Homework 10

Robbie Lyman December 12, 2011

16.423.) A transformation T : V3 V3 is dened by the formula given for T (x, y, z), where (x, y, z) is an arbitrary point of V3 . Determine whether T is linear. If so, describe its null space and range, and compute its nullity and rank. T (x, y, z) = (x + z, 0, x + y).

Choosing X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and Y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ), T (aX + bY ) = T (ax1 + by1 , ax2 + by2 , ay3 + by3 ) = (a(x1 + x3 ) + b(y1 + y3 ), 0, a(x1 + x2 ) + b(y1 + y2 )) = a(x1 + x3 , 0, x1 + x2 ) + b(y1 + y3 , 0, y1 + y2 ) = aT (X) + bT (Y ). So T is linear. N (T ) = {(x, y, z) | x, y, z R; x = y = z}. That is, where the rst component is the negative of the other two. Since the null space is spanned by (1, 1, 1) (any element that is not a scalar multiple of this element cannot be part of the null space. Suppose there were one, say (x, x + y, x + z). But since (x + (x + z), 0, x + (x + y)) = O, y = z = 0, which means that the element is a scalar multiple of (1, 1, 1).), dim N (T ) = 1. T (V3 ) = {(x, 0, y) | x, y R}. That is, any element of V3 where the second component is 0. Since dim V3 = 3 and dim N (T ) = 1, by Theorem 16.3, dim T (V3 ) = dim V3 dim N (T ) = 2. And indeed, {(1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is a basis for T (V3 ). (Suppose there were some element A T (V3 ) independent from our basis. Since A T (V3 ), A = (a1 , 0, a3 ) for some a1 , a3 R. But this means that A is not independent from our basis.)

16.425.) Corrected: Let V be the space of all real functions continuously dierentiable on (1, 1). If f V , g = T (f ) means that g(x) = xf (x) for all x in (1, 1). Determine whether T : V V is linear; if so, describe its null space and range and compute its nullity and rank.

T (af1 + bf2 ) = axf1 (x) + bxf2 (x) = aT (f1 ) + bT (f2 ). So T is linear. The null space of T is any function whose derivative is 0 on (1, 1), or in other words, any function that is constant on (1, 1). As such, dim N (T ) = 1, and f (x) = 1 is a basis for N (T ). (By the second fundamental theorem of calculus, any function with a derivative of 0 on (1, 1) will be equal to some constant on that interval.) The range of T is any function h that satises two conditions: h(0) = 0 and h is continuously dierentiable on (1, 1). We will prove that the set S of all possible h is equal to T (V ). T (V ) is any g, where g(x) = xf (x) on (1, 1) and f is a continuously dierentiable function. g(0) = 0 f (0) = 0. g (x) = f (x) + xf (x). Since f is continuously dierentiable, g is continuously dierentiable. So T (V ) S. Since h is continuously dierentiable, we can dene a function h(x) if x = 0 x f (x) = lim h(x) if x = 0. x0 x Further, by LHopitals rule, limx0 h(x) = h (0). Since h is continuously difx ferentiable, h (0) exists. Also, h(x) + h (x) if x = 0 x2 x f = lim h(x) + h (x) if x = 0. x0 x2 x Since h is continuously dierentiable, the limit exists and can be found through LHopitals rule. Further, this will always be the case, since h is continuously dierentiable. So f is continuously dierentiable, and thus S T (V ). But since T (V ) S, we must have T (V ) = S. However, T (V ) is innite dimensional: since S0 = {x, x2 , . . . } is an innite basis for a subset of S (every polynomial of order n 1 is 0 at 0 and is continuously dierentiable), T (V ) is innite dimensional.

16.430.) Let T : V W be a linear transformation of a linear space V into a linear space W . If V is innite-dimensional, prove that at least one of T (V ) or N (T ) is innite-dimensional.

Hint: Assume dim N (T ) = k, dim T (V ) = r, let e1 , . . . , ek be a basis for N (T ) and let e1 , . . . , ek , ek+1 , . . . , ek+n be independent elements in V where n > r. The elements T (ek +1), . . . , T (ek+n ) are dependent since n > r. Use this fact to obtain contradiction.

Assume, as above, that dim N (T ) = k and dim T (V ) = r, and dene e1 , . . . , ek as a basis for N (T ). Further, let e1 , . . . , ek , ek+1 , . . . , ek+n be independent elements in V (since V is innite dimensional, we can nd an arbitrary number of independent elements in V ), where n > r. Since dim T (V ) = r, any set of r independent elements in T (V ) are a basis for T (V ). Prove that T (ek+1 ), . . . , T (ek+r ) are independent. Assume that they arent. Then for some set of scalars, ck+1 , . . . , ck+r , not all 0,
k+r

ci T (ei ) = O.
i=k+1

Through linearity, this is equivalent to saying

k+r

T
i=k+1

ci e i

= O,

which means that the element (which we shall call x) ck+1 ek+1 + + ck+r ek+r is in the null space of T . Since weve dened a basis for N (T ), x must be a linear combination of that basis, and thus
k k+r

xx=
i=1

ci ei
i=k+1

ci ei = O.

But since each element involved is independent, each scalar must be 0, which means that T (ek+1 ), . . . , T (ek+r ) are a basis for T (V ). Since en V , T (en ) must be in T (V ), and thus must be expressible as a linear combination of a basis for T (V ), since T (V ) is nite dimensional, that is
k+r k+r

T (en ) =
k+1

ci T (ei ) = T
k+1

ci ei ,

which, by the same logic, means that x0 = ck+1 ek+1 + + ck+r ek+r en must be in the null space of T , and thus that its expressible as a linear combination of the basis for N (T ) and thus
k k+r

x0 x0 =
i=1

ci ei
i=k+1

ci ei + en = O.

But since each element involved is independent, T (en ) is independent from our basis for T (V ), and thus either dim N (T ) or dim T (V ) cannot be nite.

16.819.) A function T : V3 V3 is dened by the formula given for T (x, y, z), where (x, y, z) is an arbitrary point in V3 . Determine whether T (X) is one-to-one on V3 . If it is, describe its range T (V3 ); for each point (u, v, w) in T (V3 ), let (x, y, z) = T 1 (u, v, w) and give formulas for determining x, y and z in terms of u, v and w. T (x, y, z) = (x, x + y, x + y + z).

The null space of T contains the zero element trivially. Assume theres some other point (a, b, c) such that T (a, b, c) = O. By the denition of T , we have T (a, b, c) = (a, a + b, a + b + c) = O. Therefore a = 0, so (0, b, b + c) = O, and therefore b = 0, which leaves c = 0 as well, so O is the only point in the null space of T . But by Theorem 16.10, this means that T is one-to-one. The range, T (V3 ) is any linear combination of three elements: (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1) and (0, 0, 1). Assume that theres some point (a, b, c) in T (V3 ) not a linear combination of these three. However, T (a, b, c) = (a, a + b, a + b + c). Choosing scalars a, b, c, we can show that this point must be in the span of the three elements, and thus that the three elements are a basis for T (V3 ). Since T is one to one, T 1 (u, v, w) = (x, y, z) means that T (x, y, z) = (u, v, w). Since T (x, y, z) = (x, x + y, x + y + z) = (u, v, w), we can break T (x, y, z) into a system of equations: x=u x+y =v x + y + z = w, and solve for x, y, z. Substituting u for x and rearranging, we obtain y = v u. Substituting v for x + y, we nd that z = w v. So a formula for T 1 is T 1 (u, v, w) = (u, v u, w v).

16.830.) Let S and T be in L (V, V ) and assume that ST T S = I. Prove that ST n T n S = nT n1 for all n 1.

Assume that ST n T n S = nT n1 , prove n + 1. ST n+1 T n+1 S = ST n T T T S. Since ST T S = I, T S = ST I, and thus ST n T T n T S = ST n T T n ST + T n = (ST n T n S)T + T n = nT n1 T + T n = (n + 1)T n . So if the formula holds for n, it holds for n + 1. Since n = 1 is trivial, prove n = 2. ST 2 T 2 S = (ST )T T (T S). Since T S = ST I, we have (ST )T T (ST ) + T = (ST T S)T + T = 2T , which proves the theorem for all n 1.
n

16.125.) Let T : V3 V3 be a linear transformation such that T (k) = 2i + 3j + 5k, T (j + k) = i, T (i + j + k) = j k.

(a) Compute T (i + 2j + 3k) and determine the nullity and rank of T . (b) Determine the matrix of T .

(a) i + 2j + 3k = (i + j + k) + (j + k) + k, so T (i + 2j + 3k) = T (i + j + k) + T (j + k) + T (k) = j k + i + 2i + 3j + 5k = 3i + 4j + 4k. Since T (k), T (j + k), T (i + j + k) are 3 independent elements in T (V ), which is a subset of V3 and so can have dimension n 3, they form a basis for T (V ). Since dim N (T ) = dim V dim T (V ) by Theorem 16.3 and dim T (V ) = dim V = 3, dim N (T ) = 0. (b) Choosing the basis (i, j, k) in both cases, we obtain T (i) = T (i + j + k) T (j + k) = i + j k, T (j) = T (j + k) T (k) = i 3j 5k, T (k) = 2i + 3j + 5k. Therefore, the matrix of T is 1 1 2 1 3 3 . 1 5 5

16.126.) For the linear transformation in Exercise 5, choose both bases to be (e1 , e2 , e3 ), where e1 = (2, 3, 5), e2 = (1, 0, 0), e3 = (0, 1, 1), and determine the matrix of T relative to the new bases.

T (e1 ) = T (2i + 3j + 5k) = 2T (i + k + k) + T (j + k) + 2T (k) = 2e3 + e2 + 2e1 . T (e2 ) = T (i) = T (i + j + k) T (j + k) = e3 e2 . T (e3 ) = T (j k) = T (j + k) 2T (k) = e2 2e1 . So the matrix of T with this basis is 2 0 2 1 1 1 . 2 1 0

16.205.) Apply the Gauss-Jordan elimination process to each of the following systems. If a solution exists, determine the general solution. 3x 2y + 5z + u = 1 x + y 3z + 2u = 2 6x + y 4z + 3u = 7.

Restating the system as an augmented 3 2 5 1 1 3 6 1 4

matrix, we have: 1 1 2 2 3 7

Swapping the rst and second rows, we obtain 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 5 1 1 6 1 4 3 7 and eliminating the rst column, we obtain 1 1 3 2 0 5 14 5 0 5 14 9 Multiplying the second row by 1 , 5 1 1 0 1 0 5 we obtain 3 14 5 14 2 1 9 2 1 . 5

2 5 . 5

Eliminating the second column, we obtain 1 0 1 1 5 0 1 14 1 5 0 0 28 14

1 Multiplying the last row by 28 , we obtain 1 0 1 1 5 0 1 14 1 5 0 0 1 1 2

1 1 . 10

1 1 . 5 14
13 14

Eliminating the third column, we obtain 9 1 0 0 10 0 1 0 2 5 0 0 1 1 2 Writing this as a system again, we have x=

0 . 5 14

13 9 u 14 10 2 y= u 5 5 1 z= + u 14 2 6

Or, as a general solution: (x, y, z, u) = 13 5 , 0, , 0 + t1 14 14 9 2 1 , , ,1 . 10 5 2

16.212.) For each of the following statements about n n matrices, give a proof or exhibit a counter example. (a) If AB + BA = O, then A2 B 3 = B 3 A2 . (b) If A and B are nonsingular, then A + B is nonsingular. (c) If A and B are nonsingular, then AB is nonsingular. (d) If A, B and A + B are nonsingular, then A B is nonsingular. (e) If A3 = O, then A I is nonsingular. (f ) If the product of k matrices A1 Ak is nonsingular, then each matrix Ai is nonsingular.

(a) AB + BA = O means AB = BA. AABBB = ABABB = BABAB = BBABA = BBBAA So If AB + BA = O, A2 B 3 = B 3 A2 . (b) Choose B = A and A nonsingular. (c) Since each matrix is nonsingular if and only its transformation is invertible, and since an invertible transformation has a null space of only O, the transformation of the compound, AB, can only be O at O as well, since S[T (x)] = O only where T (x) = O, which is only at x = O, and the reverse holds. (d) Since I is nonsingular, choose A = B = I. (e) Choose u v A= x y A2 = A3 = u2 + vx ux + xy uv + vy xv + y 2

u3 + 2uvx + vxy u2 x + vx2 + uxy + xy 2

u2 v + uvy + xv 2 + vy 2 =O uvx + 2vyx + y 3

Since this only holds for the trivial case, u = v = x = y = 0, A = O. Therefore, A I = I, which is of course nonsingular. (f) Associating each, the null space of each sub-product must be O alone. Suppose this is true for some nonsingular A or B, then we would have the product of O and some other number not O, which is impossible. Therefore each Ai must be nonsingular.

16.213.) If A = 6 0 0 . 1

1 5

2 , nd a nonsingular matrix P such that P 1 AP = 4

Let P = 1 5 2 4 t1 t3 t1 t3 t2 . t4 t2 t4 6 0 0 . 1 t2 t4

t2 t = 1 t4 t3

t1 + 2t3 5t1 + 4t3

t2 + 2t4 6t1 = 5t2 + 4t4 6t3

5 t1 t4 = t2 2 Choosing t1 = 1 and t4 = 1, we have t3 = P = 1

5 2

1
5 2

1 1 1 0 1 5 2 1 5 7 0 1 0 1 0
2 7 2 7 2 7

1 1 1
7 2

1 0 1 0

1 1

1 0 0 1
2 7 5 7 2 7 2 7

2 7 5 7

= P 1