A.C s l thuyt chung cho bi ton Trading game. 1.

Agent Cc agent c nh danh, trng thi v hnh vi: -Trng thi c th bao gm tri thc, lng tin, ch cn phi tho mn, cc trch nhim c gn cho tng agent; -Hnh vi l nhng vai tr m agent c th m nhim, nhng cng vic cn phi tin hnh, cc s kin cn phi c quan st... Cc c trng c bn ca agent: -Tnh t ch (autonomy): C mt trng thi ring, c lp vi cc agent khc ng thi n c th t quyt nh cc hnh ng ca mnh . -Kh nng phn ng (reactivity): Tnh phn ng l kh nng agent c th nhn bit c mi trng v da qua nhn bit , agent p ng kp thi nhng thay i xy ra trong mi trng. -Tnh ch ng (pro-activeness): Khi c s thay i ca mi trng, agent khng ch phn ng mt cch n gin m cn xc nh mt chui hnh ng cn thc hin, bn thn mi agent s ch ng trong vic khi ng v thc hin chui hnh ng ny. -Kh nng x hi (social ability): Cc agent khng ch hng ti ch ring ca mnh m cn c kh nng tng tc vi cc agent khc trong h thng hng ti ch chung ca h thng. Cc hot ng tng tc ny rt a dng bao gm phi hp, thng lng, cnh tranh Tng tc: Cc agent tng tc vi nhau bng cch gi thng ip v bn cht ca cc thng ip ny cng l nhng li gi hm nh trong h cc i tng nhng cc li gi trong tng tc gia cc agent c nhiu khc bit so vi tng tc gia cc i tng: Cc tham s c th c kiu c nh ngha trong ontology. Cc tham s c vit theo mt dng thng ip truyn thng FIPA-ACL. Ni dung ca thng ip trong tng tc a agent c th rt phc tp nh mt chui cc hnh ng hoc cc yu cu Vai tr ca tng tc trong h a agent:

 Thng qua tng tc, mi agent s thu thp thng tin v tri thc nhm t c ch (goal) ring ca mnh v hng ti ch chung ca c h thng. Tng tc to nn tnh ng cho h a agent. Qua tng tc, h thng c th c m rng hay thu hp mt cch d dng, nht l vi cc h a agent s dng agent trung gian. Qu trnh tng tc khng ch din ra gia cc agent m cn c th din ra gia cc h agent khc nhau. Tng tc gia cc agent quyt nh kin trc v hot ng ca h a agent . Ba vn sau y cn quan tm xem xt khi nghin cu v tng tc trong h a agent: 1. M hnh tng tc: Tu thuc vo mc ch ca h thng c th m ngi pht trin h thng phi la chn mt m hnh tng tc ph hp, m hnh tng tc ny s quy nh kin trc ca h thng cng nh hnh vi ca cc agent trong h thng. 2. Ngn ng truyn thng s dng trong cc thng ip: Khi hot ng trong cng mt h thng vi nhau cc agent phi s dng chung mt ngn ng truyn thng. Ngn ng ny khng ch quy nh cu trc thng ip m cn quy nh cc dng thng ip hi v tr li trong cc phin hi thoi. 3. Ontology v s dng ontology trong tng tc a agent: cc agent c th hiu nhau trong qu trnh trao i th h thng phi s dng ontology nhm biu din cc khi nim m t min v mi quan h gia cc khi nim . 2. Ngn ng truyn thng gia cc agent Cc agent trao i vi nhau thng qua cc thng ip. Cc thng ip ny c biu din theo cc ngn ng truyn thng agent (ACL: Agent Comminucation Language) nhm mc ch: nh ngha dng cc thng ip trao i gia cc agent trong h thng. Thit lp mt giao thc trao i gia cc agent, bao gm: nh ngha cc kiu thng ip gi v nhn, cc m hnh trao i thng ip gia cc agent. Cc ngn ng truyn thng u da trn l thuyt hnh ng - li ni (speechact) .Mi thng ip phi m t y : ngi gi, ngi nhn, mc ch ca li ni v ng ngha ca li ni. FIPA-ACL (Foudation for Intelligent Physical Agent)

FIPA-ACL (Foundation Intelligent Physical Agent) da trn l thuyt hnh ng - li ni. FIPA-ACL s dng XML theo dng nh sau: <fipa-message act = > <sender> </sender> <receiver> </receiver> <content> </content> <language> </language> <ontology> </ontology> <conversation-id> </conversation-id> </fipa-message> 3. Cc m hnh tng tc Phn loi m hnh tng tc Hp tc: Hai bn cng thc hin mt cng vic chung (cng tc) hoc cng vic ca bn ny l bc tin cho bn kia (Phi hp). Cnh tranh: Hai bn cnh tranh nhau v thng tin, hoc quyn li (thng lng) hoc hon ton tri ngc nhau v li ch (i u). Nh vy, c th c cc loi hnh tng tc nh sau:
Tng tc

Hp tc

Cnh tranh

Phi hp

Cng tc

Thng lng

i u

Hnh 2.2: Cc loi hnh tng tc

Mt s m hnh hp tc Cc giao thc phi hp Cc agent c th t ch trong vic sinh ra cc hnh ng mi v quyt nh mc ch k tip hng ti vic thc hin cng vic chung. Tri thc

ca h thng trong trng hp ny cn c bit bi tt c cc thnh phn trong h thng. Da trn tri thc ny, cc agent s xc nh hnh ng tip theo cn thc hin trong mt chui cng vic cn thit hon thnh mc tiu chung ca h thng. Lin quan n m hnh phi hp cn nhiu vn khc nh s tho thun (commitment), cc quy c (conventions) v vic biu din cc tho thun hay cc quy c ny . Cc giao thc cng tc Chin lc chung ca cc giao thc cng tc l phn r nhim v cn thc hin ca c h thng v sau phn tn cc tc v (task) c th cho cc thnh vin. Cc agent cng hng ti ch chung thng qua vic thc hin cc tc v m mnh c giao. Giao thc Mng hp ng Mng hp ng s cung cp gii php cho bi ton: tm mt agent ph hp cho mt tc v cho trc. Gi s c mt agent c mt tc v cn x l l manager, v agent c kh nng x l tc v ny gi l contractor. Tng tc gia manager v contractor s din ra theo biu tng tc sau:
Manager Contractor

Thng bo tc v cn thc hin Phn hi nh gi kh nng thc hin task Xc nhn mt hp ng cho contractor ph hp Thc hin tc v v tr li kt qu Kt thc tc v
Hnh 2.3: Giao thc mng hp ng

Manager s gi thng bo v tc v cn thc hin cho tt c cc agent khc trong h thng. Khi nhn c yu cu, cc agent s gi tr li cho manager thng bo v kh nng thc hin tc v ca mnh. Manager s nh gi v chn ra agent ph hp nht thc hin tc v v xc nhn agent thnh

contractor. Contractor s c nhim v thc hin tc v v tr li kt qu cho manager. Trn l thuyt, manager c th l bt k agent no trong h thng khi c task cn thc hin. V vy mi agent c th nhn c nhiu task, nu agent l agent c kh nng x l cao th rt nhiu manager s chn agent lm contractor. Khi , contractor s la chn task hp dn nht v m hnh mng hp ng s tr nn phc tp hn nhiu. 4. Tng tc vi agent trung gian 4.1 Vai tr ca agent trung gian Cc m hnh tng tc khng s dng agent trung gian nh m hnh bng en, mng hp ng c u im l n gin, d xy dng v ph hp vi nhng h thng a agent ng. Cc m hnh ny yu cu cc agent phi bit c kh nng ca cc agent khc trong h thng m n mun tng tc. Do , h thng vi cc m hnh ny kh m rng cho agent khc tham gia nh trong mi trng Internet. M hnh tng tc vi agent trung gian s dng mt agent trung gian MidAgent nhm qun l kh nng ca cc agent khc. Trong m hnh ny, Agent Yu cu (Requester Agent) s tng tc vi MidAgent bit c kh nng ca cc agent (Agent Cung cp: Provider Agent) trong h thng c th gii quyt c yu cu ca mnh . Vai tr ca MidAgent trong nhng m hnh c th c th khc nhau nhng lp agent ny u c chung nhng c trng sau: Cung cp cc phng tin dch v c bn qun l x hi cc agent; Phi hp cc dch v c cung cp theo mt giao thc xc nh no ; m bo qun l cc agent bn trong x hi agent v qun l vic thm hay bt cc agent tham gia vo h thng. - 3 m hnh nh gm m hnh tng tc kiu Agent Trung tm (Mediator Agent), m hnh tng tc kiu Mi gii (MatchMaker) v m hnh tng tc kiu iu phi (Broker). 4.2.M hnh tng tc vi Agent (iu phi) Trong m hnh ny, MidAgent ng vai tr l Agent (Broker Agent). Cng vic m Agent cn thc hin l mt phn cng vic ca Agent Trung tm v c

biu din nh trong Hnh 2.4. Khi c mt agent mi tham gia vo h thng, th n phi ng k kh nng cung cp dch v ca mnh cho Agent iu phi. Dch v, tn v a ch ca Agent Cung cp ny s c cp nht vo c s tri thc ca Agent iu phi.
1: Yu cu dch v

Agent Yu cu

Agent iu phi
5: Tr li kt qu dch v 0: ng k, hu ng k dch v

Agent Cung cp

3: Yu cu dch v v giao tc

4: Chuyn kt qu dch v

Hnh 2.4: M hnh tng tc s dng Agent iu phi

Khi c mt agent Agent Yu cu gi cho Agent mt yu cu dch v no , Agent s tm kim trong c s tri thc ca mnh xem c Agent Cung cp no c th gii quyt c yu cu ca Agent Yu cu khng v sau lin lc trc tip vi agent gii quyt yu cu. Sau cng, Agent s gi li kt qu cho Agent Yu cu v kt thc qu trnh tng tc. Nh vy, trong m hnh tng tc ny, bt c mt lin lc no gia Agent Yu cu v Agent Cung cp u phi thng qua Agent iu phi. u im ca m hnh ny l kh nng m rng h thng. Mt agent mi mun tham gia vo h thng th agent ch cn ng k dch v vi Agent iu phi. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca m hnh ny l Agent yu cu phi gi i ton b yu cu ca mnh cho Agent m iu ny thng khng thc t c bit trong thng mi in t. 5.Thng lng trong h a agent Thng lng l mt tin trnh tng tc va cng tc va cnh tranh c din ra gia hai hay nhiu bn tham gia, bt u bng nhng mc tiu (ch) khc nhau, dn dn i n mt tho thun chung c li cho tt c cc bn.

Trong bi ton thng lng, tu vo s bn tham gia, ngi ta chia lm bn nhm l: thng lng 1-1, thng lng 1- n, thng lng n-1 v thng lng n-n.
S ngi mua

Thng lng 1-1: cn gi l thng lng song phng, ch c mt ngi bn thng lng vi mt ngi mua. Thng lng n-1: nhiu ngi mua mt ngi bn. y chnh l hnh thc u gi (Auction). u gi l mt trong nhng hnh thc mua bn ph bin trong thng mi. Trong m hnh u gi (nhiu ngi mua, mt ngi bn), ngi mua s tr gi theo mt cch thc no , v d nh ai tr gi cao nht s thng. Thng lng 1-n: Mt ngi mua c th thng lng ng thi vi nhiu ngi bn. Hnh thc ny cn gi l u gi ngc (Reverse-Auction). Thng lng n-n: cn gi l thng lng a phng hay ch (market). Mi ngi mua c th thng lng ng thi vi nhiu ngi bn v mi ngi bn cng c th thng lng ng thi vi nhiu ngi mua. Khi h thng c cc agent i din cho ngi mua v ngi bn th cc agent ny s t ng thng lng vi nhau. Trong thng lng song phng ngi ta chia ra ba cch tip cn : Cch tip cn da trn l thuyt tr chi y l cch tip cn s dng chin lc tng tc gia cc agent ch k (selfinterested agent) theo cc lut tr chi. Trong cch tip cn ny, cc nh nghin cu c gng xc nh mt chin lc ti u bng cch phn tch mi tng tc gia cc agent ging nh trong mt tr chi v tm ra im cn bng ca qu trnh tng tc gia cc agent .

S ngi bn

1-1

1-n

n-1

n-n

Hnh 2.6: Cc dng thng lng

Cch tip cn da trn Heuristic Trong m hnh ny, cc hm quyt nh da trn heuristic c s dng c lng v sinh ra cc yu cu hay ngh mi trong qu trnh thng lng. Cch tip cn da trn lp lun (Argumentation-based) Cch tip cn ny cho php cc agent c th chuyn cc thng tin thm hoc lp lun cho cc gi tr tinh thn nh nim tin hay nh trong qu trnh thng lng.

B. C s l thuyt v kin trc agent s s dng: Kin trc BDI Kin trc BDI l mt l thuyt cho suy lun thc tin. Thng dng cho agent ph thuc vo ti nguyn. Bao gm: Phn tch hnh ng n kt qu Cn i gia cc la chn cnh tranh Tng tc gia hai loi suy lun trn Khi nim ct li: Nim tin = thng tin agent c v mi trng Mong mun = trng thi m agent mong mun t c nh = mong mun (hay hnh ng) agent cam kt hon thnh. Tnh kh thi ca kin trc BDI C thnh phn trit hc: da trn l thuyt v hnh ng hp l ca con ngi. L Kin trc phn mm c s dng thnh cng: IRMA Intelligent Resource-bounded Machine Architecture PRS Procedural Reasoning System C thnh phn ton logic: m hnh c cng thc ha k lng s dng BDI logic. Cc kin trc BDI (Belief, desire, intention) l nhng kin trc agent ph bin nht (Rao v Georgeff, 1995). Chng c ngun gc trit hc v da trn l thuyt logic. L thuyt ny da trn nhng quan im v tinh thn ca nim tin, mong mun v d nh bng cch s dng logic hnh thc. Mt trong

nhng kin trc BDI ni ting nht l h thng lp lun theo th tc (PRS Procedural Reasoning System ) (Georgeff v Lansky, 1987). Kin trc ny da trn 4 kiu d liu chnh: Lng tin (beliefs ), tc v (desires ), nh (intentions) v k hoch (plans) v mt b phn phin dch (xem hnh)

Trong h th ng PRS, lng tin biu din nhng thng tin m agent c v mi trng ca n, c th khng y hoc khng chnh xc. Tc v biu

din nhng tc v c phn cng cho agent v tng ng l nhng mc tiu, hoc l mc ch m n s hon thnh. nh th hin nhng mong mun m agent cn phi t c. Cui cng, k hoch ch r mt vi qu trnh ca hnh ng m agent s phi lm t c mc ch. Bn cu trc d liu ny c qun l bi b phn phin dch agent chu trch nhim cp nht lng tin t nhng quan st t mi trng, sinh ra nhng tc v mi da trn c s ca cc lng tin mi, v la chn trong tp nhng tc v hin ti mt vi tp con hot ng, chng c gi l nh. Cui cng, b phn phin dch phi la chn mt hnh ng thc thi da trn c s ca nng nh hin ti ca agent v tri trc v mt th tc.

C.Bi ton:
To ra mt Agent mua v bn cc mt hng vng bc , qu vi mc ch kim tin cng nhiu cng tt. lm iu ny, Agent ngi chi phi tng tc vi mt s Agent khc bng cch s dng mt lot cc giao thc c xc nh. Khi tr chi chy, mt giao din ngi dng ha (GUI) s hin th kho hng, cng nh tt c cc giao dch m bn tham gia (mua hoc bn cc mt hng). Bn cng c th nhn thy bn c bao nhiu tin trong ngn hng v cc loi qu bn s hu. 1. C n c n h n g a g e n t n o ? Agent ngi chi: Agent s tham gia trc tip n cc giao dch Nhim v : mua, bn hng vi cc chin thut nhm thu li Bank Agent Agent ny c trch nhim: - lu tr tin mt v cc kim loi qu him thuc s hu ca cc agent. -hon thnh giao dch khi 2 bn agent t c mt tha thun - phi hp vi agent u gi hon thnh cc cuc u gi cng nh kim tra chnh xc ca cc phin u gi -Agent ny cng l agent kim tra kt qu kinh doanh ca tng agent Agent u gi

Agent ny s ng ra u gi cc mt hng. Agent thng tin C trch nhim cung cp thng tin cho cc agent ngi chi .Cung cp thng tin th trng (gi th trng ca cc loi kim loi qu, gi ny s l cn c cc bn trao i hng ha cng nh lm c s nh gi kt qu kinh doanh ca tng agent, hng thay i gi ca th trng..) Agent iu khin Agent nay l agent iu khin ton b cuc chi, pht ng v kt thc cng nh tng kt kt qu ca mt game Thi gian ca mt game chi s thay i v c agent iu khin qun l. Brocker Agent (agent iu phi ) Chin thut : A g e n t n g i c h i b t u c h i . 1 . M ua : - K hi b t u c h i , a g e nt ng i c h i ki m k t i s n a ng c . V d tr o ng ba n k c 2 kg v ng , 5 kg b c , 1 5t r . A g e n t s i m u a t h em v ng c n b n g s l ng v n g , b c s a o c ho m c g n b ng n ha u n h t . - C hi ph c ho v i c m u a l u n l u n n h h n s t i n m t tr o n g b a n k. A g e n t s l y t ho n g t i n g i c t h t r n g v t ng m t h ng , n h r a m c g i t i a m u a t r o n g m i ph i n g i a o d c h s a o c ho t ng c c m c g i k h ng v t qu s t i n h i n c . C t h l t n g c h i p h m ua t i a l nh h n s t i n m t 2 tr . - K hi n o m ua ? + t h tr n g c u ng n hi u h n c u. T c t nh tr a n g nh u c u s d n g hi n t i l l n. N h th t h s c n h tr a n h g i c c a g e n t b n s ca o , c h i m ua c g i r n h t ca o h n v k h n ng c p ng s c a o h n . + k hi g i th tr n g g i m , m ua t i g i a i o n g i t n g i b n h n. V k hi t h ng t h ng g i 1 m t h n g s k h n g g i m m n h n a k hi m g i g i m v a n g h ng n n h, do k h i g i g i m , c c a g e n t m ua s b t u m ua v o , kh n ng c u s l n h n ho c b n g c u ng , g i t h tr n g s c x u

h n g t n g l n. M ua t i t h i i m n y th ta v n g i c s l i t c c g i a o d c h b n m t h n g t n g n g ,l i n h u n s l k h ng g i m. - C c h n h g i mu a : + C p n h t t h ng t i n t h tr n g v g i c m t h n g v x u h n g n h u c u m t h ng . + n h r a m c g i t i a cho v i c m u a : N u m ua s l ng < = 3k g . M c g i t i a t heo g i t h tr n g t i t h i i m . V t a m ua t n n c h p n h n g i t h tr ng t i t h i i m m u a . N u s l ng m ua >3 kg ( m ua n h i u => b n b n s b n c n hi u h n g , l i nh u n t h u v o l n ) , nh m c g i t i a n h h n 1% s o v i g i t h tr n g hi n t i . L do v v i g i th tr ng , b n b n l u n t h u c l i nh u n nh t nh v c h c c h n r ng k h n g ng i b n n o l i a r a g i b n c h ca o h n 1% s o v i g i m ua nn h s k h n g b l . h n n a h b n c n h i u h ng n n h s c h p n h n m c g a t r n. + N m b t C h i :K hi b t u t h y t h n g t i n V n g s c x u h n g c m ua n h i u tr o ng g i a i o n t i . A g e nt s i m ua v n g b n . V a g e nt m u n m ua v n g n n s p h i n h r a m c g i t i a ca o h n g i t h t r ng l 1% . N h v y c h i m u a c v ng s l n h n . - S l ng m ua t he o x u h ng s d n g . M ua n hi u m t h ng s ho t t r o n g g i a i o n t i . 2.Bn : - L n b n u t i n k hi b t u ch i . B n c v ng v b c t h m d t h tr n g . M c g i b n ba n u c m c n h. S a u n y a g en t s i u m c th eo t h n g t i n t h t r n g m n c p n h t c. - B n k hi : + C u n hi u h n c u n g : c p n h t th ng ti n t h tr n g , k hi m n hu c u m ua t ng h n s o v i b n . K hi c h i b n c g i s ca o h n.

+ G i t h t r n g t n g , t i t h i i m d a o n g t i 1 m c. V k h i b n l c , ta l u n c l i . C h l l i n hi u h a y t . T uy n h i n 1 t h c t l t i t h i i m ca o n h t t h x u h ng b n t, c h i b n c h n g c a ta s g i m n n t a s b n g i a i o n da o n g t i 1 m c (t h ng t h m c d a o ng n y l kh ca o ) -Cch nh gi bn: + i v i m t h n g h o t , n h g i t i t h i u c a o h n s o v i t h t r n g ( l c t n g ) h i n t i l 5 % .C o n s n y a r a v l d o : p h n g t r n g h p g i m d n 1 % b n c h n g n u n h k o c a g e n t mu a n o mu a ( c h g i m 3 l n , m i l n g i m 1 % ) . + M t h n g t h ng : n h g i t i t h i u c a o h n g i t h t r n g 1 % . +Mt hng tn , trnh b rt gi : Cp nht v so snh thng t i n , o l c h g i a g i b n c a t h t r n g h i n t i v g i mu a t r c n h g i t i t h i u v n m b o m c l i t i t h i u 2 % . + S l n g b n :