Genesis & Growth DRDO was formed in 1958 from the amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical

Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). DRDO was then a small organisation with 10 establishments or laboratories. Over the years, it has grown multi-directionally in terms of the variety of subject disciplines, number of laboratories, achievements and stature. Today, DRDO is a network of more than 50 laboratories which are deeply engaged in developing defence technologies covering various disciplines, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, combat vehicles, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, advanced computing and simulation, special materials, naval systems, life sciences, training, information systems and agriculture. Presently, the Organisation is backed by over 5000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel. Several major projects for the development of missiles, armaments, light combat aircrafts, radars, electronic warfare systems etc are on hand and significant achievements have already been made in several such technologies. Vision & Mission Vision Make India prosperous by establishing world class science and technology base and provide our Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions. Mission

Design, develop and lead to production state-of-the-art sensors, weapon systems, platforms and allied equipment for our Defence Services. Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimise combat effectiveness and to promote well-being of the troops. Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build strong indigenous technology base.

Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Bangalore Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG), Hyderabad Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune Center for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR), Bangalore Center for Fire,Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES) Center for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC), Bangalore Centre for Air Borne Systems (CABS), Bangalore Combat Vehicles Research & Development Estt. (CVRDE), Chennai Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER), Haldwani Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), Bangalore Defence Bio-Engineering & Electro Medical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL), Dehradun Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL), Hyderabad Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL), Mysore Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Deemed University, Pune Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR), Delhi Defence Laboratory (DLJ), Jodhpur Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL), Hyderabad Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Tejpur Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre (DESIDOC), Delhi Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL), Delhi Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Bangalore High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi Institute of Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA), Delhi Institute of Technology Management (ITM), Mussorie Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE), Dehradun Integrated Test Range (ITR), Balasore Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC), Delhi Microwave Tube Research & Development Center (MTRDC), Bangalore Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath Naval Physical & Ocenographic Laboratory (NPOL), Cochin Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Vishakapatnam Proof & Experimental Establishment (PXE), Balasore Research & Development Establishment (R&DE), Pune Research Center Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad Scientific Analysis Group (SAG), Delhi Snow & Avalanche Study Estt (SASE), Chandigarh Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), Delhi Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory( TBRL),Chandigarh Vehicle Research & Development Establishment (VRDE), Ahmednagar

Aeronautics

Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Bangalore Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra Centre for Air Borne Systems (CABS), Bangalore Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), Bangalore Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), Bangalore Center for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC), Bangalore

Armaments

Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune Center for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES),Delhi High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune Proof & Experimental Establishment (PXE), Balasore Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory( TBRL),Chandigarh

Combat Vehicles & Engineering

Combat Vehicles Research & Development Estt. (CVRDE), Chennai Vehicle Research & Development Establishment (VRDE), Ahmednagar Research & Development Establishment (R&DE), Pune Snow & Avalanche Study Estt (SASE), Chandigarh

Top Electronics & Computer Sciences

Center for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR), Bangalore Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL), Dehradun Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL), Hyderabad Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL), Delhi Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE), Dehradun Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC), Delhi Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore Scientific Analysis Group (SAG), Delhi

Human Resource Development

Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Deemed University, Pune Institute of Technology Management (ITM), Mussorie

Life Sciences

Defence Bio-Engineering & Electro Medical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bangalore Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER), Haldwani Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL), Mysore Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR),Leh Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi

Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR), Delhi Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Tejpur Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior

Materials

Defence Laboratory (DLJ), Jodhpur Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL), Hyderabad Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur

Missiles

Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad Institute of Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA), Delhi Integrated Test Range (ITR), Balasore Research Center Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad

Naval

Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath Naval Physical & Ocenographic Laboratory (NPOL), Cochin Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Vishakapatnam

MED

Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG), Hyderabad Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre (DESIDOC), Delhi Microwave Tube Research & Development Center (MTRDC), Bangalore Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), Delhi

Aeronautics Engineering Major Products/Technologies/Developments

Air-borne telemetry receiving system for down range applications Avionics EWSFA Falcon Ground Image Exploitation System Kaveri Engine Lakshya Light Combat Aircraft Model based Data Fusion Recovery Parachute System for Light Combat Aircraft

Lakshya

Nishant

LCA

Kaveri Engine

PTA Engine

Avionics Open Architecture Computer (OAC) designed and developed by ADA, combines the functions of earlier mission computer, display processor, video switching unit and mission preparation and retrieval unit. Besides, it caters to digital maps. It is designed based on open system interfaces standards, which provides interoperability, scalability, and portability.OAC drives three multi-function displays, HUD and also has provision to drive helmet-mounted display. In addition, it caters to drive-trainer display surfaces, including recording. The above features and its MIL-STD-1553B interface make it compatible to other aircraft. An OAC development rig has also been designed and developed to cater for all functional and interface checks of OAC. It has the flexibility to integrate actual LRUs, or respective software models. The software development is in accordance with IEEE 12207 standard. Salient Features

Indigenously developed using COTS products Scalable and upgradable Having a layered architecture Design supports hardware evolution and sustains hardware obsolescence Uses state-of-the-art methodology for software development cycle

Multi-Function Upfront Control Panel Multi-Function Upfront Control Panel is an indigenously developed man-machine interface unit. It combines functions of earlier multifunction keyboard (MFK), multi-function rotary (MFR) switch and upfront controls, and helps the pilot to input data into the aircraft systems with the help of a monochrome LCD display and a keyboard. A simple interface RS422 makes it compatible to other aircraft also.

Salient Features

Has a smart editor, with double click provision, which reduces pilot workload Coherent information presentation Easy-to-handle keyboard Hot-key provision, for quick selections State-of-the-art software methodology, which makes the application reusable, maintainable and reliable

Pylon Interface Box Pylon Interface Box (PIB) is a part of Stores Management System (SMS) for Tejas. SMS integrates stores using weapon bus and provides interface to cockpit through OAC. SMS design caters for easy integration of indigenous, Russian, Western and 1760C stores on aircraft with only minor software upgradation.

Salient Features

Enables stores recognition, target acquisition and tracking, stores selection, arming fusing and release Provides direct control to MIL-STD-1760C, Indian, Russian, and Western stores Compact intelligent MIL-STD-1553B remote terminal (RT) with dual redundant processor architecture using high level language

Stores Interface Box Like PIB, Stores Interface Box (SIB) is also a part of SMS for Tejas. SIB integrates stores using weapon bus and provides interface to cockpit through OAC. It has four weapon management computers to ensure operational readiness assessment of each weapon, dynamic power management of SMS, and aircraft balancing during release of stores. SMS design caters for easy integration of indigenous, Russian, Western and 1760C stores on aircraft with only minor software upgradation. Salient Features

VME-based open system hardware architecture with inbuilt redundancy Microcontroller-based I/O processor with 128 I/O, 3-node MIL-STD-1553B and four channel RS 422 interface Inbuilt safety interlocks for release and emergency jettison of stores

Smart Standby Display Unit Smart Standby Display Unit (SSDU) is an indigenously developed colour AMLCD-based, 3ATI size, cockpit display and provides flight and navigation information in a colour graphical format. SSDU generates and displays page information as predefined pages based on the parameters received through its digital and analog interfaces.

Salient Features

Active matrix colour LCD-based smart display of 3 (W) x 3 (H) x 9 (D) Direct sunlight readable and fully compatible with night vision goggles. Display with wide viewing angle Both power on self test (POST) and initiated test Continuous built-in test (BIT) and fault logging for maintenance Pin programmable and the same part number can be configured for different display instruments or as repeater.

EARLY WARNING SUITE FOR FIGHTER AIRCRAFT

Early Warning Suite for Fighter Aircraft (EWSFA): It consists of an integrated warning system and a jammer to be integrated and mounted inside the aircraft. The basic purpose of the system is to warn pilot, during flight, for any threat either from ground or from air and to provide jamming of the identified threat. This system is being integrated in MIG 27 upgrade and LCA aircraft. Major activity relating to MIG 27 aircraft has been completed, which includes laying of looms in production aircraft. FALCON Under project FALCON - a Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV), Nishant has been developed as per the General Staff Qualitative Requirement (GSQR) issued by the Army. The objectives of the project include battle field surveillance, reconnaissance, real time engagement of targets by artillery fire and damage assessment. RPV has been developed to carry electro-optical payloads on board for surveillance, target acquisition and target tracking. The field configuration of NISHANT system comprises, Air Vehicles, Ground Control Station, Antenna Tracking System, Launcher and mission Support Vehicle. Till date more than 84 development flights have been carried out. 70 of these development flights have been towards validation of the air vehicle, flying and handling characteristics and to verify the flight control and navigation systems. Army has decided to go in for induction of NISHANT through Limited Series Production. Summer trials have been successfully conducted by DRDO for Army evaluation. These include two shake down sorties and 12 user trial flights in realistic operational conditions at Pokharan. Limited Series Production will commence shortly. GROUND IMAGE EXPLOITATION SYSTEM DRDO has established an advanced research facility for exploitation of aerial imagery. Military and intelligence analysts can view live video imagery from UAVs. Powerful tools are also available for further exploitation of the vital information. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become lethal and non-lethal force multipliers in warfare, cost-effective alternatives to manned aircraft in specialised civilian roles and as valuable test beds for aeronautical research. Besides, military applications like practice targets, and surveillance and reconnaissance platforms UAVs have promising applications in weather research, communications, disaster management, pollution monitoring, and law enforcement. Extraction and exploitation of imagery intelligence from aerial surveillance and reconnaissance platforms enhance understanding and interpretation of scene contents, allow military units to see distant targets, enhance surveillance capabilities and develop cutting edge technologies in the areas of image exploitation. DRDO has developed and successfully commissioned a Ground Image Exploitation System (GIES) with state-of-the-art hardware and image exploitation software to acquire, store, retrieve, process, analyse, interpret, display and disseminate information from imagery during a UAV mission. Aided by intelligent software tools, GIES software can perform major tasks like target acquisition, calculation of geo-reinforced target location, distance and area computation, real-time enhancement of low contrast imagery, image-to-map registration and firing correction. The calculation of geo-location of targets is achieved from different sensors (DAYTV and FLIR) mounted on a UAV.

The main modules of the GIES are Image Mosaicing, Target Identification, and Terrain Classification. The task of assembling individual frames from a video stream into a single giant sized image is known as image mosaicing. The current scenario deals with a real-world situation where the video frames and the digital flight data are obtained from a sensor mounted on UAV. The work involves developing different approaches of image mosaicing suitable for the present application. The algorithms, are being used to generate mosaics of terrain from the stream of video imagery obtained during actual flight of the UAV. The objective of this work is to identify a target region by reconstructing a high resolution image using multiple low resolution images of the same region. The two basic steps of target identification are registration and reconstruction. Registration comprises registration of number of low resolution frames spatially translated and rotated with respect to each other, while reconstruction comprises interpolating a initial high resolution image and minimising the cost function to arrive at a desired high resolution version of the same image. A wide variety of image processing applications require segmentation and classification of image. The problem becomes complex when the images are obtained in an uncontrolled environment without uniform illumination. The selection of a suitable feature is a critical part of an image segmentation and classification process where the basic objective is to identify the image regions that are homogeneous but dissimilar to all spatially adjacent regions. KAVERI ENGINE Kaveri engine has undergone development test of more than 1300 hours at Gas Turbine Research Establishment and has successfully completed phase I and II of high altitude testing at M/s CIAM, Russia. First HAL manufactured engine K6 has run to maximum capacity. The compressor surge margin was also demonstrated in testing of core engine (C4) during June 2004. Conversion of current K9 series engines to interim flight standard is presently under progress at GTRE, so as to integrate it with LCA by December 2006. Government has further sanctioned Rs 2800 crore for Kaveri engine programme for all the three variants of LCA and efforts are being made to realize the configuration of Kaveri Engine for production release by 2007. LAKSHYA Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA) (named as Lakshya) is a reusable aerial target system. Lakshya is remotely operated from ground to provide aerial target for training of gun and Missile crew and Air Defence pilots for all the three Services. Delivery of five Lakshya systems with 26 operational flights for Air Force have been accomplished in 2001-2002. The first batch of Lakshya has already been delivered to the Navy. Three aircraft with Ground Control and Support System have been handed over and four operational flights have been conducted. Phase-I delivery for Army is planned shortly. LIGHT COMBAT AIRCRAFT

By June 2002, Light Combat Aircraft (Technology Demonstrator I) [LCA (TD1)] successfully completed the first block of 12 test flights demonstrating its soundness of design. The first block of flight tests covered gentle manoeuvres upto 2.5g, left & right rolls, handling quality (HQ) tests, climb upto 8 km, formation flights, tower-fly-by-test, parametric identification manoeuvres, neutral point estimation, air data calibration, landings with/without use of brake parachute and a host of system related tests. The aircraft behaved extremely well and all the test objectives were fully met. Analysis of the test flight results have indicated a reasonably good match between flight tests and design objectives.

MODEL-BASED DATA FUSION In an air defence weapon system, the radars are placed optimally considering attack and defence profiles. These radars can be of different accuracies with possibility of tracking the target for interception. Depending on the threat and geometry of defence units, the location of target relative to the radars can be different. Therefore, the accuracy of target tracks from the radars is different during the mid-course and homing guidance. Hence, it is imperative to improve tracking accuracy in order to reduce the miss distance. The fusion of target state vectors can improve the tracking accuracy.

The model-based data fusion technique, which is state vector fusion in essence, has been developed by DRDO for accuracy improvement in x, y, z components, guarding against data loss from a sensor, increasing the number of measurements during homing, and bump less transfer within the sensor set. The technique can be used in real time to provide data to the guidance system with better accuracy and reliability. Salient Features

Synchronized measurements not required Measurement extrapolation avoided Centralised fusion of distributed sources possible

RECOVERY PARACHUTE SYSTEM FOR LIGHT COMBAT AIRCRAFT It is mandatory for a combat aircraft to demonstrate its spin recovery capability during flight test programme. The purpose of this system is to provide emergency recovery of aircraft from an inadvertent spin in case the aircraft controls are ineffective and are unable to pull it out of spin. The recovery is achieved by deployment of a parachute, which applies an anti-moment force at the rear of the out of control aircraft bringing its nose down further. This brings the aircraft into a controlled stabilized dive and helps it to come out of spin/deep stall. DRDO has developed such parachutes for the flight test of LCA. The test altitude envelope for LCA (9500 kg weight) is 2 km to 12 km.

Armaments Available Technologies The following are the Major Technologies developed by Armament Laboratories :ARDE, Pune

FSAPDS technology for Lower caliber ammunition and for barrel having progressing rifling. Barrel manufacture in Aluminium alloy material for Small Arms. Active sensor based on induction-balanced principle for Influence Mine. Lead magnesium niobiate-Lead titanate(PMN-PT) electroceramics for actuator and sensor applications. Technology for nano PZT powder. Free flight rocket launching technology. Electronic fuzes for artillery shells, bombs and mine. Pre-fragmented, Incendiary and shaped charge warheads. PZT materials for defence and civilian applications.

Fire/Explosion Detection and Suppression System for Missile launchers/Magazines/Barbettes. Fire Extinguisher for Candle Smoke Composition. High Altitude Foam Extinguisher. Integrated Fire and Explosion Suppression System for Armoured Fighting Vehicles.

HEMRL, Pune

Composite Propellant.

Composite Modified Double Base(CMDB)Propellants. Fuel Rich propellants. Cast Double Base propellants. Protective liner for Increasing gun barrel life. Combustible Cartridge Case. Explosive Reactive Armour(ERA). Case Bonded Rocket Motors. Explosive Detection Kit. Incendiary Composition.

TBRL, Chandigarh

Baffle Range for Small firing practices. Electro explosive Device. Slapper Detonator. Bund Blasting Device Multi Mode Grenade.

Combat Engineering Major Products/Technologies/Developments

30 mm HE Grenade for AGL ABHAY Amphibious Floating Bridge & Ferry System AJEYA Artificial Intelligence-Based Geocomputational System Bridge Layer Tank Geo-Environmental Monitoring Systems High Speed Low Drag Aircraft Bombs Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Charge Line Mine Clearing Equipment

ABHAY DRDO is developing futuristic Infantry Tank - Arjun at Heavy Vehicle Factory Combat Vehicle (ICV) ABHAY as a Short Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar (HVF) is in progress. Meanwhile the pre-technology demonstrator for replacement of BMP-II vehicles which are presently in Service. Development of first Mild Steel (MS) prototype has been completed. This is presently under extensive testing for proving of automotive systems. Development of first armoured prototype is also in progress. AMPHIBIOUS FLOATING BRIDGE & FERRY SYSTEM A technology demonstrator Amphibious Floating Bridge & Ferry System (AFFS) is under progress. The project aims at establishing competence in the development of systems with dual capability to move on land and water with floating bridge of MLC30 class for negotiation of water obstacles. This would be a fore-runner to MLC 70 class of AFFS required by the Army.