Homogenous: Units of both sides of equation balances out.

Q = aX + bY Q X Y =m +n Q X Y

Q = aX bY Q = X m Y n

Systematic Error: Results that differ from the true values by a fixed amount. Random Error: Results that scatter around a mean value. Precision: Agreement with each other. Accuracy: Closeness with actual value. Fractional Error % Error

Absolute error is in 1 sf Qty is in same dp as absolute error

v = u + at v = u + 2as s = 1 2 (u + v )t
2 2

Fd v Fd v 2

Q Q Q 100% Q
No net

Thermal Equilibrium: Rate of heat gain = Rate of heat loss flow of heat

0th law: If A and B are separately in thermal eqm with C, then A and B are in thermal eqm with each other. 1st law: Internal Energy of a system is dependant only on its state. An increase in the U of a system is the sum of work done on the Absolute Zero: Minimum Internal Energy at 0K. system and the heat supplied to the system. Specific Heat Capacity: The qty of heat required to raise the Internal Energy: The sum of all microscopic KE temperature of 1kg of the material by 1K. and PE of molecules in the object. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion: The heat energy required to Temperature: A measure of the average KE. change the state of 1kg of the material from solid to liquid W = Fx W = pV without a change in temperature. Isothermal: No T; pV = nRT = > p 1V Isovolumetric: No V where k is Boltzmann constant Isobaric: No p pV = NkT Adiabatic: No Q; switches between isotherms 2

s = ut + 1 2 at 2

U = Q + W

pV =
2

Nm c
2

kT =

m c2

Mean KE of molecule

F=
Impulse

d (mv) = ma dt p = mv

Inertia: A bodys reluctance to change its state of rest/motion. Mass: A measure of a bodys inertia.

Ft = p

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum: When bodies in a system interact, the total momentum remains constant, provided no net external force acts on the system.

1st law: A body continues its state of rest of motion or rest unless a resultant external force acts on it [Inertia]. 2nd law: Rate of change of momentum is proportional to resultant force and acts in the direction of the force [F=ma]. 3rd law: If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts an equal but opposite force on body A [action-reaction pair].

m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v 2
For elastic collisions,

u1 u 2 = v 2 v1
S W

Where W = weight W = effective weight S = W (action-reaction) S W = ma

Effective weight: Total force tt obj exerts on a spring scale.