[Science Form 1] Animal, Plant & It's Resources

Here is the example of the animals and plants that produce the resources below.

Pandan / Screw Pine Resources: Leaves for hats and mats. Crocodile, snake, cow, elephant Resources: Skin for shoe, bags, belts. Whale, coconut, palm Resources: Oil for lamps. Rubber tree Resources: Latex for shoes and gloves. Quinine Resources: Medicine for malaria. Leech, maggot Resources: Assist in body repair and surgery.

[Science Form 1] Animal Cells vs Plant Cells

Cross-Section of Plant Cells

Differences between animal cells and plant cells.

differences size Cell shape Cell arrangement Cell wall vacuoles Food storage Animal cells Smaller in size Do not have a fixed shape Not arranged in a fixed pattern Do not have a cell wall Usually absent, but if present, vacuoles are small Store in the form of glycogen granules Plant cells Bigger in size Have fixed shape Arrange in a regular pattern Have a cell wall Have large vacuoles Store food in the form of starch grains

[Science Form 1] Control Air Pollution

There are many ways in which we can help prevent or control air pollution. One How of does the saving ways energy is help through to reduce saving air energy! pollution?

Well, power plants burn fossil fuels to produce gasoline, cooking gas, petrol and electricity. So, whenever you use a lot of electricity, power plants will need to burn more fossil fuels. This, in turn, will cause the release of more pollutants into the air.

Here's how you can help save energy.

Turn off the lights when you leave a room. Replace energy hungry incandescent lights with fluorescent lighting. Use a thermostat that automatically turns off the air-conditioner when you don't need it.

Use a fan instead of air-conditioning whenever possible. Heat small meals in a microwave oven. Don't use a water heater. Using cold water to bathe is refreshing and invigorating. Dry your clothes on a clothes line. Don't use a vacuum cleaner. Use broom instead. Don't forget to switch off the television before going to bed. Be sure to close the refrigerator door tight after you have opened it.

Now, did you know that a very large percentage of air pollution comes from vehicles, such as cars and buses? So, two important ways to reduce air pollution are to drive less and drive smart!

[Science Form 1] Fast facts on air pollution

Emissions from ocean-going ships contribute to approximately 60,000 deaths each year, mostly from heart and lung-related cancers. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), if you are one of the 18 million residents of Cairo, breathing air pollution daily is like smoking 20 cigarettes a day. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that a billion premature deaths occur annually as a result of air pollution, half of which are people living in developing countries. Children breathe at a faster rate than adults, and as a result, they breathe in much more polluted air than an adult. If your home or school is located near a high traffic area, you have an increased risk for lung disease, bronchitis asthma and even cancer.

[Science Form 1] Harmful Effects

1. Health Problems

Air pollution in the form of soot and dust not only irritates our eyes, but affects our lungs and respiratory system as well. Sometimes, it can even cause lung cancer. If carbon monoxide from vehicles is absorbed into our blood, it prevents our blood from absorbing oxygen. This will cause headaches and even brain damage. Some people die from carbon monoxide inhalation. Lead particles in the air, which are caused by flaking paint, can result in high blood pressure, or worse, brain damage in children.

2. Acid Rain

Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain, which not only destroys trees in the forests, but also causes serious damage to property, animals and vegetation. Acid rain causes fish to die as they cannot live in acidic water. It also causes corrosion of buildings and structures such as bridges and fences.

3. Thinning Of The Ozone Layer

The thinning of the ozone layer is caused by chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds, which are relesed into the air through the use of air-conditioning, aerosol sprays and refrigerators. When the ozone is thin, less ultraviolet rays will be absorbed by the ozone, causing more ultraviolet rays reaching the earth. Exposure to too much ultraviolet rays can cause disease like skin cancers and eye cataracts. Ultraviolet rays also kill organisms that are useful to humans, and cause damage to crops and plants.

4. Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect occurs when carbon dioxide trapped in the atmosphere prevents heat from the earth from escaping into space. This causes rising temperatures on Earth. The melting of the ice caps in the polar region and global warming are the results of the greenhouse effect. When these happen, flood may occur in low-lying areas and some places may experience droughts.

[Science Form 1] Living Organisms

Living organisms are among the earth's essential natural resources. They include both plants and animals. Living organisms provide the basic ingredients/materials to produce;

Food Clothes Building Materials Fuels

All these items help fulfill the basic needs of human beings.

[Science Form 1] Nucleus, vacuole & cell membrane

Cells have many structures in them called organelles. These organelles are like the organs in a human body and each of them has specific functions to help the cell it is in survive.

Plant cells and animal cells have different organelles to perform specific functions. For example, plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall, whereas animal cells do not have these two organelles. Do you know the functions of each cell structure? To gain a better understanding of cell structures and their respective functions. Cell structure and it's function

Nucleus Function - It is responsible for directing and controlling the activities of the cell, in the same way that your brain directs and controls the activities of your body.

It is also carries genetic information, or the blueprints on how cells and organisms should be structured.

Vacuole Function - Vacuoles are small sacs filled with food and water. They are used by cells as storage tanks. All plant cells have vacuoles, but not all animal cells do.

The primary place where plants store water is within its vacuoles. When a plant's vacuoles are filled with water, they become plump, giving the plant its strength. What happens when you do not water a plant? It begins to wilt and become softer. This is because the vacuoles found inside the plant cells are running out of water.

Cell membrane Function - This is a thin layer that surrounds a cell.

In order for a cell to remain healthy, it needs to be able to bring in food, and get rid of waste. The cell membrane has small openings or doorways that allow the cell to move materials in and out of it.

[Science Form 1] Other Components Of Air

The air in our atmosphere has some variable components to it as well. These variable components include water vapour, dust particles, and ozone. Although these are found in small amounts, they can have significant effects on weather and climate. Water Vapour The amount of water in the atmosphere varies between 1% to 4%. Why is such a small amount such a big deal? Water vapour is the source of all clouds and precipitation, and often that is the most common reason people think of for water. But water does other things too. It has the ability, like carbon dioxide, to absorb heat energy given off by the earth. It can also absorb solar energy. When water changes from one state to another, it absorbs or releases heat. This heat is often called latent (hidden) heat. This is the energy source that helps drives a lot of storms. Dust Dust is much more than just little specks of dirt. It includes microscopic particles that are invisible to the naked eye, including pollen, spores, and seeds. So why is dust a big deal? It acts as surfaces where water can condense or group together, forming clouds from which water droplets can grow large and fall to the ground as snow or rain. Without dust, you could not have clouds or fog. Dust can also absorb or reflect incoming solar radiation. When dust in the atmosphere is high, such as during the haze, the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface will decrease. Dust can also contribute to scattering light, giving rise to more orange and red sunrises or sunsets. Other Gases Methane, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, iodine, carbon monoxide, ammonia. Microorganisms Bacteria, fungi, viruses. Ozone Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three oxygeb atoms into one molecule (O3). There is very little of this gas in the atmosphere, and it is concentrated in the stratosphere. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and without it the earth would be uninhabitable. There may be other components depending on the quality or condition of the air.

[Science Form 1] Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two of the most important gases in air.

Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the
earth's atmosphere.

Joseph Priestly and Carl Wilhelm Scheele both independently discovered oxygen in 1774, but Priestly is usually given credit for the discovery. The name oxygen was created by Antoine Lavoisier, who incorrectly believed that oxygen was necessary to form all acids.

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound, the molecule of which consists of one atom
of carbon joined to two atoms of oxygen (CO2). It was first called "fixed air" by the Scottish chemist Joseph Black, who obtained it through the decomposition of chalk and limestone, and recognized that it entered into the chemical composition of these substances. What are the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide? Let's take a look at the table below. properties colour smell taste Solubility in water Solubility in sodium hydroxide solution Combustion and burning Effect on lime water ph Test for presence of gas oxygen colourless odourless tasteless Slightly soluble Not soluble Supports combustion but does not burn No change Neutral Rekindles glowing wooden splinter Carbon dioxide colourless odourless sour More soluble then oxygen Very soluble Does not support combustion and does not burn Turn chalky acidic Turn lime water chalky

DISCUSSION When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid. Lime water neutralizes the carbonic acid and carbonate ion is formed. Calcium carbonate is insoluble CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ca2+(aq) + CO32H2CO3(aq) CO32-(aq) + 4H2O(l) CaCO3(s)

and precipitates. As still more CO2 is bubbled into solution, all the OH- is used up, and the solution becomes acidic. Carbonate ion is converted into bicarbonate, which has a very CaCO3(s) + H2CO3(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq)

soluble calcium salt. In Nature, calcium is a very common ion in igneous rocks. As these rocks weather and the calcium goes into solution, CO2 in the atmosphere precipitates some of it as CaCO3. Found in massive sedimentary deposits, this material is called limestone. Cracks in limestone deposits allow water (containing more CO2) to percolate through, dissolving part of the material and forming limestone caves. Re-precipitation of the CaCO3 results in the formation of stalactites and stalagmites. Tap water that is "hard" because it comes from wells and has been in contact with limestone for a long time contains relatively large amounts of calcium and bicarbonate ions. When this water is heated in coffee pots or water heaters and allowed to cool, limy deposits called "boiler scale" build up. HAZARDS None. Although Ca(OH)2 is a strong base, it is so insoluble that a saturated solution of it does not even give the bitter taste typical of basic substances.

[Science Form 1] Oxygen Is Needed For A Fire To Burn

There are many experiments that you can do to show that oxygen is needed for a fire to burn. Let's take a look at one of these experiments.

Procedure: 1. A candle is lighted, and when it is burning well, a glass jar (like a jelly jar) is inverted over the candle. 2. The water level is immediately marked. 3. After the candle stops burning, the water level is marked again. 4. The amount of air required for the candle to burn is calculated using the following formula:

Observation: When the burning candle is completely extinguished, water rises up and fills one-fifth (1/5) of the original volume of air in the glass jar. Discussion: The glass that supports the burning of the candle makes up about one-fifth of the composition of air in the glass jar.

Since the oxygen makes up one-fifth of the volume of air, it can be concluded that oxygen is used in the combustion of the candle. ******* Facts:

The cork base keeps the candle afloat. The glass jar contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. When the candle completely burns out, water in the jar rises. The height of air in the column is used to calculate the amount of air used. The candle stops burning because all the oxygen in the jar has been used. Oxygen supports the combustion of the candle.

[Science Form 1] Physical Appearance & Behaviour

A property describe the physical appearance and behaviour of an object.

Some properties of matter include: size, shape, colour, texture, reactivity, melting point and boiling point. Below are the physical properties of each state of matter.

Solid

Shape: Fixed/definite. Volume: Fixed/definite. Density: High. Compressibility: Not easily compressible.

Liquid

Shape: Indefinite (liquids take the shape of the part of the containers they occupy). Volume: Fixed/definite. Density: High. Compressibility: Not easily compressible.

Gas

Shape: Indefinite (gases take the shape of their container). Volume: Indefinite (gases take the volume of their containers). Density: Low. Compressibility: Easily compressible.

[Science Form 1] The Air & It's Component

The earth is surrounded by a thick envelope of air called the atmosphere. Air takes up space, has weight, is made of a mixture of different gases, changes from place to place, and has altitude. Below is the component and its percentage for the mixture of different gases that make up the earth's atmosphere:

Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Carbon Dioxide - 0.04% Argon - 0.94% Hydrogen - 0.01% Neon - 0.012% Helium - 0.0005% Krypton - 0.0001% Xenon - 0.000009%

The composition of air is not constant. It can vary from time to time and place to place.

[Science Form 1] The Air Around Us

What is air pollution? Air pollution occurs when the air is tainted or contaminated with substances that are harmful to living things and pollute the environment. These substances are called air pollutants. Look at the below examples of air pollutants. Examples of air pollutant:

Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorofluoro-carbons Dust, pollen Lead compounds Oxides of nitrogen Smoke, soot, smog Sulphur dioxide

[Science Form 1] The Atomic Within

Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles, which can be in the form of atoms or molecules. These particles are not visible to our eyes. That is why when we look at an object, we do not see the particles that make up the object. Matter exist in three states: Solid, Liquid and Gas. The orientation and behaviour of particles differ in the three phases of matter.

SOLID

Particles are arranged very closely and packed in a fixed pattern. Particles can only vibrates from side to side, and spin around their fixed positions. Particles cannot move freely, from one place to another, as there is very little free space between them.

LIQUID

Particles are arranged close together but not in a fixed pattern. Particles vibrate and move randomly around each other. Collisions between particles occur frequently as there is free space between them.

GAS

Particles are widely spaced and not arranged in a fixed pattern. Particles move randomly in all directions at high speed. Collisions between particles occur very frequently as there is big free space between them.

[Science Form 1] The Importance Of Water

One of the most importance resources that the earth gives us is water. All living things, including humans, animals and plants, need water in order to survive. While water is important to all living beings, it plays a different role for plants and for humans and animals. Let us differentiate the functions of water in human beings, animals and plants. All the statements below tell us about the importance of water.

Importance of water to plants: 1. Water helps to support aquatic plants.

2. 3. 4. 5.

The process of transpiration involves water. Water is needed for the germination of seeds. Water helps to transport synthesised food to all parts of plant. Water dissolves and transports mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.

Importance of water to human beings and animals: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Water dissolves and transports digested food to all parts of the living thing. Water dilutes blood and enables it to transport oxygen efficiently. A person will die of dehydration if he loses 20% of water from his body. Water is important in excretion. It helps rid the body of unwanted substances. Water controls body temperature. Water keeps the lung moist for exchange of gases through respiration. Water supports and maintains the body shape of invertebrates. Water is needed in many household and daily activities.

Did you know?

70% of the earth's surface is covered in water. Our body is made up of 60% to 95% of water.

[Science Form 1] Uses of Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive an nonflammable. Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Carbon dioxide is also used in the drinks and food that we consume everyday.

Activity

Can you name a few types of food that contain carbon dioxide?