Chapter 3

PORTION -I ESTIMATING & COSTING 1. PROJECT: Project means a full schedule consisting of detailed technical report, history design data and calculation, drawing, specification, rates; project estimates etc. it is the detailed requirement of a proposal or scheme. The project gives full details of all works both structural & financial requirements.

1.1

Introduction: For all type of engineering works it is necessary to have the beforehand

probable cost of construction know as estimated cost specifications are available for the constitution. Form the dimensions show in figure, the quantities of different items of work are calculated by multiplying length x breadth x height or length x breadth or length x height depending upon the nature of items of work. From the quantities calculated, cost is calculated by rate of schedule. If the estimated cost is greater than the money available, then attempts are made to reduce the cost by reducing the work or quality of work or by changing the specification.

1.2

Importance of estimating & Costing:The estimating & Costing poses great importance for all the Engineering

works to be executed by means of this we become familiar about the cost of building, roads, bridge, canals, water supply etc before to its construction. Which further makes it easy to decide about the actual construction b/c if available amount is less than the quality or quantity or by changing the specifications? If estimated cost is greater than the amount available then further improvements could be brought in the structure by its beauty, strength or serviceability. This much helps when a contractor undertake any type of contract for which tenders are invited. Where without estimates & costing how a contractor or owner would be able to know, how much amount does this construction require and how agreement in b/w would be finalized.

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All kinds of work as buildings , roads, bridges and culverts, canals, dams, sanitary & water supply works, electrification works etc thus require estimated cost before to start of the work. Government also provided funds for different works while making the estimate & cost to be required in execution of the work.

1.3

Detailed estimate Detailed estimate is prepared in two parts (i) working out the qualities of

different items of work and (ii) working out the cost. It is estimated in two steps.

1.3.1

Detail measurement and calculation of quantities: The whole work is divided into various items such as earthwork,

concrete, brick work, RCC work and details of measurements of each item of work are taken out & quantities under each item are calculated in prescribed from.

DETAILED OF MEASUREMENTS FORM Item No. Description or particulars. No Length Breadth Height or Depth Qty

1.3.2

Abstract of estimated Cost: Form the calculated quantity of each item of work; cost is computed by rate of

schedule and total cost is worked out in a prescribed form. ABSTRACT OF COST FORM: Item No. Description or particulars. Qty Unit Rate Amount

A percentage of 3-5% for contingencies & 1.5 - 2% for work charged establishment, some %age for contractor and water is added & grand total estimated cost of whole work is obtained.

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1.4 1.4.1

Main Items of Work Earth Work: Earth work both in excavation & filling are taken separately and quantities

calculated in cu m or cu ft. Qty of excavation is calculated by length x breadth x depth and earth work in plinth filling is calculated by taking the internal dimensions and height is taken after deducting the thickness of concrete in floor.

1.4.2

Concrete in foundation The concrete is measured also in m3, ft3 by length' x Breadth thickness height.

The length & breadth usually are same as that for differs from that. The proportion of cement concrete in foundation may be 1:4:8 or 1:5:10.

1.4.3

Soling: For the soil being soft or bad, one layer of dry brick or stone soling is applied

below the foundation concrete, computed in ft2 or m2 (Length x breadth) specifying the thickness.

1.4.4

Damp Proof Course D.P .C: Usually of 2.5 cm (1") thick rich cement concrete 1: 1:3 are provided at tile

plinth level and quantities are computed in m2, ft2 Length x breadth). One Kg of cement seal or Impermeo per bag of cement is generally used as water proofing compound.

1.4.5

Masonry: Masonry is computed in m3 or ft3 (Length x breadth x height). Foundation &

plinth masonry is taken under one item and masonry in super structure is taken under a separate item. Deductions are made .for various things like, doors, windows, ventilations, lintels, arch masonry etc. 1.4.6 Lintels over opening Lintels are either of RCC or R.B and quantities are calculated in m3 or ft3. Length of lintel = clear span + two Bearings.
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1.4.7

R.C.C and RB Work These works may be in roof or floor slab, in beams; lintels, columns,

foundations etc and quantities are calculated in m3 or ft3 (length x breadth x thickness). For Steel work No & length for bar is determined then it is converted into Kg. No = L-cover/space) +1 L= 1-2 covers + 2 Hooks + overlaps if required. If dia is in mm then density = 0.00616 (mm)2 If dia is in inch then density = 2.67 (mm)2

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1.4.8

Flooring & Roofing

(i) Floor The base line concrete and floor finishing of Concrete stone or marble or mosaic etc are one job and quantity is calculated in m or ft ((length x breadth). The length & Breadth are measured inside dimension from wall to wall of superstructure.

(ii) Roof: Supporting structure is in m or ft and the lime concrete or cement concrete terracing is computed in m with thickness specified.

1.4.9 (i)

Plastering and Pointing : Plastering: Plastering usually 12 mm (112") thick is calculated in m2. For walls

measurements are taken for whole face & their deductions are made.

(ii)

Pointing: Pointing in walls is calculated in m2 or ~ for whole surface & deductions are

made.

1.4.10

Cornice Ornamental or large cornice is measured in running meter for the

complete work which includes masonry, plastering moldings etc and paid in Rft.

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1.4.11

Pillars Pillars are taken in m3 Round pillars =(/4) d2 ht Square pillars = LBh Plastering in the pillars are calculated in m3 multiplying the

circumference of per meter by height.

1.4.12 (i)

DOORS & WINDOW Chowkat or Frame: Doors & window frames or chowkats are computed in m3 length is

obtained by adding the length of all members of chowkat, top & two verticals & bottom if there is sill & this length is multi [plied by the two dimension of cross section of his member. If there is no sill member vertical members should be inserted into the floor by about 2.5 cm to 4 cm.

(ii)

Door & window leaves or shutters: These are computed in m2 or ft2 by multiplying the breadth by the height

of shutters.

1.4.13

Iron Work

This is computed in wt in kg or ton and the quantities are calculated correctly by multiplying wt per running meter by the length. Density of mild steel is 1850 kg/m3 or 0.785 g/m3 & 490 lbs/ft3.

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1.4.14

White washing, Colour Washing and Distempering: Quantities are measured in m2 or ft2 usually as same for plastering. The 7

inside is usually white washed or distempered & outside is colored washed. 1.4.15 Painting: Painting or varnishing of doors & windows are computed in m2 or ft2 the dimensions should be taken for outer dimensions of Chowakat. 1.4.16 Electrification & Sanitary Water supply work: For sanitary and water supply works 8% electrification 8% of estimated cost of building works are usually provided.

1.5

DATAS FOR ESTIMATE There are three data necessary for an estimate (i) (ii) Drawings Specification (iii) Rates

1.5.1

Drawing

Plan sectional elevation and detailed drawing to scale fully dimensioned are required.

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1.5.2

Specification: These give nature quality and class of work materials their proportions the

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method of preparation, workmanship & execution of work.

1.5.3

Rates: There rates per unit of various items of work, the rates to be used in the

construction, and. the wages of different categories of labor, skilled & unskilled, as mason, carpenter, mazdoor etc should be available for preparing estimate. 1.6 METHODS OF BUILDING ESTIMATE:

There are two methods. (i) (ii) 1.6.1 General or simple method. Centre line method.

General or simple method. The simple method is to take the long walls and short or Gross walls separately

to find out the centre to Center lengths of L/W & S/W. For L/w add to the centre length one breadth of wall, which gives the length of the wall out, multiply this length by the breadth & height and get quantities. For short or cross walls subtract from the centre length one breadth of wall, which gives the length in to on. For the wall in steps long wall decreases in length from foundation to superstructure, while the short wall increases in length.

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1.7 1.7.1

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ESTIMATE:

Preliminary estimate or approximate estimate Preliminary estimate is required for preliminary studies of various aspects of

works or project to decide the financial position & policy for administrative sanctioned by the authority. Those estimates is prepared showing separately the approximate cost off all important items of work, as cost of land, cost of each building, and cost of roads. Water supply, sanitary works, electrification etc. A percentage of about 5% - 10 % is added as contingencies. This can be further classified as:

1.7.1 (a)

Per Unit Basis: Per student for schools and hostels, per classroom for school, per bed for

hospitals e.g approximate cost of a hostel building for 100 students@ Rs.4500/students comes to Rs. 50,000/

1.7.1 (b)

Plinth area Estimate for Building This is" prepared on the oasis of plinth area of building, the rate being

deducted from the cost of similar buildings, having similar specification, heights & construction in the locality. Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding the plinth area of the building and multiplying by the plinth area rate. The plinth area should be calculated for the covered area by t f king external dimension of the building at the floor level. The approximate cost of a building having plinth area of 100m2 @ Rs.350/m2 works out as Rs. 35000/1.7.1 (c) Cube rate estimate for building This is an approximate estimate and is prepared on basis of the cubical contents of the buildings, the cube rate being deducted from the cost of similar building having similar specification and construction in the locality. This is calculated by finding the cubical content of building length x breadth x height and multiplying it by the cube rate. The length & breadth should be taken from floor level to the top of roof (or halfway of the sloped roof).l The approximate cost of a building of cubic content (volume) of 400 m3 @ Rs. 75/m3 comes to Rs 30000/Balochistan University of Engineering & Technology, Khuzdar 9

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1.7.2

Detailed estimate or item rate estimate: Detailed estimate is an accurate estimate & consists of working out the

cost. The dimensions, length, breadth and height of each item are taken out correctly from drawing quantities of each item. It is done in two stages (a) details of measurement & quantities (b) abstract of estimated cost.

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1.7.3

Revised estimate This is detailed estimate but is required when original sanctioned

estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed by more than 5% or when there are material deviations from the original proposal 1.7.4 Supplementary estimate Supplementary estimate is a detailed estimate & is when additional works are required to supplement the works or when further development is required during the of the work.

1.7.5

Annual Repair or Maintenance estimate Annual repair or Annual Maintenance estimate is a detailed estimate and

is prepared to maintenance the structure or work order & safe condition. As for buildings this includes white color washing, painting, minor repairs etc

1.8

CONTINGENCIES The term "Contingencies" indicates the incidental express of In an estimate 3% - 5% of estimated cost is added for contingencies.

miscellaneous character which cannot be classified under item or sub head.

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1.9

TOOLS & PLANTS: For big work or project 1 % to 1.5% of estimated cost is provided in the 14

estimate for the purchase of tools & plants which will be required for the execution of the work. 1.10 WORK-CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT Work charged establishment is the establishment which .is charged to works directly work estimate. 1.11 Bill of Quantities: It is a statement of the various items of work giving the description, during the . supervisors, construction of building or project a certain number of chawkidars to be employed. Their salaries are provided

from work charged establishment for this 1.5% - 2% of estimated cost is included in the

quantities and units of rates. Rate & amount columns are left blank. It is primarily meant for inviting tender & supplied to the contractor to fill up the rates & amounts Item No. Description or particulars. Qty Unit Rate Amount

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Schedule of Rates: Schedule of rates is a list of rates of various items of works. To facilitate

the preparation of estimates and serve as a guide in setting rates in connection with contract agreement. Rate per unit of various items of work and materials, rates of wages of labor and rates of transport are giving in this. The schedule of rate is prepared on basis of analysis of rates.

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