many materials can be used to make fine pore diffusers, only these few are being used due to cost considerations, Specific characteristics, market size, and other factors. Ceramic media diffusers have been in use for many years and have essentially become the standard for comparison since, in the past; they were the primary media in the fine pore aeration market. Ceramic, plastic, and flexible materials are resistant to the chemicals used in wastewater treatment. Discussed below are common types of fine bubble diffusers. 2.03 DISC DIFFUSERS: Disc diffusers are relatively flat and range from approximately 18 to 24 cm in diameter with thicknesses of 13 to 19 mm. Materials for discs include ceramics, porous plastics, and perforated membranes. Therefore, thicknesses vary, as do construction features. Currently, manufacturers provide plenums or base plates that will accept all materials. The disc is mounted on a plastic saddle type base plate, and either a center bolt or a peripheral

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clamping ring is used to secure the media and the holder together. More commonly, the disc is attached to the holder via a screw-on retainer ring. Disc diffusers are designed to have an airflow range of 0.25 to 1.5 L/s per diffuser.

Figure: 2.1 Membrane Disc Diffuser

2.04 DOME DIFFUSERS: Made from ceramics or porous plastics, dome diffusers are typically circular, 18 cm in Diameter and 3.8 cm high. The media is about 15 mm thick on the edges and 19 mm on the horizontal or flat surface. The dome diffuser is mounted on either a polyvinyl chloride Or a steel saddle-type base plate. The airflow rate for dome diffusers is usually 0.5 L/s with a range of 0.25 to 1 L/s.

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Figure 2.2: Dome Diffuser

2.05 TUBE FLEXIBLE / SHEATH DIFFUSERS: A typical tube diffuser is either a rigid ceramic or plastic hollow cylinder (tube) or a flexible membrane secured by end plates in the shape of a tube. A tube diffuser has a media portion up to 200 cm long. The thickness of the diffuser varies, but the outside diameter is approximately 6.4 to 7.6 cm. The various components of a tube diffuser are made of stainless steel or durable plastic. Threaded rods are used with ceramic or porous plastic. The rod is threaded into the feed end of the holder with a hexagonal nut secured on the rod to hold the assembly in place. Air flows through tube diffusers in the range of 1 to 5 L/s.

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Figure 2.3 : Tube Diffusers

2.06 PLATE DIFFUSERS: Plate diffusers are flat and rectangular, approximately 30 cm2 in area, and 2.5 to 3.8 cm thick. They are normally made from ceramic materials. Installation involves either grouting the plates into recesses in the floor, cementing them into prefabricated holders, or clamping them into metal holders. Air plenums run under the plates and supply air from headers. Plate diffusers have largely been replaced by porous discs, domes, and tubes in new installations.

2.07 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: Advantages: Exhibit high OTEs

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 Exhibit high aeration efficiencies (mass oxygen transferred per unit power per unit time) Can satisfy high oxygen demands. Are easily adaptable to existing basins for plant upgrades Result in lower volatile organic compound emissions than nonporous diffusers or mechanical aeration devices

Disadvantages:
Fine pore diffusers are susceptible to chemical or biological fouling that may impair transfer efficiency and generate high headloss; as a result, they require routine cleaning. (Although not totally without cost, cleaning does not need to be expensive or troublesome.) Fine pore diffusers may be susceptible to chemical attack (especially perforated membranes); therefore, care must be exercised in the proper selection of materials for a given wastewater . Because of the high efficiencies of fine pore diffusers at low airflow rates, airflow distribution is critical to their performance and selection of proper airflow control orifices is important. Because of the high efficiencies of fine pore diffusers, required airflow in an aeration basin (normally at the effluent end) may be dictated by mixingnot oxygen transfer. Aeration basin design must incorporate a means to easily dewater the tank for cleaning. In small systems where no redundancy of aeration tanks exists, an in-situ, non process Interruptive method of cleaning must be considered. 2.08 PERFORMANCE: The performance of diffused aeration systems under normal operating conditions is

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directly related to the following parameters: fouling; Wastewater characteristics; Process type and flow regime; loading conditions; Basin geometry; Diffuser type, size, shape, density, and airflow rate; Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen (DO) control and air supply flexibility; Mechanical integrity of the system; Operator expertise; and The quality of the preventive operation and maintenance (O&M) program. Fouling is generally classified as one of two types: Type I fouling are clogging of the diffuser pores, either by airborne particulates clogging the air side, or metal hydroxides and carbonates clogging the liquid side. Type II is characterized by a biofilm layer forming and growing on the surface of the diffuser. In practice, it can be difficult to distinguish between the two types because they occur together, with one or the other dominating. Historically, the rate of fouling was measured by monitoring the rise in backpressure. However, this proved to be a crude and qualitative method because significant fouling can occur without much of an increase in backpressure but with great reductions in OTE.The presence of constituents such as surfactants, dissolved solids, and suspended solids can affect bubble shape and size and result in diminished oxygen transfer capability. In general, ceramic domes and discs yield slightly higher clean water transfer efficiencies than typical porous plastic tubes or flexible

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sheath tubes in a grid placement. Other key parameters that have an effect on the performance characteristics of a fine pore media diffuser are permeability, uniformity, dynamic wet pressure, and strength. Effective long-term process control depends on appropriate selection and integration of the solids retention time, the food-tomicroorganisms loading, and the wastewater flow regime. . It is essential to understand how each of these parameters affects aeration efficiency in order to develop optimum short- and long-term operating procedures. 2.09 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE: 1 .The main operational objective is to achieve acceptable effluent quality while maximizing the aeration efficiency. 2. It is essential that diffusers be kept clean through cost-effective preventive maintenance procedures. 3 .Preventive maintenance can virtually eliminate air-side (blower filtration system) particulate fouling of fixed fine pore diffusers. 4. Filtration equipment maintenance entails cleaning and changing filter media. 5 .Calibration and/or zeroing of meters is necessary as part of preventive maintenance because accurate airflow and DO measurements are a critical part of monitoring aeration systems. 6 . Preventive maintenance is needed to keep an aeration system operating at the required level of performance and to decrease the need for corrective maintenance. In addition, preventive maintenance will reduce the number of interruptions in the air supply, thus preventing solids from entering the air distribution system. 7. The cleaning methods used to restore diffuser efficiency are either process interruptive

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(aeration basin out of service) or process no interruptive (access to basin not needed). 8 . Diffusers can be cleaned by removing them from the basin (ex-situ) or onsite inside the basin (in-situ). Some cleaning techniques used are acid washing, alkaline washing, gas injection, high-pressure water jetting, and air bumping. 9 . When placing an empty aeration basin into service, all recommended operational step for start-up and shutdown should be followed. If a basin is put into service during cold weather, care must be exercised to prevent any damage from buoyant forces exerted by ice trying to float. Aeration basins must not be drained during freezing weather unless absolutely necessary because ice and frost can cause serious damage. In the event that an aeration basin should stand idle for more than 2 weeks, it should be drained and cleaned thoroughly.

Chapter 3

Jaipur Sewage treatment Plant

The Treatment of waste water lagged considerably behind its collection. treatment was considered necessary only after the self purification capacity of the receiving waters was

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exceeded and nuisance condition became intolerable . Various treatment processes were tried in the late 1800s and early 1900s ,and by 1920s , waste water treatment had evolved to those processes in common use today . Design of wastewater treatment facilities remained empirical , however , until mid century. In the last 30 to 40 years , great advances have been made in understanding waste water treatment, and the original processes have been made in understanding waste water treatment , and the original processes have been formulated and quantified . the science of wastewater treatment is far from static , however . Advanced wastewater treatment processes are currently being developed that will produce potable water from domestic waste water . 3.01 GENERAL: The total water supply to the city is 27 MLD (approx). For the purpose of waste water collection, the city is divided into two natural drainage zones namely, North and South zones. The waste water collection system of jaipur is gravity system right up to treatment plant with no intermediate pumping . The treatment plant with a design capacity of 27 MLD was commissioned in 1979 serves the north zone of the city . Waste water from the south zone is not treated and used for irrigation. The sewage treatment plant situated at Amer road, Jaipur .The waste water collection system of Jaipur is an all gravity system involving no pumping at any stage. The waste water flows by gravity to the treatment plant through a 1200 mm diameter outfall sewer . The plant provides for preliminary treatment with screening and grit removal followed by secondary treatment with diffused aeration, sedimentation, aerobic sludge digestion and sludge drying. Effluent from the settling tank is discharged to Mansagar (Jal Mahal ). Lake situated on the northern end of the city and is used for irrigation. The schematic

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Flow sheet of treatment plant is depicted in Figure. 3.1

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3.02 Description of the process:

A )INLET CHAMBER AND BYE PASS:
The works inlet is an R.C.C pipe diameter 1100 mm there is an adjustable by pass weir discharging through a channel into a nallah. The bye pass is often open during dry weather when there are problem in plant.

1. Inlet Chamber Design flow : -- Average flow -- Peak Flow

: 1 No.

: 27 MLD : 40 MLD

HRT Volume Required Size proposed Volume proposed HRT Provided HRT at avg. flow (27 MLD)

: 30 sec : 13.88 cum : 4.0m x 2.0m x 2.0m swd : 16 cum : 34.5 secs : 51.2 sec.

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Figure 3.2: INLET CHANNEL B ) BAR SCREENS

The water entering passes through the Bar Screen where the screen stops the floating Objects such as plastic bags , tree branches etc. These screened objects are removed from the bar screen through a conveyor belt to tractor trolley stationed nearby . Two bar screens are provided in each stream. For maintenance of bar screens one sluice gate is provided. The lowering/raising of the gates is done manually. The cleaning and disposing of the floating objects is motorized with local start /stop operations. LEAD CHANNEL FROM INLET CHAMBER TO COARSE SCREENS

Design flow - Average flow - Peak Flow Velocity : 27 MLD : 40 MLD : 0.6 m/s

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C/s area required

40 x 1000 ----------------------24 x 3600 x 0.6

= 0.77 m2

C) COARSE SCREEN
. MECHANICAL COARSE SCREEN CHANNEL 1 No. Design Peak Flow : 40 MLD : 0.463m3/ sec Clear spacing Angle of Inclination Size of flats Velocity through the screen at Peak Flow : 50 mm : 700 : 10 mm x 50 mm : < 1.0 m/s (cl. 02 Page 150)

Considering 0.53 m/ sec velocity through the screen at peak flow, Area of clear opening required Projected depth of Screen : 0.87 m2 : (0.96)/ Sin (700) : 1.022m Clear width of opening required : 0.87/ 1.022 : 0.85m No. of clear opening required (50mm each) No. of bars Total width of Coarse Screen Required Width of Coarse screen : (0.850 x 1000) / 50 : 17 : 16 of 10 mm thick each : (17 x 50 + 16 x 10)/ 1000 : 1010m : 1.0 m

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Channel provided Gr. Area of Coarse Screen Channel provided Velocity of flow on the upstream (v) : 0.463/ 1.0 x 0.96 : 0.482m/sec Velocity of flow through screens (v) : 0.463/ (0.85 x 0.96) : 0.567m/ sec Velocity at 50% clogged conditions Head loss through screen : 1.13 m/sec : 0.0728 (v2-v2) : 0.0728 (0.5672-0.4822) : 0.006m Head loss through 50% clogged screen : 0.0728 (1.132 - 0.4822) : 0.076m : 1.0 x 0.96 = 0.96m2

Figure 3.3 : Manual Coarse Screen 23

Figure 3.4 : Mechanical Fine Screen 3.b. Manual Fine Screen Channels2 Nos. Existing manual fine screens to be replaced by SS 304 screens with 10mm clear spacing. Other details are same as Mechanical Fine Screen.

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Figure 3.5 : Manual Fine Screen

D) GRIT CHAMBERS
After passing through the screens, the water enters the Grit chamber. In grit chamber heavy inorganic particles like sand etc. settle down . The grit is pushed to screw conveyor from where it is thrown out to the trolley parked below it . The grit on the screw conveyor is washed of the organic matter using wash pump before letting into trolley .For each Grit chamber one sluice gate at inlet and one at the outlet are provided for maintenance . The motors are provided in this section for pushing the grit to screw conveyor , to run screw conveyor and wash pump .

NEW GRIT SEPERATOR Peak flow : 40 MLD 25

No. of Twin Units Design flow for each unit

:1 : 20 MLD

Diameter of grit particle to be removed : 0.01 cm d Specific gravity of grit Temperature in Summer Temperature in winter Settling velocity Ss T T Vs : 2.65 : 370C : 140C : 60.6 (Ss-1) d (3T+70)/ 100) Ref. CPHEEO manual) : 60.6 x (2.65-1)x 0.01 x (3 x37+70/100) : 1.81cm/sec : 0.0112m/sec Allowance turbulence Overflow Rate in summer : 0.0181 x 3600 x 24 x 0.60 : 938.04 cum/sq.m/day Overflow Rate in winter : 0.0112 x 3600 x 24 x 0.60 : 580.61 cum/sq.m/day Area required in Summer : 20000/ 938.04 : 21.32 sq.m Area required in Winter : 20000/580.61 : 34.44 sq.m 2 1 for short circuiting & : 60%

(as per Hazens Modified equation Vs in summer

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Figure 3.6 : Grit Separator

E ) AERATION TANKS :
There are two Units of diffused aeration basins , each with 21 subunits with three rows of seven basins in each row . The waste water goes into diffused aeration tank from grit chamber by bifurcate open drains , these drains feed the waste water into aeration basin No. 7 , 6 , 5 ;14 , 13 , 12 and 21 , 20 , 19 separately . The waste water moves from 7 to 1 ;

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14 to 8 and 21 to 15 separately as shown in fig. Aeration and mixing of the MLSS are essential to maintain optimum environmental condition for microorganisms to remain active and healthy. In addition, mixing of the aeration tank content is necessary in order to bring this microorganism in contact with all the organic matter in the waste water being treated. AERATION TANK Design flow (Q) Inlet BOD to Aeration Tank (Ss) Outlet BOD (S) Total BOD load removed : 27000 cum/ day : 300 mg/L : 20 mg/l : (300-20)/ 1000) x 27000 : 7560 kg/d MLSS in Aeration Tank (X) MLSS in the waste sludge (Xs) : 2500 mg/L : 10000 mg/L

As per CPHEEO Manual for Sewage treatment, Kinetic Co-efficient Yobs K1 MCRT at 200 C (0c) : 0.5 : 0.06 per day : 20 days (10 to 25 days as per CPHEEO manual) Specific Substrate Utilization Rate (U) Aeration Tank Volume required (V) : 0.46 per day : Y Q (S0 S)c ---------------------X (1+ Kdc) 0.5 x 27000 x (280) x 20

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------------------------2500 x (1 + 0.06 x 20) : 13745 cum Volume of existing Aeration Tank Aeration Tank if in two compartment, each having 21 section with hopper. Volume of each section : Dimensions at Top Dimensions at bottom Side Depth Centre Depth a. Top volume upto 2.5 M depth b. Bottom volume upto 4.0 M depth : 10.4 x 10.3 M : 6.2 x 6.1 M : 4.0 M : 2.5 M : 10.4 x 10.3 x 2.5 = 268m3 : (1.5/3) (107.6+37.82+63.8) : 104.4 M3 Total volume of single section Total volume of Aeration Tank : 372.6 M3 : 15649 M3 > 13745 cumOK Retention time available 13.91 Hrs.Ok (12 to 24 hrs. as per CPHEEO manual)

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Figure 3.7: Aeration Tank with Diffusers

F ) FINAL SETTLING TANK: The effluent from Diffused aeration tanks flows into final settling tank and after

sedimentation of the sludge the treated water is discharged to Mansagar (Jal Mahal ) lakes situated on northern end of the city and is used for irrigation . The settled sludge is pushed by the scrapper arm of the clarifier to the sump , which is linked with a pipe to the sump well of the return sludge pump house .

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Design flow

: 27 MLD : 27000 cum/ day

Size of existing unit Over flow rate Retention time Weir loading rate

: 44 M Dia. 3.0 M SWD : 17.87 m3/m2/day : 4.02 Hrs : 195.4 m3/m/day

Figure 3.8 : Final Settling Tank

G ) RETURN SLUDGE PUMP HOUSE :

The sludge , which is settled in the FST , is tapped to the sump of the return sludge pump house in cyclic way from one tank at a time . The sludge collected in the sump is pumped to the aeration tank as per demand . The excess sludge , if any , is pumped to the aeration tank or drying beds as per the site requirements.

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Figure 3.9 : Return Sludge Pump

H ) SLUDGE THICKENER (EXISTING)

The sludge thickener is designed to give a holding time of 6 hours. This is a non mechanized tank having a deep hopper. The sludge thickens under gravity. The sludge that settles on the floor of the hopper is transferred to the aerobic digesters under gravity. The supernatant flows to outlet channel of aeration tanks.

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Total solids to thickener Quantity of sludge feed to thickener Size of existing thickener Outlet consistency from thickener Volume thickener of sludge underflow

: 7128 Kg/day : 712.8m3/day : 6.1 M Dia 3.0 M SWD : 3% from : 237.6m3/day

Figure 3-10 : Sludge Thickener

I ) AEROBIC DIGESTERS:
The raw sludge is pumped into Aerobic digesters, (4 Nos.) .Aerobic digestion is similar 33

to the activated sludge process. As the supply of available substrate (food ) is depleted , the microorganism begin to consume their own protoplasm to obtain energy for cell maintenance reactions . When energy is obtained from cell tissue the microorganism are said to be in the endogenous phase . Cell tissue is oxidized aerobically to carbon dioxide , water and ammonia . The digested sludge is withdrawn periodically and thrown in the drying beds for drying in open atmosphere . The dried sludge is sold as manure for land conditioning . . AEROBIC DIGESTER (EXISTING) Size of existing Aerobic digesters Volume to Digester provided Inlet solids loading Influent Sludge volume Available retention time : 4 Nos-10.36 x 10.36 x 2.5m SWD : 1073.3 m3 : 7128 Kg/day : 237.6m3/ day : 4.5 days

Volatile solids destruction in Aerobic 35 to 45% as per CPHEEO Digester Quantity of solids destroyed Balance sludge solids Kg/day Outlet Sludge consistency Volume digesters Oxygen requirement : 1.7 to 1.9 kg of O2 per kg of volatile solids destroyed. Oxygen required No. of aerators provided : 1.7 x 793.7= 11349 kg/day : 4 Nos-9.5 KW of underflow from : 0.35 x 2268 = 793.8 kg/day (2268 * 0.65) + 4860 = 6334 Kg/day : 5% (Range 5% to 6%) aerobic : 126.7m3/day

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Field Oxygen transfer rate of Aerator Aerator capacity required

: 1.5 kg/kW/hr : 1349/24/1.5 : 37.48 KW

Aerator Capacity proposed

: 38.0 KW

Figure 3-11 : Aerobic Digester

J ) SLUDGE STORAGE TANK

Retention time required as per NIT Biological Sludge volume (Excess sludge due to BOD reduction) Tank volume required Size of Tank proposed : 12 Hrs for Biological sludge volume. = (2268* 0.65)/50 = 29.48m3/day : 14.74 m3 : 3.5 x3.5 x 2.5 M SWD + 0.3 M FB

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Tank Volume provided

: 30.6m3

K ) CENRIFUGE FEED PUMPS

Digested Sludge volume No. of pumps provided Capacity of pump provided Working hours : 126.7 m3/ day 2 Nos (1W + IS) 12m3/hr @ 10 ml.C. 10.55 Hrs.

L ) CENTRIFUGE
Digested Sludge Volume Digested Sludge consistency 126.7m3/day 5% to 6%

Chapter 4

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter describes in details the materials used and procedures followed for various experiments performed to achieve the objectives of the present study as delineated in chapter 1. 4.1 TYPES OF SAMPLES The grab samples were collected in month of March and April 2006 from raw (influent) and final settling tank (effluent).The samples were collected between 10 am to 12 noon during the observation period.

36

4.2 PROCESS MONITORING Influent & effluent samples were collected from the inlet and effluent of STP and were analyzed for various parameters according to the standard methods (APHA, 1987) . The parameters measured were as under: 1 Water temperature 2 pH 3 Biochemical oxidation demand (BOD5) 4 Chemical oxidation demand (COD) 5 Total Solids (TS) 6 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 7 Total suspended solids (TSS) 8 Mixed Liquor suspended solids (MLSS) 9 Sludge volume index (SVI) 10 Microbiological testing (only once tested in both months) a) Total coli forms count b) Phytoplankton c) Zooplanktons : -- All the parameters were measured within 15 minutes from collection of sample at the laboratory situated at STP. The details of all analytical procedure have been given in subsequent paragraphs:-

37

4.2 a) WATER TEMPERATURE: - The water temperature was measured with mercury filled Celsius thermometer. 4.2 b ) pH: - The pH was measured electrometrically with a glass electrode. 4.2 c) CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND: - The Chemical Oxygen Demand of influent and effluent sample were determine by the dichromate open reflux method (APHA). Potassium dichromate was used for refixing. The remaining unreduced chromate was titrated with Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate (FAS). End point was indicated by Ferroin indicator. 4.2 d) BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION DEMAND: - This method involved filling with sample an airtight bottle of 300 ml and incubating at 200 C for 5 days .DO was measured initially and after incubation and the BOD5 was computed by the difference between initial and final DO.

4.2 e) TOTAL SOLIDS :- A known volume of about 100 ml of well mixed sample is placed in a porcelain dish ( ignited , desiccated and weighed ) and evaporated on water bath followed by drying in oven at 1030 C for one hour and then desiccated and weighed.

4.2 f )TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS :- A known volume of about 100 ml of filtered sample is placed in a porcelain dish ( ignited , desiccated and weighed ) and evaporated on water bath followed by drying in oven at 1030 C for one hour and then desiccated and weighed. 38

4.2 g )TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS:Total Suspended Solids, mg/l = Total Solids , mg/l Total Dissolved Solids , mg/l .

4.2 h )MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS (MLSS):- A known volume (100 ml) of aeration tank sample in weighed filter paper. After filtration dry the filter paper. Desiccated and weighed the paper.

4.2 i) SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX:-A known volume of 1000 ml of mixed liquor from the discharge end of aeration tank is allowed to settle for 30 min.

4.2 j) MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: - MTD Method for Coli forms: Mac conkey broth is used. Inoculate a series of sample (0.1, 1.0, 10 ml ) into Mac conkey broth (10 ml). Incubate the inoculated tubes at 440 C for 24 +- 5 h in the incubator. Examine each tube at the end of 24 +_ 2 hours for gas production and if no gas has been formed , again re incubate for another 24 hours and at the end of 48 hours 3 hours , examine again . Record the presence or absence of gas, at each stage regardless of the amount. Formation of gas within 48 +_ 3 hours in any amount, in the inner fermentation tubes (Durham tubes ) constitute a positive presumptive test . Absence of gas formation at the end of 48 +_ 3 hours of incubation constitutes a negative test.

39

Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The performance of sewage treatment plant was monitored in the month of March and April 2006.Following parameters were monitored pH , Temperature ( ambient and sample ) , Total Solids ,Total Dissolved solids , Suspended solids , Biochemical oxidation demand (BOD ), chemical oxidation demand ( COD ) , mixed liquor suspended solids ( MLSS ) and Sludge Volume index (SVI ). Bacteriological monitoring was done to find the total coli forms, and phytoplanktons & Zooplankton. This chapter contains the detailed results and critical analysis of the study. 40

5.1 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF JAIPUR NORTH STP WITH EXISTING DIFFUSED AERATION SYSTEM:

The results of performance monitored in the month of March and April 2006 are given in tables 5.1 and 5.2. It was observed from both tables that the influent and effluent BOD 5 ranged from 440-1480 mg / l and 53-280 mg/l, respectively. The effluent BOD values were well above the prescribed IS standards of 30 mg / l for stream discharge. The COD of influent and effluent ranged from 896-2272 mg /l and 188-710 mg/l respectively. The effluent COD concentrations were above the prescribed IS standards of 250 mg /l. The COD and BOD of raw and effluent were always very high, which might be due to two reasons: 1) Scanty water supply in the city generates highly concentrated sewage.

2) Cluster of carpet industries near the sewage treatment plant discharge high starchy water containing lots of dyes, there by giving rise to high BOD as well as COD besides imparting strong color. General observation of pink color and frothing in aeration tank supports this observation. 3) Shifting to diffuse aeration system which has required re-commissioning of the whole sewage treatment plant in February 2006. Might be due to this reason, stabilization has taken a long time.

41

From tables 5.1 and 5.2 it can be seen that the pH of influent ranges from 7.6 to 8.0 which might be due to color, detergents imparting slightly high alkalinity. The effluent pH ranges from 7.3 to 7.9 which were almost near to neutral. The concentration of total solids (TS) in influent and effluent ranges from 1784 -3200 mg / l, and 672 to 1592 mg/l respectively (Tables 5.1 & 5.2).This shows the participation of large amount of fibrous and starchy matter coming from carpet industries situated near the sewage treatment plant apart from sewage solids. The concentration of influent and effluent total dissolved solids (TDS) ranges from 946 2412 mg/l and 588- 1528 mg/l respectively (Tables 5.1 & 5.2 ) which was also very high. It shows that the dissolved solids contain high amount of non-biodegradable matter which may be due to inorganic dyes and other chemicals coming from carpet industries of the nearby region. MlSS build up and stabilization might take time as it fluctuated highly between 1638-6246 mg/l. It fluctuated highly and the suspended solids did not have a good settleability as reflected in high SVI also. The main reason for such fluctuations probably is the toxicity associated with some dyes and chemicals used in the carpet industry and the wastewater being dumped into the trunk sewer. This tends to result in deflocculation and carryover of lots of solids from effluent weir. This hypothesis is further supported by the observation of dead protozoal cells under the microscope and large fluctuation in F/M ratio.

42

Table 5.1: RESULTS OF PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF JAIPUR STP (North) . In MARCH, 2006

DATE

TIME R

PH T

TEMP O C R T

BOD MG/L R T

COD MG/L R T

TS MG/L R T

TDS MG/L R T

SS MG/L R T

MLSS SV MG/L ML/ 1 4920 6246 4604 4276 180 240 170 150 140 80 200

3/03/06 6/03/06

10:45am 8.0 7.9 26 24 1120 180 2270 510 2264 1432 1624 1378 640 54 1:40 pm 7.7 7.5 27 26 1140 203 2040 640 3200 1440 2412 1352 788 88

13/03/06 10:40am 7.7 7.3 24 25 1480 236 2272 488 2940 1472 2300 1388 640 84 17/03/06 11:25am 7.8 7.6 26 25 1460 240 1696 376 2346 1386 1980 1288 356 98

23/03/06 10:50am 7.9 7.8 27 26 1110 190 1808 696 3024 1628 2280 1304 744 324 3980 25/03/06 11:05am 7.8 7.7 31 29 960 27/03/06 11:20am 7.9 7.6 30 28 610 210 1880 710 2192 1360 1900 1342 292 18 130 1699 379 2368 1556 1604 1436 764 20 1638 6144

R = Raw , T = Treated .

43

Table 5.2: RESULTS OF PHYSICO - CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF JAIPUR STP (North) . In APRIL 2006

DATE

TIME

pH R T 7.6 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.9 7.7 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.7

3/04/06 10:55am 5/04/06 10:40am 10/04/06 11:45am 12/04/06 10:40am 18/04/06 11:30am 19/04/06 11:40am 20/04/06 10:10am 22/04/06 11:05am 26/04/06 10:45am

Temp o C R T 34 33 33 32 35 34 35 33 37 34 36 35 39 37 37 35 38 37

BOD mg/l R T 1480 280 1420 260 620 70 580 72 530 78 468 90 440 53 510 66 560 70

COD mg/l R T 1730 482 1950 544 1870 470 1910 468 1674 436 1362 521 1552 392 1180 296 896 188

TS mg/l R 2640 2264 2440 2214 1784 2304 2480 2852 2356 T 1592 1452 1466 1412 672 1420 1424 1404 1524

TDS mg/l R 1744 1536 1772 1538 946 1872 1764 1890 1788 T 1528 1416 1466 1346 588 1356 1390 1336 1488

SS MLSS SV mg/l mg/l ml/1 R T 896 64 2270 80 728 36 1748 80 668 50 3880 120 676 48 4020 190 738 84 6504 200 432 64 3770 110 716 34 4292 150 962 68 6616 210 568 36 8772 290

R = Raw, T = Treated

44

From figure 5.1 and 5.2 it is clear that there is large fluctuation in BOD5 in the month of March and in April the conditions are little better, the reasons of fluctuation in beginning may be that the aeration of mixed liquor is not taking place in proper manner. The high concentration of silt in raw sewage decreases the oxygen transfer efficiency of the system. The other reasons for this lowered efficiency were improper operation and maintenance, frequent power failure and improper functioning of blowers and other machineries also contribute in the deterioration of the system. It is recommended that immediate action should be taken to solve this problem as this tends to disturb the biological treatment significantly.

BOD VARIATION
1600 1400 BOD mg/l 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 3 6 13 17 23 25 27 3 5 10 12 18 19 20 22 26 Date

BOD Influent BOD Effluent

Figure 5.1 BOD variations in March and April 2006.

45

COD Variation
2500 2000 COD mg /l 1500 1000 500 0 3 6 13 17 23 25 27 3 5 10 12 18 19 20 22 26 Date

COD Influent COD Effluent

Figure 5.2 COD variations in March and April, 2006

5.1.1 COD /BOD5 RATIOS OF INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WASTEWATER The COD /BOD5 ratios of influent wastewater varied from 1.16 to 3.52, while COD /BOD5 ratios of effluent varied from 1.56 to 7.30 (table 5.3 and figure 5.3).The COD /BOD5 ratio of the effluent were higher than the ratio of COD /BOD5 of influent, because influent waste water contained comparatively large amount of starch, cellulose, color and chemicals, coming from various industries that may not undergo biodegradation during treatment. The average ratio of influent waste water COD to BOD5 (2.2) is higher than the reported values (1.3 to 2.0) elsewhere for untreated sewage ( Metcalf & Eddy, IV edition ).

Table 5.3: COD / BOD ratio DATE 3/03/06 INFLUENT 2.02 EFFLUENT 2.83

46

6/03/06 13/03/06 17/03/06 23/03/06 25/03/06 27/03/06 3/04/06 5/04/06 10/04/06 12/04/06 18/04/06 19/04/06 20/04/06 22/04/06 26/04/06

1.78 1.53 1.16 1.62 1.95 2.78 1.16 1.37 3.01 3.29 3.15 2.91 3.52 2.31 1.61

3.15 2.06 1.56 3.66 3.38 2.91 1.72 2.09 6.71 6.50 5.58 5.78 7.30 4.48 2.68

COD/BOD Ratio
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 6 13 17 23 25 27 3 5 10 12 18 19 20 22 26 Date

Ratio

Influent Effluent

Figure 5.3 COD/BOD Ratios in Influent and Effluent

47

5.1.2 ORGANIC REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT The efficiency of plant was measured with the help of amount of percent removal of BOD5 and COD. As shown in table 5.4 and figure 5.4, BOD5 removal efficiency of the sewage treatment plant was observed between 78 88 percent and COD removal efficiency was observed between 62-75 percent. The average plant efficiency in BOD removal is 83.82 % and COD removal efficiency is 72.67 %. The plant efficiency was improved in month of April. The reason might be due to consistency in working of blowers and regular power supply providing better aeration facility along with better stabilization of biomass due to better acclimation and bioflocculation.

% BOD ,COD Removal

100 80 60 40 20 0 3 6 13 17 23 25 27 3 5 10 12 18 19 20 22 26 Date % BOD removal % COD removal

Figure 5.4: Percentage organic removal efficiency

Percentage removal ,%

48

Table 5.4 Percentage organic removal efficiency DATE 3/03/06 6/03/06 13/03/06 17/03/06 23/03/06 25/03/06 27/03/06 3/04/06 5/04/06 10/04/06 12/04/06 18/04/06 19/04/06 20/04/06 22/04/06 26/04/06 % BOD Removal 83.92 82.19 84.05 83.56 82.88 78.12 78.68 81.08 81.69 88.70 87.58 85.28 80.76 87.95 87.95 87.05 % COD Removal 77.53 68.62 78.52 77.83 61.50 62.23 77.69 72.13 72.10 74.86 75.49 73.95 61.74 74.74 74.91 74.01

49

5.1.3 RETURN OF SLUDGE: The purpose of the return of sludge is to maintain a sufficient concentration of activated sludge in the aeration tank so as to obtain required degree of treatment .Figure 5.5 shows the large fluctuation in MLSS concentration ,this might be due to the plant start up situation ,taking up time for the suitable MLSS build up and stabilization . This is clear in the data observed in the month of April, 2006.aquiring better stabilization in biomass build up. From table 5.5 the SVI (Sludge Volume Index) value ranges from 31 to 48 ml/g, and the return sludge ratio ranges from 0.09 to 0.40. The lower value of Qr /Q might be due to the newly commissioning of plant which leads to the poor biomass development and poor flocculation, this statement is supported by the increase in values of SVI. This increase in SVI with decrease in MLSS shows the poor settling characteristics, followed by the less return sludge ratio. Other reason may be toxicity due to chemicals and dyes coming from industries, which disturbs the microorganism growth and results in deflocculating which results in extra carry over of biological solids from effluent weir . Low values of SVI associated with high carryover of solids through effluent weir indicate that though the flocculation is alright yet toxic loads from carpet wastewater tend to disturb the flocs resulting in deflocculation.

MLSS / Settled sludge volume

10000 MLSS mg/l / Settled sludge, ml 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 3 6 13 17 23 25 27 3 5 10 12 18 19 20 22 26 Date

50

Figure 5.5 MLSS (mg/l) Vs Settled sludge Volume (ml/l) Table 5.5: Return Sludge ratio according to MLSS and SVI DATE MLSS (mg/l) Settled sludge (ml /l) 180 240 170 150 140 80 200 80 80 120 190 200 110 150 210 290 SVI (ml/g) Qr/Q=r

3/03/06 6/03/06 13/03/06 17/03/06 23/03/06 25/03/06 27/03/06 3/04/06 5/04/06 10/04/06 12/04/06 18/04/06 19/04/06 20/04/06 22/04/06 26/04/06

4920 6246 4604 4276 3980 1638 6144 2270 1748 3880 4020 6504 3770 4292 6616 8772

36.58 38.42 36.92 35.07 35.17 48.84 32.55 35.24 45.76 30.92 47.26 30.75 29.17 34.94 31.74 33.05

0.22 0.31 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.09 0.25 0.09 0.09 0.14 0.23 0.25 0.12 0.18 0.26 0.40

5.1.4 ORGANIC LOADING BASED ON F/M RATIO: The F/M ratio is the main factor that determines the degree of BOD removal likely to be achieved . Typically F/M ratio between 0.05-0.1 leads to efficiency of 95-99 % and 0.1 0.2 leads to efficiency of 90-95 %. Lower the F/M ratio higher is the BOD removed. (Ref, Metcalf & Eddy, IV Edition)

51

The F/M ratio ranges from 0.1-1.7 respectively (Table 5.6), The high F/M ratio indicates low MLSS and hence the inefficient BOD removal. The low concentration of MLSS might be due to starting phase of newly commissioned system and toxicity due to chemicals coming form industries which was hindering in proper growth of biomass. Table 5.6: Food / Mass ratio compared with BOD removed/MLSS DATE Influent BOD (mg/l) 1120 1140 1480 1460 1110 960 610 1480 1420 620 580 530 468 440 510 560 MLSS (mg/l) F/M BOD Removed/d BOD Removed/MLSS

3/03/06 6/03/06 13/03/06 17/03/06 23/03/06 25/03/06 27/03/06 3/04/06 5/04/06 10/04/06 12/04/06 18/04/06 19/04/06 20/04/06 22/04/06 26/04/06

4920 6246 4604 4276 3980 1638 6144 2270 1748 3880 4020 6504 3770 4292 6616 8772

0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.7 1.1 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

12690 12649 16794 16470 12420 10125 6480 16200 15660 7425 6858 6102 5103 5225 5994 6615

2.5 2.0 3.6 3.8 3.1 6.1 1.0 7.1 8.8 1.9 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9

52

5.1.5 BOD Vs SS: From figure 5.6, the suspended solid concentration is almost uniform, but the BOD is fluctuating. This clearly shows that the dissolved non-biodegradable matters in form of chemicals, starch and colors coming from the near by carpet industries results in fluctuation in BOD.

BOD Vs SS variation
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 3 6 13 17 23 25 27 3 5 10 12 18 19 20 22 26 Date

BOD Vs SS mg/l

BOD Influent BOD Effluent SS Influent SS Effluent

Figure 5.6: Biochemical oxidation demand (mg/l) Vs Suspended Solids (mg/l)

53

5.2 Comparison of the performance of plant having mechanical aerator earlier (2003) with that of current performance having diffused aeration (2006). Here only compare the values of different parameters then and now and dont describe the individual values and their reasons. From tables 5.7 and 5.8, it is observed that the COD values of influent and effluent were 1400-2080 mg/l and 240-480 mg/l, respectively which are very high for municipal sewage .The reasons may be incoming of huge amount of chemicals and inorganic materials in influent.

The concentration of total dissolved solids is lower in comparison to the existing concentration with diffused aeration, which might be due to the lesser number of carpet industries near by to sewage treatment plant which results in less amount of discharge of industrial effluent in sewerage.

Suspended solids concentration in effluent is two high ranges from 140 300 mg/l .The value of effluent concentration exceeds as prescribed by IS standard of 100 mg/l .the reason may be large amount of solid carry over due to deflocculating and poor settling .

The system at that time was suffering from the problem of clogging of aerators and reduction in aerator efficiency which was due to inefficient grit chamber operation (Excessive grit in the effluent from the grit chamber and Excessive organics in the grit removed by chamber ) resulting in frequent silting of aeration tank. Due to this there was inefficiency in BOD and COD removal.

54

Table 5.7: RESULTS OF PHYSICO - CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF JAIPUR STP (North).In March 2003 (Mechanical Aerators) (Source: Records found at STP) DATE 3/03/03 4/03/03 5/03/03 12/03/03 19/03/03 24/03/03 25/03/03 28/03/03 29/03/03 MLSS mg/ l 8000 8500 8200 4800 5500 6000 5000 7000 7000 SV mg/l 400 450 400 250 350 300 250 450 400 COD mg/l 1920 440 1600 1400 1600 1600 1600 1900 1920 1440 440 320 320 400 320 240 320 240 TS mg/l 2300 1200 1950 1800 2050 2400 2400 2200 2180 1900 1150 1150 1200 1280 1180 1250 1300 1250 TDS mg/l 1580 990 1500 1000 1100 1200 1400 1090 1100 950 1100 950 1050 1020 1000 950 1100 1000 SS mg/l 720 210 400 800 950 1200 1000 1110 1080 950 150 200 150 260 180 300 200 250

Table 5.8 : RESULTS OF PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF JAIPUR STP (North) . In April 2003 (Mechanical Aerators) (Source: Records found at STP ) DATE 3/04/03 MLSS mg/l 6000 SV mg/l 250 COD mg/l 1440 320 TS mg/l 2300 1520 TDS mg/l 1580 1380 SS mg/l 720 140

55

5/04/03 10/04/03 16/04/03 17/04/03 19/04/03 20/04/03 22/04/03 29/04/03

5500 5000 2500 4000 4500 4000 4200 3500

250 220 100 150 200 200 220 180

2080 1920 2000 2000 1760 1440 1600 1760

280 400 400 480 320 320 400 320

1600 2600 2050 2400 2000 2200 2400 1980

1280 1380 1280 1400 1250 1180 1190 1210

1000 1800 1600 1700 1600 1700 980 1050

1100 1100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 910

600 800 450 700 400 500 520 930

180 280 280 400 250 180 190 300

5.3Comparing performance of fixed film system (RBC at MNIT) with that of suspended film growth (ASP with diffused aeration, Jaipur STP) Performance was observed of the fixed film system (rotating biological contactor) situated in MNIT campus for sewage treatment a comparison was made with that of STP, Jaipur North based on activated sludge process with diffused aeration. It was observed that fixed film systems are better than the activated sludge processes, which are clear from the data observed in table 5.9.BOD5, and COD removal efficiency, are much better in fixed film system. The fixed film systems are also better in removal of TS, TDS and SS in comparison to suspended film systems. On analyzing the energy consumption as shown below, power consumed in fixed film system was approx 8-9 times lesser than the power consumed in activated sludge process for equivalent removal of BOD. This is very important as in a long run, a fixed film system may prove to be cheaper despite a high initial investment required. A 56

realistic costing should be carried out to find out the time needed to achieve a break even between the costs of the two systems before taking a final decision.

Table 5.9 Performance Comparison:

Parameters (mg/l)

Activated Sludge Process Raw (mg/l) Treated(mg/l)

Rotating Biological Contactor Raw(mg/l) Treated (mg/l)

COD

1180-2270

280-560

300-350

100-180

BOD

450-1480

50-250

250-300

30-50

TS

2200-2800

1300-1500

1000-1450

400-500

TDS

1800-2300

1200-1720

800-1200

330-400

TSS

400-500

100-220

200-250

70-100

5.3.1 Energy consumption: FIXED FILM SYSTEMS (UASB/RBC) Power input for 2 aeration motor each of 1 HP: : Power input for 1 pump of 3 HP : : 2 x 0.746 KW 1.492 KW 1x 2.238 KW 2.238 KW

57

Total Power input Energy Consumed in 1 Day Annual Energy Consumption Cost of Energy :

: : : : : : :

1.492 + 2.238 KW 3.73 KW 3.73 KW x 24 89.52 KWh 89.52 KWh x 365 32,674.8 KWh/ year 32,674.8 x Rs.4.5 Rs.1,47,036.60

Gross consumption (in terms of BOD removal) Design Flow (Q): 200 cum / d Inlet BOD: 250mg/l Outlet BOD: 20 mg/l Total BOD removed: [(250 20)/1000] x200 : 46 kg / d Power Input : 3.73 KW

Hence 12.33KW power consumed per Kg BOD removed in fixed film system.

SUSPENDED SYSTEM (ASP):

Design Flow (Q): 27000 cum / d Inlet BOD: 300mg/l Outlet BOD: 20 mg/l Total BOD removed: [(300 20)/1000] x27000 : 7560 kg / d Power Input : 60 KW

58

Hence 126 KW power consumed per Kg BOD removed.

5.4 RESULTS OF BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: The wet mounts were observed under microscope at source eyepiece of 10 x and objective lens at 45 x. However in the absence of camera attached the plates shown here have been taken from internet. (Google images). The following sections describe the general microflora observed in the STP samples drawn from different units.

5.4.1 Phytoplankton:
Anacystis Sp. (Blue Green Algae) the organism Anacystis shown in Figure 5.7: belongs to the blue-green algae group. In large numbers sufficient to form blooms, they some times produce a "septic" odor. Like Chlorella, some Anacystis species are heavy slime producers (note the gelatinous matrix around each cell) and can clog sand filters, A few species are associated with polluted waters.

Figure 5.7 Anacystis (Source : www.probrewer.com/.../siebel-watersupplier.php 15/06/06 )

Chlorella. (green algae group ) : Figure 5.8 :They are notorious slime producers, often causing filtering difficulties, and are rather resistant to chlorine as well as copper sulfate treatment. Certain species of this group are often associated with polluted waters. In

59

disposal plants, they are often used as an index regarding the progress in oxidation of sewage stabilization ponds. If the effluent count is principally chlorella, the pond is assumed to be working at or over its capacity.

Figure 5.8: Chlorella. (source:www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk//index.html, 15/06/06)

5.4.2 Zooplankton:
A number of species of protozoa have been identified in activated sludge. Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can consume food such as bacteria and particulate matter. Ciliated protozoa are numerically the most common species in activated sludge. The species of ciliated protozoa most commonly observed in wastewater treatment processes are Carchesium Polypinum, Opercularia Coarcta, and Vorticella Convallaria ( figure 5.9)

Carchesium Polypinum

Opercularia Coarcta

Figure 5.9: zooplankton observed in activated sludge (Source: www.college.ucla.edu//radar/asludge2.htm protest.i.hosei.ac.jpl//polypinum, html 15/06/06)

60

Vorticella Sp. : Vorticella, the classic peritrich, was also called the "bell animalcule" by early microscopists on account of its shape when fully extended. It is attached by a contractile stalk -- a tubular structure with a central muscle fiber (myoneme) which very rapidly pulls the stalk into a tight spiral when the organism is disturbed. (Figure 5-10) . It slowly extends again when the disturbance has passed. When conditions become adverse, the Vorticella can develop cilia around its base and detach itself from its stalk to swim freely in search of a more congenial environment; whereupon it attaches again and generates another stalk. The free-swimming organism is called a telotroch, and in this form can be difficult to recognize as a Vorticella. There are also green varieties of Vorticella which establish a symbiotic relationship with unicellular algae (zoochlorellae).

Figure 5-10 : Vorticella Convallaria (source :www.micrographia.com//cili/perioloo.htm15/06/06)

61

5.4.3 BACTERIOLOGICAL OBSERVATION:The total coli form reduction found to be around 80-85 %. (Methodology of test is given in chapter 4). The strength of coli form in raw sewage was > 10 4 MPN per 100 ml and in final effluent the coli form count was approx 10 3 MPN per 100 ml.

Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS

The STP of Jaipur North is facing high process inefficiencies due to improper operation and maintenance, there are number of storm drains and nallahs connected to the sewage system due to which grit in sewage is entrained . Carpet industries leave their wastes in sewers resulting in high BOD and COD values. Although the condition and performance of plant is continuously improving, the plant is still unable to comply with the standards. The earlier system having mechanical surface aerators, was facing a huge problem of clogging due to excessive inorganic particles and inefficiency of grit chamber .Many renovations made by RUIDP like mechanical aerators been substituted by diffused aeration, effective grit chamber, Mechanical screens (fine and coarse ) up gradation are very helpful but the biological treatment to the desired extent is not yet observed. A) The present study of performance analysis of ASP with diffuded aeration shows that :

62

1 ) The BOD5 was very high in March ,influent 8001460 mg / l..and effluent 180 240 mg / l.and in the April influent 440 1480 mg / l and effluent 60- 280 mg/l respectively.

2 ) COD concentration was : influent 1696 -2272 mg / l and effluent 376 710 mg/l. in March and in April. influent 896-1950 mg / l , effluent 188 544 mg/ l respectively.

3) The total solids concentration. in March was 2192-3200 mg/l and effluent 1288 1556 mg /l. and in April it was influent 1784 2852 mg/l and effluent 946 1404 mg / l respectively. 4.) Total dissolved solids concentration was March. Influent 1604 2412 mg / and effluent 1288- 1436 mg / l and in month of April influent was 946 1890 mg /l. and effluent 588- 1528 mg / l.respectively. 5 . MLSS : In March it ranges from 1638 6246 mg / l and in April it was 1748 8772 mg / l respectively. 6 SVI: In March: 80-240 mg /l and in April : 80 290 mg/ l.

B) The Microbiological studies show that: i) Phytoplanktons contain species of Chlorophyta (Green algae: Chlorella) , Cynophyta (Blue green algae : Anacystis ). ii) Zooplanktons contain species of ciliate protozoan: Vorticella, Carchesium Polypinum, and Opercularia Coarcta. iii) Coliform reduction is 80-85 % .

C) Comparing earlier situation and existing mechanism indicates:

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The plant was in better condition when working on extended aeration mechanism. The only problem was of clogging, due to improper working of grit chamber. Although the plant is upgraded with new grit separator and aeration mechanism with diffusers the results are not satisfactory, the reasons may be: * Inadequate aeration. * Scanty water supply, leads to high concentrated sewage. * Huge amount of color coming from printing and dyeing industry. * Toxins and chemicals coming from industry.

D) Comparing fixed film and suspended film indicates a huge difference in the energy consumed per Kg of BOD removed as and respectively for and systems indicating that the fixed film systems have a huge potential for saving power. Chapter 7 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendation emerge from the field observation , a critical appraisal of the performance and current status of operation and maintenance of sewage treatment plant , detailed discussion with senior engineers , supervisory staff and plant personnel:

1 A regular , organized program of raw sewage and plant effluent quality monitoring and surveillance need be undertaken in order to implement appropriate preventive and corrective measures for producing a safe effluent meeting the prescribed standards. 2 In order to avoid the accumulation of grit, and other solid matter, surcharge of the sewers should be prevented by proper scheduling of pumping operations. Regular cleaning of sewers with mechanical equipment also be resorted to.

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3. Equalization tank should be provided for the uniform concentration 4. Cross connection of storm water drains into sewers should be prevented to avoid the chock age of the sewerage system and treatment unit in the plant. 5. The design of the treatment plant should include primarily settling tank for the better performance and efficiency 6. The existing laboratory facilities is not commensurate with the recommended norms. A well equipped laboratory with adequate, competent and trained staff should form an integral part to ensure effective plant control and production of effluent meeting the prescribed standards at all times. 7. A continuing program of training and man power development aimed at up gradation of technical and managerial skills of sewage treatment plant personal at all levels should be implemented by O & M agencies. 8. Frequent power failures and mechanical breakdowns affects the over all performance of the sewage treatment plant. Hence the uninterrupted power supply of stable voltage should be ensured for the proper functioning of the plants. 9. In the present system of waste water management adequate attention has not been given to resources recovery aspects though increased used of treated effluent is contemplated to meet some of the industrial water need and agricultural purposes. Efforts should be made for recovery of resources in the form of bio gas and digested sludge.

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10. The problem arising due to the carpet industry should be solving, by fixing the effluent discharge standards. Industry should treat the waste to meet the desired effluent standards before discharging in sewerage. 11. Plantation around the STP site should be considered. It will help in adequate fresh oxygen availability in surrounding areas and will also give pleasant and soothing green look. Treated effluent water can be used for this purpose.

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APPENDIX:
1) Formula used for SVI (Source:B.C.Punmia,Ashok Jain) SVI (ml/mg) = Vs (ml/l) Xt (mg/l)

SVI (ml/g) =

1000 Vs Xt

Vs = settled sludge volume in ml/l Xt = concentration of MLSS ,mg/l. 2) Formula used for Return sludge ratio: (Source: B.C.Punmia, Ashok Jain) Qr/Q = r = Xt 106 - Xt SVI Qr = return sludge flow (mLd) Q= Sewage inflow (mLd) r = Return sludge ratio (Qr/Q) SVI = Sludge Volume Index.

3 )Formula used for F/M ratio : (Source: B.C.Punmia, Ashok Jain) F/M = Q x So VxX Q = the volume of flow per day m3/d. So = influent BOD,mg/l V = volume of the reactor,m3 X= MLSS concentration ,mg/l

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References :
References from papers used and cited? A ) BIBLIOGRAPHY : 1 Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe , George Tchnobanoglous , 1985 , Environmental Engineering, Mc. Graw Hill International edition. 2 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc, George Tchobanoglous, II nd edition, waste water Engineering Treatment Disposal Reuse , Tata Mc. Graw Hill Publication, New Delhi . 3 Soli J Arcievala , Waste water treatment for pollution control , IInd edition , 1999 ,Tata Mc. Graw Hill Publication , New Delhi . 4 B.C.Punmia, Ashok Jain, waste water engineering, II edition, 2003, Laxmi publications, New Delhi.

B) SEARCH ENGINES: www.google.co.in www.yahoosearch.com C) WEB SITES : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment http://www.eco-web.com/index/category/2.4.html http://www.scitrav.com/wwater/waterlnk.htm http://www.mwpca.org/billerica.htm http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0768.html http://www.water-technology.net/contractors/wastewater/amazon/ http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/northri.html http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/03sewer/html/sewditp.htm http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/nsfc/pdf/eti/Finebubble_tech.pdf http://www.sewerhistory.org/chronos/japan.htm

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http://www.ci.sanmateo.ca.us/dept/wwtp/howitworks.html http://www.soe.uoguelph.ca/Design/posters2004/activated_sludge.htm http://www.ci.gillette.wy.us/util/process.html http://www.sanitaire.com/pdf/brochures/MembraneDisc.pdf http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/pdfs/wwtmt3.pdf http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/applychem/watertreatment.html http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7/studentprojects7/Rader/asludge2.htm

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