AGENCE NATIONALE DE LA RECHERCHE

UMR 5600 Environnement Ville - socit

The Digital Economy and Economic Development of Peripheral Areas in Developed Countries A Selected Bibliography
Bruno MORISET

Department of Geography and Planning University of Lyon - Jean Moulin 18 rue Chevreul 69 007 LYON - FRANCE Tel: 33 4 78 78 74 19 Mobile: 33 6 84 54 60 35 moriset@univ-lyon3.fr http://umr5600.univ-lyon3.fr/chercheur/moriset/moriset.htm

This work is part of the research project DISCOTEC (Distant Communication Technology and the Economy of Cognition in peripheral areas), supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR), 2009-2011. The author endeavors to share this document as widely as possible, For the purpose of an easier use (search, copy-and-paste), the PDF file is left unlocked. However, common academic rules of ethic must be applied, and this work must be quoted properly: Moriset, B. (2010) The Digital Economy and Economic Development of Peripheral Areas in Developed Countries: A Selected Bibliography, Lyon: University of Lyon, UMR 5600 EVS. Comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome: moriset@univ-lyon3.fr.

Introductory Note Building a thematic bibliography may be arduous, especially when the work is at the crossroads of three subjects economic development, peripheral areas, and the digital economy each of them having its own theoretical and empirical corpus. The consequence is twofold: - First, each of the three issues mentioned above may be apprehended separately. Hence the presence of general references on regional development, the digital economy, telecommunications, innovation, and entrepreneurship - Second, the subject is a fertile ground for cross-referencing. Given we have decided to avoid redundancies, arbitrary choices had to be made.

May 15, 2010

Content
1. The New, Digital Economy ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Information Society Reports, Digital Policy....................................................................................... 3 1.2 The New Economy (Knowledge, Information, Network) ................................................................... 4 1.3 The Digital Economy ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Geography of the Digital Economy ................................................................................................... 5 2. Economic geography and business organization ...................................................................................... 6 2.1 Economic Geography and Territorial Organizations ......................................................................... 6 2.2 Distance and Agglomeration ............................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Agglomeration Economies and Clusters........................................................................................... 8 3. Innovation, Knowledge, and Regional Development................................................................................. 9 3.1 Innovation (general).......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Innovation, organization and entrepreneurship ................................................................................ 9 3.3 IT and Innovation............................................................................................................................ 10 3.4 Face-to-face, Tacit Knowledge, Local Buzz ................................................................................... 10 3.5 Knowledge Spillovers ..................................................................................................................... 10 3.6 Open / Distributed Innovation ........................................................................................................ 10 3.7 Geographical or regional dimension of innovation.......................................................................... 11 3.8 Regional / Localized Systems of Innovation ................................................................................... 12 3.9 Localized Learning, Regional Competitiveness.............................................................................. 13 4. IT and business organization .................................................................................................................. 13 4.1 The Firm in a Global Context.......................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Embededdness, Social capital ....................................................................................................... 13 4.3 IT and Strategy, Productivity, Competitiveness .............................................................................. 14 4.4 IT and Organizational Change........................................................................................................ 14 4.5 The Virtual Enterprise..................................................................................................................... 15 4.6 Networking, Collaborative Work, Distributed Workforce ................................................................. 16 4.7 Videoconferencing, Telepresence .................................................................................................. 17 4.8 IT Implementation in French Firms ................................................................................................. 17 5. IT and sustainable development ............................................................................................................. 18 6. Telework / Telecommuting ...................................................................................................................... 19 6.1 General, theory............................................................................................................................... 19 6.2 Reports........................................................................................................................................... 20 6.3 Theoretical, Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 20 6.4 Transportation ................................................................................................................................ 21 6.5 Legal............................................................................................................................................... 21 6.6 Organization of work, Psychology .................................................................................................. 21 6.7 Home Telework, "Homeshoring"..................................................................................................... 22 6.8 Corporate Telework ........................................................................................................................ 22 7. Telecommunications Networks, Broadband ............................................................................................ 23 7.1 Broadband (Growth, Analysis, Reports) ......................................................................................... 23 7.2 Digital Divide, Spatial Inequities ..................................................................................................... 24 7.3 IT-based regional development ...................................................................................................... 25 7.4 Fiber Optic, FTTx, Ultra-High Broadband ....................................................................................... 25 7.5 Broadband Policy (national, international) ...................................................................................... 26 7.6 Local Policies (France) ................................................................................................................... 27 8. Rural and Peripheral Regions ................................................................................................................. 28 8.1 Economic Development, General ................................................................................................... 28 8.2 Rural / Peripheral Entrepreneurship ............................................................................................... 30 8.3 Rural/Periphery and Information Technology ................................................................................. 31 8.4 Rural Broadband, Rural Telecommunications Policy...................................................................... 32 8.5 Rural telework, IT-based enterprises.............................................................................................. 33 8.6 Call Centers (Periphery, Regional Development) ........................................................................... 34 8.7 Telecenters, Telecottages, Incubators............................................................................................ 35 8.8 Local Digital Policies (France) ........................................................................................................ 36

1. The New, Digital Economy

1.1 Information Society Reports, Digital Policy
The end of the 2000's has seen a rebound of the information/digital society rhetoric, first popularized in the early 1990s. The 2008-2009 worldwide economic downturn has spurred IT-based national programs, as parts of broader "Keynesian" recovery plans.

Berret,P.(2008)DiffusionetutilisationdesTICenFranceetenEurope,Paris:Ministredelacultureetdela communication,http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/fr/DepsCC20082TICsite.pdf. Besson, E. (2008) France Numrique 2012 Plan de dveloppement de l'conomie numrique Paris, Secrtariat dEtat charg de la prospective, de lvaluation des politiques publiques et du dveloppement de lconomie numrique, http://francenumerique2012.fr/pdf/081020_FRANCE_NUMERIQUE_2012.pdf Besson,E.(2008)LaRpubliqueNumrique,Paris:Grasset&Fasquelle. Biggs, P. and Rollet, S. (2009) Confronting the crisis. Its impact on the ICT Industry, Geneva: International TelecommunicationUnion,February Bravo,A.,Roucairol,G.,Hourcade,J.C.,Mounet,J.,Corniou,J.P.,Matheron,G.andSavereux,J.P.(2005)Les technologies de linformation et de la communication au coeur de la socit de la connaissance. Plateformedepropositionspourdynamiserlacomptitivit,lacroissanceetl'emploi , rapport pour le Conseil Stratgique des Technologies de lInformation, http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/064000676/0000.pdf Cohen,D.andDebonneuil,M.(1998)NouvelleEconomie,Paris:laDocumentationfranaise,Rapportpour le Ministre de lconomie des finances et de lindustrie, http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/004001709/0000.pdf CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities(1999)eEurope:AnInformationSocietyForAll,Communication on a Commission Initiative for the Special European Council of Lisbon, 23 and 24 March 2000, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/2002/news_library/pdf_files/english.pdf CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities(2005)i2010AEuropeanInformationSocietyforgrowthand employment, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament (), Brussels, 1 March, COM(2005) 229 final, http://eur lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0229:FIN:EN:PDF Commission of the European Communities (2007) i2010 Annual Information Society Report 2007, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament (), Brussels, 30 March, COM(2007) 146 final, http://eur lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0146:FIN:EN:PDF CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities(2009)AStrategyforICTR&DandInnovationinEurope:Raising the Game, Brussels, 13 March: Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament (),COM(2009)116, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/tl/research/documents/ict rdistrategy.pdf. CREDOC 2008 La diffusion des technologies de l'information et de la communication dans la socit franaise, Rapport pour l'Autorit de Rgulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP), Paris, Centre de Recherche pour lEtude et lObservation des Conditions de Vie (CREDOC), www.credoc.fr/pdf/Rapp/R256.pdf. IDATE(2008)Digiworld2008,Montpellier:IDATE. IT Strategic Headquarters (2006) New IT Reform Strategy: Realizing Ubiquitous and Universal Network Society Where Everyone Can Enjoy the Benefits of IT, Tokyo: IT Policy Office, Cabinet of the Prime MinisterofJapan,www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/policy/it/ITstrategy2006.pdf.

Kohler,W.(2006)TheLisbonGoaloftheEU:RhetoricorSubstance?JournalofIndustry,Competitionand Trade,62:85113. MartinLalande, P. (1997) L'internet : un vrai dfi pour la Franc, rapport au Premier ministre, Paris: La Documentationfranaise. MEDEF(2008)FairedelaFranceunleaderdelconomienumrique,Paris:MEDEF,http://www.syntec informatique.fr/import/20080117_VF_Rapport_Croissance_TIC.pdf OECD(2008)OECDInformationtechnologyOutlook2008,Paris:OECD

1.2

The New Economy (Knowledge, Information, Network)

Many authors have recognized in the recent evolution of the global economy the advent of a "new economy", sometimes depicted as "post-fordist". The subject remains controversial. However, some features may be depicted: all-around flexibility, the primacy of network-based and information-based processes, intensive use of digital technology, advantage given to creative workers.

Alcaly,R.(2003)TheNewEconomy,NewYork:Farrar,StrausandGiroux. Ascher,F.(2000)Cesvnementsnousdpassent,feignonsd'entrelesorganisateurs.Essaisurlasocit contemporaine,LaTourd'Aigues:Editionsdel'Aube. Brock,G.W.(2003)TheSecondInformationRevolution,Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress. Castells,M.(1989)TheInformationalCity:Informationtechnology,economicrestructuringandtheurban regionalprocess,Oxford:Blackwell. Castells,M.(1996)TheRiseoftheNetworkSociety,Oxford:Blackwell. Cox,K.(ed.)(1997),Spacesofglobalization:reassertingthepowerofthelocal,NewYork:GuilfordPress. Ducatel,K.,Webster,J.andHerrmann,W.(eds)(2000)TheInformationSocietyinEurope:WorkandLifein anAgeofGlobalization,Oxford:Rowman&Littlefield. Florida, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class . . . and how it's transforming work leisure community & everydaylife,NewYork:BasicBooks. Florida,R.(2002)Theeconomicgeographyoftalent,AnnalsoftheAssociationofAmericanGeographers, 92:74355. Foray,D.(2000)Lconomiedelaconnaissance,Paris:LaDcouverte. Foray,D.(2004)EconomicsofKnowledgeCambridge,MA:MITPress. Gadrey,J.(2000)Nouvelleconomie,nouveaumythe,Paris:Flammarion. Lvy, M. and Jouyet, J.P. (2006) Lconomie de limmatriel: La croissance de demain, Rapport pour le MinistredelEconomie,desFinancesetdelIndustrie,16mars. Malecki, E.J. (2009) Everywhere? The geography of knowledge, invited paper prepared for the Journal of RegionalScience50thanniversarysymposium,theFederalReserveBankofNewYork,April2009. Moulier Boutang, Y. (2008) Le capitalisme cognitif : La Nouvelle Grande Transformation, Paris: Editions Amsterdam. Neef,D.(ed.)(1998)TheKnowledgeEconomy,Boston:ButterworthHeinemann. Negroponte,N.(1995)BeingDigital,London:VintageBooks. Powell,W.W.andSnellman,L.(2004)Theknowledgeeconomy,AnnualReviewofSociology,30:199220. Reich,R.B.(1991)TheWorkofNations,NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf. Godin,B.(2004)TheNewEconomy:whattheconceptowestotheOECD,Researchpolicy,33:67990. Solow,R.M.(1987)Wedbetterwatchout:reviewofManufacturingMatters,NewYorkTimesBookReview, 92(12July):36. Helpman,E.(1998)GeneralPurposeTechnologiesandEconomicGrowth,Cambridge(MA):MITPress. Komninos, N. (2002) Intelligent Cities: Innovation knowledge systems and digital spaces, London: Spon Press. Staunton, C. (2007). The future of the Internet: An overview of some of the main trends shaping the Internetnowandinthenextfiveyears,www.futurefoundation.net.

1.3

The Digital Economy

In some way, the digital economy can be regarded as the IT-driven, production-oriented component of a more global "information society". Since the 2008 global economic downturn, policy makers and thinkers in several countries (including France and the US) have considered leveraging the growth of the digital economy as a tool for economic recovery.

Amirahmadi,H.andWallace,C.(1995)Informationtechnology,theorganizationofproductionandregional development,EnvironnmentandPlanningA,27:174575. Atkinson, R.D. and McKay, A.S. (2007) Digital Prosperity: understanding the economic benefits of the information technology revolution, Washington D.C.: Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. Atkinson,R.D.,Castro,D.andEzell,S.J.(2009)TheDigitalRoadtoRecovery:AStimulusPlantoCreateJobs, Boost Productivity and Revitalize America, Washingont D.C.: The Information Technology and InnovationFoundation,www.itif.org/files/roadtorecovery.pdf. Ayres,R.U.andWilliams,B.(2004)Thedigitaleconomy:Wheredowestand?TechnologicalForecasting& SocialChange,71:31539. Brynjolfsson,E.andKahin,B.(2000)UnderstandingtheDigitalEconomy,Cambridge(MA):MITPress. BurtonJones,A.(1999)KnowledgeCapitalism:Business,work,andlearningintheneweconomy,London: Routledge. Carlsson, B. 2004 The Digital Economy: what is new and what is not? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,15:24564. David, P.A. and Foray, D. (2002) Economic fundamentals of the knowledge society, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper No. 0114, http://siepr.stanford.edu/papers/pdf/01 14.pdf. Schiller,D.1999Digitalcapitalism:networkingtheglobalmarketsystem,Cambridge(MA):MITPress. Shapiro,C.andVarian,H.(1998)InformationRules:AStrategicGuidetotheNetworkEconomy,Cambridge (Mass.):HarvardBusinessSchoolPress. Varian,H.R.(2003)Economicsofinformationtechnology,TheRaffaeleMattioliLecture,BocconiUniversity, Milano,Italy,November1516,2001.

1.4

Geography of the Digital Economy

Brunn,S.D.,andLeinbach,T.(eds.)(1991)Collapsingspaceandtime:geographicaspectsofcommunication andinformation,NewYork,NY:HarperCollins. Hepworth,M.(1990)GeographyoftheInformationEconomy,NewYork:GuilfordPress. Kotkin, J. (2000) The New Geography : How the Digital Revolution is Reshaping the American Landscape, NewYork:RandomHouseTrade. Leinbach, T.R. and Brunn, S.D. (eds) (2001) Worlds of Electronic Commerce: economic, geographical and socialdimensions,NewYork:JohnWiley. Malecki,E.J.andMoriset,B.(2008)TheDigitalEconomy:BusinessOrganization,ProductionProcessesand RegionalDevelopments,London:Routledge. Moriset, B. and Malecki, E.J. (2009) Organization vs space: The paradoxical geographies of the digital economy,GeographyCompass,31,January:25674.

Wilson,M.andCorey,K.(eds)(2000)InformationTectonics:space,placeandtechnologyinanelectronic age,Chichester:JohnWiley.

2. Economic geography and business organization

2.1 Economic Geography and Territorial Organizations
Essays and papers depict the territorial organization which emerges from major contemporary economic trends, notably the rise of city-regions, and the growth of "residential economies" in less productive peripheral areas.

Andreani,J.L.(2007)LaFrancedesterritoiresmaltraite,LeMonde,December9. Arufe, J.E.F. and Herrero Prieto, L.C. (1998) A network of towns: innovation and economic development, ProgressinPlanning,49:199214. Bourse,F.andMousli,M.(2004)SyntheseetvaluationduprogrammedeprospectiveTerritoires2020 delaDATAR,GERPA, www.refonte.diact.gouv.fr/IMG/Fichiers/KIOSQUE/Archives/EvaluationTerritoires2020.pdf. Charlot, S. and Duranton, G. (2006) Cities and workplace communication: some quantitative French evidence,UrbanStudies,43:136994. Costa,D.L.andKahn,M.E.(2000)Powercouples:changesinthelocationchoiceofthecollegeeducated, QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,115:12871315. Davezies, L. (2004) Temps de la production et temps de la consommation: les nouveaux amnageurs du territoire?Futuribles,n295. Davezies,L.(2008)LaRpubliqueetsesterritoires:Lacirculationinvisibledesrichesses,Paris:Seuil. Debarbieux, B. and Vanier, M. (eds) (2002) Ces territorialits qui se dessinent, La Tour d'Aigues: DATAR/EditionsdelAube. Ernst & Young (2007) Des ples de comptitivit aux ples dattractivit Enqute sur les relations entre agglomrationsetentreprises,www.grandesvilles.org/IMG/pdf_300204931.pdf. Lvque, L., Maurel, L. and Snelet, L (2004) Loffre mtropolitaine franaise vue par les emplois mtropolitainssuprieurs,Paris:DATARetFdrationFranaisedesAgencesdUrbanisme. Scott, A.J. (2008) Resurgent Metropolis: Economy, Society and Urbanization in an Interconnected World, InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegionalResearch,32:54864. Scott,A.J.,Agnew,J.A.,Soja,E.W.andStorper,M.(2001)Globalcityregions,inA.J.Scott(ed.)GlobalCity Regions:trends,theory,policy,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1130. Smtkowski, M. and Gorzelak, G. (2008) Metropolis and its region New relations in the information economy,EuropeanPlanningStudies,16:72743. Storper,M.(1997),TheRegionalWorld.TerritorialDevelopmentsinaGlobalEconomy,NewYork:Guilford Press. Veltz, P. (1996) Mondialisation, villes et territoires: l'conomie d'archipel, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Veltz,P.(2008)LaGrandeTransition.LaFrancedanslemondequivient,Paris:Seuil. Weber,A.(1909)berdenstandortderindustrien,Tbingen:J.C.B.Mohr.

2.2

Distance and Agglomeration

The role of distance, proximity, and agglomeration patterns, is in the core of contemporary economic geography analysis, especially when the role of telecommunications is considered. This point is strongly linked with the "end of geography" rhetoric.

AlaRmi,K.(2007a)Communicationanddistanceincollaborationbetweenhightechnologyenterprisesin NorthernFinland,EuropeanPlanningStudies15:104762. AlaRmi, K. (2007b) Networking, Communication and Proximity in HighTechnology Enterprise Collaboration:CaseofNorthernFinland.PhDdissertationinappliedgeographyandregionalplanning, University of Oulu, Nordia Geographical Publications 36 (2), Oulu (Finland): Geographical Society of NorthernFinland. Bennett,R.J.(2002)Theinfluenceoflocationanddistanceonthesupplyofbusinessadvice,Environment andPlanningA,34:251270. Boschma,R.A.(2005a)Editorialroleofproximityininteractionandperformance:conceptualandempirical challenges,RegionalStudies,39:4145 Boschma,R.A.(2005b)Proximityandinnovation:acriticalassessment,RegionalStudies,39:6174. Cairncross, F. (1997) The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Will Change Our Lives, Boston:HarvardBusinessSchoolPress. Drejer,I.andVinding,A.L.(2007)Searchingnearandfar:Determinantsofinnovativefirms'propensityto collaborateacrossgeographicaldistance,Industry&Innovation,14:25975. Fontes,M. (2005) Distantnetworking:theknowledge acquisition strategies of outcluster biotechnology firms,EuropeanPlanningStudies,13:899920. Gilding,M.(2008)Thetyrannyofdistance:Biotechnologynetworksandclustersintheantipodes,Research Policy,37:113244. Jansson,J.(2008)InsidetheInternetindustry:Theimportanceofproximityinaccessingknowledgeinthe agglomerationofInternetfirmsinStockholm,EuropeanPlanningStudies,16:21128. Johnson,D.K.N.,Siripong,N.andBrown,A.S.(2006)Thedemiseofdistance?thedecliningroleofphysical proximityforknowledgetransmission,GrowthandChange,37:1933. Lagendijk,A.andLorentzen,A.(2007)Proximity,KnowledgeandInnovationinPeripheralRegions.Onthe intersectionbetweengeographicalandorganizationalproximity.EuropeanPlanningStudies,15:457 66. Le GoffPronost, M. and Lethiais, V. (2007) TIC, besoins de coordination et dinformation et proximit Cahier de Recherche, n 4, fvrier, gographique:uneanalysesurdesdonnesbretonnes, MleArmoricaindeRecherchesurlaSocitdel'InformationetlesUsagesd'Internet(MARSOUIN), www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/LeGoffLethiais_42007.pdf Lorentzen, A. (forthcoming) The spatial dimensions of innovation: embedding proximity within socio economic space, Regional Studies. Special issues on Proximity and distance in knowledge exchange. Towardsnewperspectivesonlearningandinnovationintheglobaleconomy. Lung, Y., Rallet, A. and Torre, A. (1999) Connaissances et proximit gographique dans le processus dinnovation,Gographie,EconomieetSocit,1:281306. Massard,M.andMehier,C.(2005)Proximity,accessibilitytoknowledgeandinnovation,RegionalStudies Association International Conference: Regional Growth Agendas, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark,2831stMay,www.regionalstudiesassoc.ac.uk/events/aalborg05/massard.pdf. Morgan, K. (2004) The exaggerated death of geography: learning, proximity and territorial innovation systems,JournalofEconomicGeography,4:321. O'Brien,R.(1992)GlobalFinancialIntegration:TheEndofGeography,London:Pinter. Rallet,A.(2005)ProximityandLocalization,RegionalStudies,39:4759. Romijn,H.andAlbu,M.(2002)Innovation,networkingandproximity:lessonsfromsmallhightechnology firmsintheUK,RegionalStudies,36:8186. Sonn, J.W., and Storper, M. (2007) The increasing importance of geographical proximity in knowledge production:ananalysisofUSpatentcitations,19751997,EnvironmentandPlanningA,40:102039.

Torre,A.andRallet,A.(2005)Proximityandlocalization,RegionalStudies,39:4759. Young,N.(2006)Distanceasahybridactorinruraleconomies,JournalofRuralStudies,22:25366.

2.3

Agglomeration Economies and Clusters

The concept of productive cluster has been widely popularized by Michael Porter. The subject of numerous papers, it is also a key concept of economic development programs throughout the world (such as the French ples de comptitivit). The power of the much studied "agglomeration economies" is a challenging issue for peripheral areas, which are often characterized by low business density and remoteness from production factors. A close understanding of the cluster effect is a prerequisite for analysing the potential counter-effects of IT-implementation.

Andersen,P.H.(2006)Regionalclustersinaglobalworld:productionrelocation,innovation,andindustrial decline,CaliforniaManagementReview,49:10122. Asheim, P., Cooke, P. and Martin, R. (eds) (2006) Clusters and Regional Development: Critical Reflections andExplorations,London:Routledge. AutantBernard, C., Largeron, C. and Massard, N. (2003) TIC, diffusion spatiale des connaissance et agglomration,Gographie,EconomieetSocit,5:31130. Benko, G. and Lipietz, A. (eds) (1992) Les Rgions qui Gagnent. Districts et rseaux: les nouveaux paradigmesdelagographieconomique,Paris:PressesUniversitairesdeFrance. Braunerhjelm,P.andFeldman,M.P.(eds)(2006)ClusterGenesis:Theoriginsandemergenceoftechnology basedeconomicdevelopment,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress. Brenner, T. and Fornahl, D. (2008) Regional pathdependence in startup activity, Papers in Evolutionary EconomicGeography,08.12,http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg0812.pdf. Breschi, S. and Lissoni, F.(2001), Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: a critical survey, IndustrialandCorporateChange,10:9751005. Breschi,S.andMalerba,F.(eds)(2005)Clusters,NetworksandInnovation,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress. Brette, O. and Chappoz, Y. (2007) The French competitiveness clusters : toward a new public policy for innovationandresearch?,JournalofEconomicIssues,41:39198. Cappellin, R. (2003) Territorial knowledge management: toward a metrics of the cognitive dimension of agglomerationeconomies,InternationalJournalofTechnologyManagement,26:30325. Carbonara,N.(2005)Informationandcommunicationtechnologyandgeographicalclusters:opportunities andspread,Technovation,25:21322. Carrincazeaux, C., Grossetti, M., and Talbot, D. (2008) Editorial : clusters, proximities and networks, EuropeanPlanningStudies,16:61316. Casper,S.(2007)Howdotechnologyclustersemergeandbecomesustainable?Socialnetworkformation andinterfirmmobilitywithintheSanDiegobiotechnologycluster,ResearchPolicy,36:43855. Charlot,S.andDuranton,G.(2004)Communicationexternalitiesincities,JournalofUrbanEconomics,56: 581613. Charlot, S. and Duranton, G. (2006) Les modes de communication et leurs combinaisons, quand lespace comptetoujours,Revueconomique,57:142748. Cooke,P.(2004)Theacceleratingevolutionofbiotechnologyclusters,EuropeanPlanningStudies,12:915 20. Dohse,D.(2007)ClusterbasedtechnologypolicyTheGermanexperience,Industry&Innovation,14:69 94. (2005)Innovation,agglomeration,andregionaldevelopment,Journalof Gordon,I.R.andMcCann,P. EconomicGeography,5:523453. Malmberg,A.andMaskell,P.(2002)Theelusiveconceptoflocalizationeconomies:towardsaknowledge basedtheoryofspatialclustering,EnvironmentandPlanningA34(3):42949. Martin, R. and Sunley, P. (2003) Deconstructing clusters: chaotic concept or policy panacea? Journal of EconomicGeography,3:535.

Maskell,P.(2001)Towardsaknowledgebasedtheoryofthegeographicalcluster,IndustrialandCorporate Change,10:921943. Porter, M.E.(1998) Clustersand the neweconomics ofcompetition, Harvard Business Review,Nov.Dec.: 7790. Schoales,J.(2006)Alphaclusters:creativeinnovationinlocaleconomies,EconomicDevelopmentQuarterly, 20:16277. St. John, C.H. and Pouder, R.W. (2006) Technology clusters versus industry clusters: resources, networks, andregionaladvantages,GrowthandChange,37:14171. Staber, U. (2007) Contextualizing Research on Social Capital in Regional Clusters, International Journal of UrbanandRegionalResearch,31:50521. Vicente,J.(2005)Lesespacesdelanetconomie:clusterTICetamnagementnumriquedesterritoires, Paris:Economica Wood, G.A. and Parr, J.B. (2005) Transaction costs, agglomeration economies, and industrial location, GrowthandChange,36:115.

3. Innovation, Knowledge, and Regional Development

With structurally high labor costs, developed countries cannot compete successfully with emerging countries on a low-price basis. Therefore, innovation is almost unanimously recognized as a key condition for competitiveness in a globalized economy. Firms located in peripheral regions must be as innovative as those located in large metropolises. If potential negative effects of remoteness are taken into account, perhaps these firms should be even more innovative, in the broad meaning of the word.

3.1

Innovation (general)

Boutellier,R.,Gassmann,O.andvonZedtwitz,M.(2000)ManagingGlobalInnovation,Berlin:Springer Castellacci,F.(2006)Innovation,diffusionandcatchingupinthefifthlongwave,Futures,38:84163. Cooke,P.andSchwartz,D.(2007)Keydriversofcontemporaryinnovationandcreativity,EuropeanPlanning Studies,15:113941. Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D.C. and Nelson, R.R. (eds) (2005) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress. Rodriguez, D. and Solomon, D. (2007) Leadership and Innovation in a Networked World, Innovation, Summer:313. Rycroft,R.W.andKash,D.E.(1999)TheComplexityChallenge:technologicalinnovationforthe21stcentury, London:Pinter. Schumpeter,J.(1942)Capitalism,SocialismandDemocracy,NewYork:Harper&Row.

3.2

Innovation, organization and entrepreneurship

Furman, J.L., Porter, M.E. and Stern S. (2002) The determinants of national innovative capacity, Research Policy,31:899933 OCallaghan,R.(2004)Technologicalinnovationinorganizationsandtheirecosystems,inW.H.Dutton,B. Kahin, R. OCallaghan and A.W. Wyckoff (eds) Transforming Enterprise: the economic and social implicationsofinformationtechnology,Cambridge,MA:MITPress,112. Santos, J., Doz, Y. and Williamson, P. (2004) Is your innovation process global? MIT Sloan Management Review,454:3137.

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Stam,E.(2008)Entrepreneurshipandinnovationpolicy,PapersinEvolutionaryEconomicGeography,0807, http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg0807.pdf.

3.3

IT and Innovation

Hempell, T. and Zwick, T. (2008) New technology, work organisation, and innovation, Economics of InnovationandNewTechnology,17:33154. Feldman,M.P.(2002)Theinternetrevolutionandthegeographyofinnovation,InternationalSocialScience Journal,54:4756. Song,X.M.,Berends,J.J.,Bij,J.D.andvander,Weggeman,M.C.D.P.(2006)TheeffectofITandcolocation onknowledgedissemination,JournalofProductInnovationManagement,24:5268. Camagni, R. and Capello, R. (2005) ICTs and territorial competitiveness in the era of internet, Annals of RegionalScience,39:421438.

3.4

Face-to-face, Tacit Knowledge, Local Buzz

Transactions based on routine or rudimentary knowledge, or on well-standardized packages of information, may be processed across distance through telecommunications. However, many authors suggest that face-to-face meetings are required when tacit knowledge is exchanged. According to several authors, the very nature of the business city is to offer much opportunities of in-person contacts planned or unplanned. The absence of these opportunities could define the periphery.

Asheim, B.T., Coenen, L. and Vang. J. (2007) Facetoface, buzz and knowledge bases: sociospatial implicationsforlearning,innovationandinnovationpolicy,Environment&PlanningC,25:655670. Bathelt,H.,Malmberg,A.andMaskell,P.(2004)Clustersandknowledge:localbuzz,globalpipelinesand theprocessofknowledgecreation,ProgressinHumanGeography28:3156. Gertler,M.(2003)Tacitknowledgeandtheeconomicgeographyofcontext,orTheundefinabletacitnessof being(there),JournalofEconomicGeography,3:7599. Howells,J.(2002)Tacitknowledge,innovationandeconomicgeography,UrbanStudies,39:87184. Leamer, E. and Storper, M. (2001) The economic geography of the Internet age, Journal of International BusinessStudies,32:64165. Storper, M. and Venables, A.J. (2004) Buzz: facetoface contact and the urban economy, Journal of EconomicGeography,4:35170.

3.5

Knowledge Spillovers

Feldman, M. P. (1999) The New economics of innovation, spillovers and agglomeration: a review of empiricalstudies,TheEconomicsofInnovationandNewTechnology,8:525. Audretsch, D. B. and Keilbach, M. (2007) The theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship, Journal of ManagementStudies,44:124254. Audretsch,D.B.andFeldman,M.P.(1996)R&Dspilloversandthegeographyofinnovationandproduction, AmericanEconomicReview,86:63040.

3.6

Open / Distributed Innovation

Open or "distributed" innovation is the outcome of the Internet revolution. IT allows unprecedented combinations of reach and richness in remote transmissions of knowledge and ideas across widely dispersed, flexible teams of creative people.

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Chesbrough,H.W.(2003)OpenInnovation:Thenewimperativeforcreatingandprofitingfromtechnology, Boston:HarvardBusinessSchoolPress Chesbrough, H.W. and Appleyard, M.M. (2007) Open innovation and strategy, California Management Review,50:5776. Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., and West, J. (ed.) (2008) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress. Cooke, P. (2005) Regionally asymmetric knowledge capabilities and open innovation: exploring Globalisation2anewmodelofindustryorganization,ResearchPolicy,34:112849. Lakhani,K.R.andPanetta,J.A.(2007)ThePrinciplesofdistributedinnovation,Innovation,Summer:97112. Ondrejka, C. (2007) Collapsing geography: second life, innovation, and the future of national power, Innovation,summer:2754. Prahalad, C.K. and Krishnan, M.S. (2008) The New Age of Innovation: Driving CoCreated Value through GlobalNetworks,NewYork:McGrawHill. vonHippel,E.(1988)TheSourcesofInnovation,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress. vonHippel,E.(2005)DemocratizingInnovation,Cambridge,MA:MITPress.

3.7

Geographical or regional dimension of innovation

May firms in the periphery be innovative? Given the importance of innovation in national or regional competitiveness, it is unsurprising that many authors have studied the geographic conditions of the production and diffusion of innovation.

Amin,A.andCohendet,P. (2005) Geographiesofknowledgeformationinfirms, andInnovation,12:465486. Industry

Andersson, M. and Karlsson, C. (2007) Knowledge in regional economic growth the role of knowledge accessibility,Industry&Innovation,14:12949. Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman, M.P. (2003) Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation, in J. Vernon Henderson and J. Thisse (eds), Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, vol. 4., Amsterdam:NorthHollandPublishing,271339. AutantBernard,C.andMassard,N.(2001)Externalitsdeconnaissancesetgographiedel'innovation:les enseignementsdestudesempirique,Documentdetravail(CREUSET,UniversitJeanMonnetSaint Etienne). Barthe,J.F.,Beslay,C.andGrossetti,M.(2008)Choixdelocalisationetmobilisationdesressourcesdansla crationdentreprisesinnovantes,GographieconomieSocit,10:4360. Broekel,T.andBinder,M.(2007)Theregionaldimensionofknowledgetransfersabehavioralapproach, Industry&Innovation,14:151175. Christopherson, S., Kitson, M., and Michie, J. (2008) Innovation, networks and knowledge exchange. CambridgeJournalofRegions,EconomyandSociety1:165173. Eliasson, G. (2005) The nature of economic change and management in a new knowledge based informationeconomy,InformationEconomicsandPolicy,17:42856. Feldman,M.P.(1994)TheGeographyofInnovation,Boston:Kluwer. Feldman,M.P.(2000)Locationandinnovation:theneweconomicgeographyofinnovation,spillovers,and agglomeration, in G. Clark, M. Feldman and M. Gertler, eds., Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,37394. Hgerstrand,T(1953)InnovationDiffusionasaSpatialProcess,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress. Lorentzen, A. (2005) The spatial dimensions of knowledge sourcing, Regional Studies Association InternationalConference:RegionalGrowthAgendas,UniversityofAalborg,Aalborg,Denmark,2831st May,www.regionalstudiesassoc.ac.uk/events/aalborg05/lorentzen.pdf. Lorentzen, A. (forthcoming) The scales of innovation spaces. In M.J. Arangures, and J. Wilson (eds) Networks, governance and economic development: Bridging Disciplinary Frontiers, Cheltenham: EdwardElgarPublishers.

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Lorentzen,A.(forthcoming):Knowledgenetworksinlocalandglobalspace.Entrepreneurshipandregional development.Issueonthegovernanceofcrosslocalitynetworksasadeterminantoflocaleconomic development. Malecki, E.J. (2009) Geographical environments for entrepreneurship, International Journal of EntrepreneurshipandSmallBusiness,7:175190. Malecki,E.J.(2009)Everywhere?Thegeographyofknowledge,JournalofRegionalScience(forthcoming). Malecki, E.J. (2010) Connecting local entrepreneurial ecosystems to global innovation networks: open innovation,doublenetworksandknowledgeintegration International Journal of EntrepreneurshipandInnovationManagement,(forthcoming). Malecki,E.J.(2009)Globalknowledgeandcreativity:newchallengesforfirmsandregions Studies(iFirstarticle). Mitra,J.(2007)Entrepreneurship,InnovationandRegionalDevelopment,London:Routledge. Polenske,K.R.(ed.)(2007)TheEconomicGeographyofInnovation,Cambridge,MA:CambridgeUniversity Press. SaintJulienT.(1985),Ladiffusionspatialedesinnovations,Montpellier:RECLUS. Regional

3.8

Regional / Localized Systems of Innovation

Antonelli, C. (2000) Collective knowledge communication and innovation: The evidence of technological districts,RegionalStudies,34:53547. Antonelli, C. (2003) Knowledge complementarity and fungeability: implications for regional strategy, RegionalStudies,37:595606. Asheim,B.,Boschma,R.A.andCooke,P.(2007)Constructingregionaladvantage:Platformpoliciesbasedon related variety and differentiated knowledge bases, Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, 0709,http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg0709.pdf. Asheim, B., Coenen, L., Moodysson, K. and Vang, J. (2007) Constructing knowledgebased regional advantage:implicationsforregionalinnovationpolicy,InternationalJournalofEntrepreneurshipand InnovationManagement,7:140155. Asheim, B.T. and Gertler, M.S. (2006) The geography of innovation: regional innovation systems, in Fagerbergetal.TheOxfordHandbookofInnovation,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,291317. Breschi,S.(2000)Thegeographyofinnovation:acrosssectoranalysis,RegionalStudies,34:21329. Cooke, P. (2007) Regional innovation, entrepreneurship and talent systems, International Journal of EntrepreneurshipandInnovationManagement,7(2):117139. Cooke, P. and Leydesdorff, L. (2006) Regional development in the knowledgebased economy: the constructionofadvantage,JournalofTechnologyTransfer,31:515. Cooke, P., Laurentis, C. de, Todtling, F. and Trippl, M. (2007) Regional Knowledge Economies: Markets, ClustersandInnovation,Cheltenham:EdwardElgar. Feldman,M.andMassard,N.(eds)(2002)Institutionsandsystemsinthegeographyofinnovation,London: Kluwer Fischer, M.M. (2001) Innovation, knowledge creation, and systems of innovation, Annals of Regional Science,35:199216. Jauhiainen, J. S. (2008). Regional and innovation policies in Finland Towards convergence and/or mismatch?RegionalStudies42:103146. Jauhiainen,J.S.(2006).MultipolishightechnologynetworkinnorthernFinland.EuropeanPlanningStudies 14:140728.

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3.9

Localized Learning, Regional Competitiveness

Some researchers have identified in some economic regions a capacity of collective learning, which makes them more resilient and adaptive. It might be an important concept for peripheral regions too.

Camagni,R.(2002)Ontheconceptofterritorialcompetitiveness:soundormisleading?,UrbanStudies,39: 23952411. Capello, R. and Faggian, A. (2005) Collective learning and relational capital in local innovation processes, RegionalStudies,39:7587. Cooke,P.(2002)KnowledgeEconomies:clusters,learningandcooperativeadvantage,London:Routledge. Kitson,M.,Martin,R.andTyler,P.(2004)Regionalcompetitiveness:anelusiveyetkeyconcept?Regional Studies,38:99199. Komninos, N. (2004) Regional intelligence: distributed localised information systems for innovation and developmentInternational,JournalofTechnologyManagement,28:483506. Malecki,E.J.andOinas,P.(1999)(eds)MakingConnections:TechnologicalLearningandRegionalEconomic Change,Aldershot:Ashgate. Malmberg,A.andMaskell,P.(2006)Localizedlearningrevisited,GrowthandChange,37:118. Maskell, P., Eskelinen, H., Hannibalsson, I., Malmberg, A. and Vatne, E. (1998) Competitiveness, Localised LearningandRegionalDevelopment:specialisationinsmallopeneconomies,London:Routledge. Storper,M. (1993) Regional worlds of production Learning and Innovation in the technology districts of France,ItalyandtheUSA,RegionalStudies27:43355.

4. IT and business organization

The relation between IT implementation and business organization is a textbook example of the "chicken-and-egg" problem. Information technology is more than a simple tool. Pundits consider that, in order to benefit from IT, companies must rethink their entire organization around IT applications.

4.1

The Firm in a Global Context

Hindle,T.(2006)Theneworganisation:asurveyofthecompany,TheEconomist,19January. Moati,P.(2002)LentrepriseduXXIesicle,LaTourd'Aigues:DATAR/EditionsdelAube. Mokyr, J. (2001) The rise and fall of the factory system: technology, firms, and households since the IndustrialRevolution,CarnegieRochesterConferenceSeriesonPublicPolicy,55December,145. Stewart,T.A.(1997)IntellectualCapital:thenewwealthoforganization,NewYork:DoubledayCurrency. Vatne,E.andTaylor,M.(2000)TheNetworkedFirminaGlobalWorld:theorganizationofindustrialspace, Aldershot:Ashgate. Veltz,P.(2000)Lenouveaumondeindustriel,Paris:Gallimard.

4.2

Embededdness, Social capital

Grannovetter,M.(1973)Thestrengthofweakties,AmericanJournalofSociology,78:136080. Granovetter, M.S. (1985) Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness, American JournalofSociology,91:481510. Huault, I. (1998) Embeddedness et thorie de lentreprise: autour des travaux de Mark Granovetter, AnnalesdesMines,juin,p.7386.

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Rutten,R.andBoekema,F.(2007)Regionalsocialcapital:Embeddedness,innovationnetworksandregional economicdevelopment,TechnologicalForecastingandSocialChange,InPress,CorrectedProof.

4.3

IT and Strategy, Productivity, Competitiveness

Brown,J.S.andHagel,J.(2003)DoesITmatter?HarvardBusinessReview,81(7):10912. Brynjolfsson,E.andHitt,L.M.(2003)Computingproductivity:firmlevelevidence andStatistics,85:793808. ReviewofEconomics

Brynjolfsson, E. and Hitt, L.M. (2005) Intangible assets and the economic impact of computers, in W.H. Dutton,B.Kahin,R.OCallaghanandA.W.Wyckoff(eds)TransformingEnterprise:theeconomicand socialimplicationsofinformationtechnology,2748. Evans, P. and Wurster, T.S. (2000) Blown to Bits: how the new economics of information transforms strategy,Boston:HarvardBusinessSchoolPress. Falk,M.(2005)ICTlinkedfirmreorganizationandproductivitygains,Technovation,25:122950. Hooshang,B.,Esmail,S.(2007)Thebenefitsofebusinessadoption:anempiricalstudyofSwedishSMEs, ServiceBusiness,1:23345. Ketels, C.H. (2006) Michael Porters competitiveness frameworkrecent learnings and new research priorities,JournalofIndustry,CompetitionandTrade,6:11536. OseoServices,CDC(2007)TICetPMEdel'hsitationlaperformance,Paris:LaDocumentationFranaise. Porter,M.E.(2001)StrategyandtheInternet,HarvardBusinessReview,79:6278. Porter, R. and Millar, V.E. (1985) How information gives you competitive advantage, Harvard Business Review,JulyAugust. Powell, T.C. and DentMicallef, A. (1997) Information technology as competitive advantage: the role of human,business,andtechnologyresources,StrategicManagementJournal,18:375405.

4.4

IT and Organizational Change

Beveridge, T. and Perks, C. (2000) Blueprint for the Flexible Enterprise, Intelligent Enterprise, 3 www.intelligententerprise.com/000301/feat3.shtlm Blanc,G.(2006)Internetetentreprises.proposdurapportYolin,Internetetentreprise,Futuribles,n317 (March):79. Bosch,G.,andWeisbach,H.S.(2000)Neworganizationalformsintheinformationsociety,inK.Ducatel,J. Webster, and W. Herrmann (eds) The Information Society in Europe: Work and Life in an Age of Globalization,Oxford:Rowman&Littlefield,99117. Brynjolfsson, E. and Hitt, L.M. (2000) Beyond computation: information technology, organizational transformationandbusinessperformance,JournalofEconomicPerspectives,14:2348. Carr,N.G.(2003)ITdoesntmatter,HarvardBusinessReview,81(5):419. Collinson,S.(2000)KnowlegenetworksforinnovationinsmallScottishsoftwarefirms,Entrepreneurship& RegionalDevelopment,12:21744. Crague, G. (2005) Le travail industriel hors les murs, enqute sur les nouvelles figures de lentreprise, Rseaux,23,n134:6590. Dutton, W.H., Kahin, B., OCallaghan, R. and Wyckoff A.W. (eds) (2004) Transforming Enterprise: the economicandsocialimplicationsofinformationtechnology,Cambridge(MA):MITPress. Fields, G. (2006) Innovation time and territory: space and the business organization of Dell Computer, EconomicGeography,82:11946. Foray, D. (2005) New models of innovation and the role of information technologies in the knowledge economy,inW.H.DuttonB.KahinR.OCallaghanandA.W.Wyckoff(eds)TransformingEnterprise:the economic and social implications of information technology, Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press, 11329.

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Gheorghiu,M.andMoatty,F.(2006)Rorganisationdesentreprisesetcaractristiquesdutravailcollectif danslindustrie,Ladiversitdesformesdecoopration,Revueconomique,57:11771204. Greenfield, A. (2006) Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing (Voices That Matter) Indianapolis,IN:NewRidersPublishing. Greenan, N. (2003) Organizational change, technology, employment, and skills: An empirical study of Frenchmanufacturing,CambridgeJournalofeconomics,27:287316. Hof, R.D. (2007) The end of work as you know it. Increasing connectivity will change how and where we laboreventheverynotionofanemployer,BusinessWeek,August,20. Hooshang,B.,Esmail,S.(2007)Thebenefitsofebusinessadoption:anempiricalstudyofSwedishSMEs, ServiceBusiness,1:23345. Johnston, D.A. and Wright, L (2004) The ebusiness capability of small and medium sized firms in internationalsupplychains,InformationSystemsandeBusinessManagement,2:22340 Lechner, C. and Dowling, M. (2003) Firm networks: external relationships as sources for the growth and competitivenessofentrepreneurialfirms,Entrepreneurship&RegionalDevelopment,15:126. Martin,L.(2007)Internetadoptionanduseinsmallfirms:internalprocesses,organisationalcultureandthe rolesoftheownermanagerandkeystaff,NewTechnology,WorkandEmployment,20:190204. McAfee, A. (2006) Mastering the three worlds of information technology, Harvard Business Review, 84: 1419. OCallaghan,R.(2004)Technologicalinnovationinorganizationsandtheirecosystems,inW.H.Dutton,B. Kahin, R. OCallaghan and A.W. Wyckoff (eds) Transforming Enterprise: the economic and social implicationsofinformationtechnology,Cambridge,MA:MITPress,112. Song, M., Berends, H., van der Bij, H., and Weggeman, M. (2007) The effect of IT and colocation on knowledgedissemination,JournalofProductInnovationManagement,24:5268. Tippins,M.J.andSohi,R.S.(2003)ITcompetencyandfirmperformance:isorganizationallearningamissing link?StrategicManagementJournal,24:74561. Yolin, J.M. (2005) Internet et Entreprise mirages et opportunits ? Pour un plan d'action. Contribution l'analyse de l'conomie de l'Internet, Rapport pour Ministre de l'conomie, des finances et de l'industrie,http://www.telecom.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/rapports/mirage2005f.pdf Zysman,J.(2004)Tranformingproductioninadigitalera,inW.H.Dutton,B.Kahin,R.OCallaghanandA.W. Wyckoff (eds) Transforming Enterprise: the economic and social implications of information technology,Cambridge,MA:MITPress,25781.

4.5

The Virtual Enterprise

Build around IT applications, the firm may become a more or less virtual structure, whose boundaries are flexible in time and space. The geographic footprint of this organization may include peripheral areas.

Byrne,J.A.,Brandt,R.andPort,O.(1993)Thevirtualcorporation,BusinessWeek,8February:3641. Chesbrough, H.W. and Teece, D.J. (1996) Organizing for innovation: when is virtual virtuous? Harvard BusinessReview,74:6573. Davidow, W. H. and Malone, M. S. (1993) The Virtual Corporation: structuring and revitalizing the corporationforthe21stcentury,NewYork:Harper. Franke, U. (ed.) (2002) Managing Virtual Web Organizations in the 21st Century: issues and challenges, Hershey(Pennsylvania):IdeaGroupPublishing. Kimble, C., Li, F. and Blanchflower, A.(2001) Overcoming the barriers to virtual team working through communitiesofpractice,presentedat:WorkingintheNewEconomy,6thInternationalITFWorkshop & Business Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August, www users.cs.york.ac.uk/~kimble/teaching/hi2/Virtual_Teams.pdf Mowshowitz, A. (1994) Virtual organization: a vision of management in the information age, The InformationSociety,10:26788.

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Mowshowitz, A. (1999) The switching principle in virtual organization, Journal of Organizational Virtualness,1:718. Orange (2007) Les mondes virtuels : en attendant le mtaverse http://stephanebayle.typepad.com/sl_business_review/OrangeMetaverse.pdf. 1309,

4.6

Networking, Collaborative Work, Distributed Workforce

Work organization through telecommunications channels is a core issue. IT-enabled tasks may be performed by dispersed teams of employees and subcontractors, using increasingly sophisticated applications.

AlaRmi,K.(2007a)Communicationanddistanceincollaborationbetweenhightechnologyenterprisesin NorthernFinland,EuropeanPlanningStudies15:10471062. AlaRmi, K. (2007b) Networking, Communication and Proximity in HighTechnology Enterprise Collaboration:CaseofNorthernFinland.PhDdissertationinappliedgeographyandregionalplanning, University of Oulu, Nordia Geographical Publications 36 (2), Oulu (Finland): Geographical Society of NorthernFinland. Barreteau,J.andCrague,G.(2005)Lemanagementenrseau,Rseaux,23,n134:193220. Coakes, E.W., Coakes, J.M. and Rosenberg, D. (2008) Cooperative work practices and knowledge sharing issues:Acomparisonofviewpoints,InternationalJournalofInformationManagement,28:1225. Corso, M.,Martini, A., Pellegrini, L.,Massa, S. and Testa,S. (2006)Managing dispersed workers: the new challengeinKnowledgeManagement,Technovation,26:58394. Forrester Consulting (2008) Vers une collaboration plus efficace, Etude pour la socit Adobe, Cambridge (MA):ForresterResearchInc. Frost&Sullivan(2005)Mesurerlesvritablesavantagescommerciauxdelacollaborationweb,dmystifierle paradoxedelaproductivit,webex.com/fr/pdf/frostsullivan_fr.pdf Gareis, K. (2007) The state of eWork in Europe today, 12th International Workshop on Telework, 2830 August, Lillehammer, Norway, Bonn (Germany): Empirica, http://empirica.com/publikationen/documents/gareis_keynote(final).pdf Gheorghiu,M.andMoatty,F.(2005)Groupessociauxetenjeuxdelacooprationautravaildanslindustrie, Rseaux,23(n134):91122. Greenberg, A. and Nilssen, A. (2008) Bringing the meeting room into the digital age: new approaches to brainstorming and group collaboration for 21st century meetings, Duxbury (MA): Wainhouse Research, www.ivci.com/pdf/whitepaperbringingthemeetingroomintothedigitalage wainhouse.pdf. Hinds, P.J. and Bailey, D.E. (2003) Out of sight, out of sync: understanding conflict in distributed teams, OrganizationScience,14:61532. Kandola, P. (2006) The Psychology of Effective Business Communications in Geographically Dispersed Teams,ResearchReport,September,SanJose(CA):CiscoSystems,Inc. Kleij,R.vander(2007)OvercomingDistanceinVirtualTeams:EffectsofCommunicationMedia,Experience, and Time Pressure on Distributed Teamwork, Doctoral dissertation, Soesterberg (Netherlands): The NetherlandsOrganisationforAppliedScientificResearch,http://dare.uva.nl/document/53839. Maruping,L.M.andAgarwal,R.(2004)Managingteaminterpersonalprocessesthroughtechnology:atask technologyfitperspective,JournalofAppliedPsychology,89:97590. Maznevski, M.L. and Chudoba, K.M. (2000) Bridging space over time: global virtual team dynamics and effectiveness,OrganizationScience,11:47392. Shapiro,D.L.,Furst,S.A.,Spreitzer,G.M.andVonGlinow,M.A.(2002)Transnationalteamsintheelectronic age:areteamidentityandhighperformanceatrisk?JournalofOrganizationalBehavior,234,Special Issue:BraveNewWorkplace:OrganizationalBehaviorintheElectronicAge,45567. SobelLojeski,K.,Reilly,R.andDominick,P.(2007)Multitaskingandinnovationinvirtualteams.Proceedings ofthe40thHawaiiInternationalConferenceonSystemSciences,36January.

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Wagner,M. (2007) Using Second Life as a businesstobusiness tool Informationweek.com, Apr 26, www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/(2007)/04/using_second_li_2.html.

4.7

Videoconferencing, Telepresence
Video technologies enrich remote communications. They could challenge, to a certain degree, face-toface meetings. However, videoconferencing has so far attracted a small number of users, mainly in large companies, with few effects on business geography. Telepresence, an enhanced, more costly version, is still in the infancy.

Bushaus, D. (2008) Telepresence: Ready for its closeup, Telephony online, March 17, http://telephonyonline.com/broadband/news/telecom_ready_closeup_2/index.html Chattoe, J., Leach, P. and Riesenbach, R. (1995) Ontario Telepresence Project, final report, Toronto: TelepresenceSystems,Inc.,www.dgp.toronto.edu/tp/techdocs/Final_Report.pdf Conlin,M.(2008)Thewaningdaysoftheroadwarrior,BusinessWeek,2June:6566. Crockett,R.O.(2007)The21stcenturymeeting,BusinessWeek,26February:7279. Danto, D. (2008) Telepresence: a background and analysis that goes beyond the hype, World Commerce Review,vol.1issue2,January,www.imcca.org/Articles/WorldCommerceReviewmagazine.pdf. Davis, A.W. and Kelly, E.B. (2008) Telepresence vs. videoconferencing. Resolving the cost/benefit Wainhouse Research, LLC, January 28, conundrum, White Paper, http://www.wainhouse.com/files/papers/wrtpvccost.pdf. Davis,A.W.andWeinstein,I.M.(2005)Thebusinesscaseforvideoconferencingachievingacompetitive edge,WainhouseResearch,www.wrplatinum.com/Downloads/3463.aspx. Kay,D.(2005)Fournirdistancelammeexpriencequesurplace.Pratiquesrecommandespourfournir une assistance distance partir dun helpdesk informatique, DB Kay & Associates, webex.com/fr/pdf/wp_dbkay_fr.pdf Lahlou,S.(2007)L'activitderuniondistance, Rseaux,25(n144):59101. Lichtman, H. (2006) Telepresence, Effective Visual Collaboration and the Future of Global Business at the Speed of Light, Ashburn (VA): Human Productivity Lab, www.humanproductivitylab.com/telepresencepaper/hpl_telepresence_paper.pdf. Malhotra,AandMajchrzak,A(2005)Virtualworkspacetechnologies,MITSloanManagementReview,46 (2):114. Relieu,M.(2007)Latlprsence,oul'autrevisiophonie,Rseaux,25(n144):183223. Wainhouse Research2005Emerging Technologies Telepresencewww.wrplatinum.com/Downloads/4382.aspx for Teleconferencing and

WebEx Communications (2007) Sun Microsystems strengthens collaboration over distance with WebEx, SantaClara(CA):WebExCommunications,Inc.,www.webex.com/pdf/cs_sun_0407.pdf.

4.8

IT Implementation in French Firms

ARCEP (2009b) Le march "Entreprises", La lettre de lAutorit de Rgulation des Communications ElectroniquesetdesPostes,n66,marsavril,www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gspublication/lettre66.pdf. Baudouin,P.andBarthe,D.(2005)AppropriationdesTICparlesentreprisesObservatoiredespratiques TIC des PME/TPE, ClermontFerrand: Cybermassif, www.cybermassif.org/docPDF/Rapport_final_ObsUsages.pdf Besnard,S.,Chevalier,P.,Guillemot,G.,Kocoglu,Y.andVictor,P.(2007)DesTICdeplusenplusdiversifies danslesentreprises,INSEEPremire,n1126,March. Cloarec,N.,andPietriBessy,P.(2005)LesentreprisesdutertiairerelventledfidesTIC,INSEEPremire, n1005,March.

18

ClubdelEconomieNumrique(2008)DvelopperlesnouvellestechnologiesdanslesTPEfranaises,Les18 propositions du club de lconomie numrique remises E. Besson lors des assises du numrique, http://clubeconumerique.tv/wpcontent/uploads/2008/09/rapport_proposition_ministre.pdf Cyber@rdche (2007) Diagnostic des Usages Numriques par les Entreprises, Privas: Cyber@rdche, mene en Ardche, 19 avril, prsentation des rsultats de lenqute www.cybardeche.fr/fr/02_comprendre_documentations.php. DRIRERhneAlpes(2007)Lesusagesdesnouvellestechnologiesparlesindustrielsardchois,Lyon:DRIRE RhneAlpes,dcembre. Espace Numrique Entreprises (2007) Appropriation des TIC par les entreprises rhodaniennes, Lyon: ENE, http://www.ene.fr/fr/anticiper/observatoire2007/observatoireusages1.html Espace Numrique Entreprises (2008) Le travail distance dans les PME rhodaniennes, Lyon : Espace NumriqueEntreprises,www.ene.fr/data/document/focustravaildistance.pdf Faure, P. and Heizmann, R. (2007) Dploiement accru et diversification des TIC, Le 4 pages, n231, mai, Sessi. Faure, P. and Heizmann, R. (2007) Le commerce lectronique dans lindustrie manufacturire. Linternet progresse,lEDIprdomine,Le4pages,n234,juillet,Sessi. Faure,P.andPliquet,E.(2007)TICetmodesorganisationnelsdanslesentreprisesindustrielles.Desoutils adaptschaquemodle,Le4Pagesdesstatistiquesindustrielles,n239. Gadille,M.andMeyronin,B.(2005)TheappropriationofICTsbymicrobusinessesandSMEs:Therationale behindpublicandprivateinitiativesinFrance,RegionalStudiesAssociationInternationalConference: Regional Growth Agendas, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark, 2831st May, www.regional studiesassoc.ac.uk/events/aalborg05/gadille.pdf. Galliano, D. and Roux, P. (2003) Espaces, organisations et TIC : les enseignements d'une comparaison intersectorielle,GographieEconomieetSocit,5:33157. Galliano, D. and Roux, P. (2003) Spatial externalities, organization of the firm and ICT adoption: the specificitiesofFrenchfoodfirms,InternationalJournalofBiotechnology,5:26996. Galliano, D. and Roux, P. (2006) Les ingalits spatiales dans l'adoption des TIC : le cas des firmes industriellesfranaises,RevueEconomique,57:144975. Galliano,D.andRoux,P.(2008)Organizationalmotivesandspatialeffectsininternetadoptionandintensity ofuse:evidencefromFrenchindustrialfirms,TheAnnalsofRegionalScience,42:42548. Galliano,D.,Lethiais,V.andSouli,N.(2008) Faible densit des espaces et usages des TIC par les entreprises:besoindinformationoudecoordination,Revued'EconomieIndustrielle,n121. Galliano, D.,Roux, P. and Filippi,M.(2001)Organizational and spatialdeterminantsof ICT adoption : the caseofFrenchindustrialfirms,EnvironmentandPlanningA,33:164363. Midire,O.(2006)ObjectifEconomienumrique,Paris:rapportdelamissionTICetTPEpourleMinistre des PME, du commerce, de l'artisanat et des professions librales, fvrier, http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/064000244/0000.pdf Ple numrique (2008) Questionnaire du diagnostic des usages numriques en entreprise Valence: Ple numrique,www.polenumerique.fr/observatoiredesusages.html

5. IT and sustainable development

Technologies which are likely to substitute themselves for transportation are unsurprisingly in the core of the debate on sustainable development. However, the digital industry's overall emission of carbondioxide and other pollutants must be taken into account.

Atkyns, R., Blazek, M. and Roitz, J. (2002) Measurement of environmental impacts of telework adoption amidst change in complex organizations: AT&T survey methodology and results, Resources, ConservationandRecycling,36:26785

19

Berkhout, F. and Hertin, J. (2001) Etopia? Scenarios for ecommerce and sustainability, In: J. Wilsdon (ed),DigitalFutures:LivinginaDotComWorld.London:Earthscan. Berkhout, F. and Hertin, J. (2001) Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Environmental Sustainability: Speculations and Evidence, Paris: OECD, http://www.unige.ch/iued/wsis/DOC/211EN.PDF Berkhout, F. and Hertin, J. (2004) Dematerialising and rematerialising: digital technologies and the environment,Futures,36:90320. BioIntelligenceService(2008)ImpactsofInformationandCommunicationTechnologiesonEnergyEfficiency, report for the Commission of the European Communities, September, ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainablegrowth/ict4eefinalreport_en.pdf Breuil, H., Burette, D., FlryHrard, B., Cueugniet, J., Vignolles, D. and Boisson, H. (2008) Rapport TIC et DveloppementDurable,Paris:Ministredelcologie,delnergie,dudveloppementdurableetde lamnagementduterritoire,Ministredelconomie,delindustrieetdelemploi. CiscoSystems,Inc.2009TheNetwork:PromotingGreenBenefitstoBusinessandIT,WhitePaper,SanJose (CA): Cisco Systems, Inc., www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/switches/ps5718/ps10195/white_paper_c11509113.pdf. CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities(2009)MobilisingInformationandCommunicationTechnologies tofacilitatethetransitiontoanenergyefficient,lowcarboneconomy,CommunicationtotheCouncil, the European Parliament (), Brussels, COM(2009) 111 final, 12.3, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/docs/com_2009_111/com20 09111en.pdf. DIACT, ACIDD (2009) Amnagement numrique et dveloppement durable des territories Propositions dactions issues des auditions et dbats prparatoires mens de juin novembre 2008, www.acidd.com/UPLOAD/mediaRubrique/file/42_Propositions_Actions_ANTetDD_DIACT_ACIDD_10 mars2009.pdf. ForresterConsulting(2009)ITsRoleinReducingCorporateEnvironmentalImpact.StudyonbehalfofCisco Systems Inc., January, Cambridge (MA): Forrester Research Inc., www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/switches/ps5718/ps10195/Cisco_TLP__Final.pdf HPEcoSolutionsProgram(2008)ContributingtothefirstbilliontonnesofglobalCO2reductionwithsmart ITsolutions,June,www.telepresenceworld.net/News/billiontons.pdf. Jancovici,J.M.(2001)Bnficesenvironnementauxenvisageableslisl'introductiondutltravail,Rapport pour lObservatoire des Stratgies Industrielles, Paris: Ministre de lIndustrie, December, www.manicore.com/documentation/teletravail/OSI_synthese.html. Nelson, P., Safirova, E. and Walls, M. (2007) Telecommuting and environmental policy: lessons from the ecommuteprogram,TransportationResearchPartD,12:195207. TIAXLLC(2007)Theenergyandgreenhousegazemissionimpactoftelecommutingandecommerce.Final reporttotheConsumerElectronicsAssociation,Cambridge(MA):TIAXLLC.

6. Telework / Telecommuting
Although the majority of teleworkers live in dense, urban areas, telework is often associated with the economic revival of rural areas. Utopian thinking must be avoided. However, there may be room for a significant increase of telework in peripheral areas, given current legal, technological and psychological barriers are levelled down.

6.1

General, theory

Beveridge,C.(2003)Thenewworkplace.Howtoaccommodateincreasedmobilityandsavemoneyinthe process,SunMicrosystemsInc.,January14,www.sun.com/20030114/feature/index.html. Ehrle,D.(2006)WebSphereEveryplaceConnectionManager,Zrich:IBMSwitzerlandSoftwareGroup,26 September,www5.ibm.com/ch/events/ipcommunication/pdf/WECM_IPC.pdf.

20

Guru.com (2004) Emoonlighter announces www.guru.com/Press/20040308.cfm.

name

change

to

Guru.com,

March,

InnoVisionsCanada(2007)CTAmemberstelltheirstories:part12,www.ivc.ca/stories/Stories12.html. Largier,A.(2001)Letltravail.Troisprojetspourunmmeobjet,Rseaux,n106:20129. Miller,S.K.(2004)Telecommutingstillontherise47millionemployeesworkfromhomeatleastonedaya month,Processor,26(5)(30January):18. Planterose, P. (2005) Rorientons lobjet et les activits de www.aftt.asso.fr/IMG/doc/Les_objectifs_2005__2007_de_l_AFTT.doc. lAFTT, Paris: AFTT,

TheEconomist(2006)Thedrawbacksofhomework,TheEconomist,2December:78.

6.2

Reports

Breton, T. (1995) Le tltravail en France. Rapport au ministre de l'intrieur et de l'amnagement du territoire,Paris,LaDocumentationfranaise. CITICA (2006) Etude bibliographique du march des tlactivits pour les entreprises et les particuliers, Etude pour la Dlgation Interministrielle lAmnagement et la Comptitivit (DIACT), Paris: DIACT. Empirica(2005)eBusinessW@tchTheEuropeaneBusinessReport2005edition,EuropeanCommission, Enterprise & Industry Directorate General, Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities, www.ebusinesswatch.org/resources/documents/eBusinessReport 2005.pdf. European Commission (2000) EWork 2000 Annual report on teleworking, Europe Telework Online, www.eto.org.uk. GeneralServicesAdministration(GSA)andTheTeleworkExchange(2008)TheBenefitsofTelework,white paper,www.teleworkexchange.com/pdfs/TheBenefitsofTelework.pdf ITAC (2003) Homebased telework by U.S. employees grows nearly 40% since 2001, press release, 4 September,www.workingfromanywhere.org/news/pr090403.htm. ITAC (2005) Annual survey shows Americans are working from many different locations outside their employersoffice,pressrelease,4October,www.workingfromanywhere.org/news/pr100405.htm. James, P. (2004) Is Teleworking Sustainable? An Analysis of its Economic, Environmental and Social Impacts, Peterborough (UK): Centre for Economic and Environmental Development and SUSTEL Program,www.sustel.org/documents/Reports/final%20report%20%20july%202004%20v2.pdf. Johnston, P. and Botterman M. (1998) Status Report on European Telework TELEWORK 98, Report AC981201 for the European Commission, DG Information Society Unit C1 www.eto.org.uk/twork/tw98/pdf/tw98.pdf. MorelALhuissier, P. (2006) Du tltravail au travail mobile, un enjeu de modernisation de l'conomie franaise,rapportauPremierministre,Paris:LaDocumentationFranaise. Pratt,J.(1999)TeleworkAmericaNationalTeleworkSurvey,www.telecommute.org Rassat, P. (2008) Etude stratgique sur le Tltravail en Aquitaine, rapport de CITICA pour le Conseil Rgional dAquitaine, http://siad.aecom.org//docs/ressources/RAPPORT_FINAL_Teletravail_en_Aquitaine_2008.pdf

6.3

Theoretical, Analysis

deBeer,A.(2006)Letltravailenperspective,Futuriblesn317(mars):5978. Garrett, R.K. and Danziger, J.N. (2007) Which telework? Defining and testing a taxonomy of technology mediatedworkatadistance,SocialScienceComputerReview,25:2747. Handy,S.L.andMokhtarian,P.L.(1996)TheFutureofTelecommuting,Future,28:22740.

21

Helminen,V.andRistimki,M.(2007)Relationshipsbetweencommutingdistance,frequencyandtelework inFinland,JournalofTransportGeography,155:33142. Mokhtarian,P.L.,Salomon,I.andChoo,S.(2005)Measuringthemeasurable:Whycantweagreeonthe numberoftelecommutersintheU.S.?Quality&Quantity,39:42352. Moriset, B. (2004) Tltravail, travail distant, travail nomade: le territoire et les territorialits face aux nouvellesflexibilitsspatiotemporellesdutravailetdelaproduction,Cybergo,n257,6fvrier. Saim Muhammad, S., Ottens, H., Ettema, D. and de Jong, T. (2007) Telecommuting and residential locationalpreferences:acasestudyoftheNetherlands,JournalofHousingandtheBuiltEnvironment, 22:33958 Salomon, I. (1998) Technological change and social forecasting: the case of telecommuting as a travel substitute,TransportationResearchPartCEmergingTechnologies,6:1745.

6.4

Transportation

Mokhtarian,P.LandBagley,M.N.(2000)Modelingemployeesperceptionsandproportionalpreferencesof worklocations:theregularworkplaceandtelecommutingalternatives,TransportationResearchPart APolicyandPractice34:22342. Mokhtarian, P.L. and Chen, C. (2004) TTB or not TTB, that is the question: a review and analysis of the empiricalliteratureontraveltime(andmoney)budgets,TransportationResearchPartAPolicyand Practice,38:64375. Mokhtarian,P.L.andSalomon,I.(1997)Modelingthedesiretotelecommute:theimportanceofattitudinal factorsinbehavioralmodels,TransportationResearchPartAPolicyandPractice31:3550. Mokhtarian, P.L., Collantes,G.O., and Gertz, C.(2004) Telecommuting,residential location,and commute distance traveled: evidence from State of California employees, Environment and Planning A, 36: 187797.

6.5

Legal

European Trade Union Confederation (2002) Framework Agreement on Telework, Brussels, July 16, http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/news/2002/jul/telework_en.pdf. Ihlwan,M.andHall,K.(2007)Newtech,oldhabits,BusinessWeek,26March:489. Vatier, M.S. (2005) Les gardefous juridiques du tltravail, Le Journal du Management, January, http://management.journaldunet.com/dossiers/050166teletravail/vatier.shtml.

6.6

Organization of work, Psychology

Barrett,A.(2008)Makingtelecommutingwork,BusinessWeek,October17. Cooper,C.D.andKurland,N.B.(2002)Telecommuting,professionalisolation,andemployeedevelopmentin publicandprivateorganizations,JournalofOrganizationalBehavior,23:511532. Gajendran, R.S., and Harrison, D.A. (2007) The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: metaanalysisofpsychologicalmediatorsandindividualconsequences,JournalofAppliedPsychology, 92:152454. Gareis,K.,Hanhike,T.andYlstalo,P.(2007)eWorkandproactiveworkorganisation:reapingthebenefits ofICTbasedformsofworking,12thInternationalWorkshoponTelework,2830August,Lillehammer, Norway, Bonn (Germany): Empirica, www.empirica.biz/publikationen/documents/gareis+hanhike+ylostalo.pdf. Greenberg,A.andNilssen,A.(2008)Addressingthechallengesfacingthedistributed,21stcenturybusiness through telework: practical methods for transforming organizational DNA through new ways of working,Duxbury(MA):WainhouseResearch,www.ivci.com/pdf/whitepapertelecommuting.pdf.

22

Greene,T.(2007)Telecommuterslackadvancedvideoconferencingfornow,NetworkWorld,21August, www.networkworld.com/news/2007/082107networker.html Hof, R.D. (2007) The end of work as you know it. Increasing connectivity will change how and where we laboreventheverynotionofanemployer,BusinessWeek,August,20. Illegems,V.andVerbeke,A.(2004)Telework:whatdoesitmeanformanagement?LongRangePlanning, 37:319334. Lee, H., Shin, B. and Higa, K. (2007) Telework vs. central work: A comparative view of knowledge accessibility,DecisionSupportSystems,43:687700. Nelson, P., Safirova, E. and Walls, M. (2007) Telecommuting and environmental policy: lessons from the ecommuteprogram,TransportationResearchPartD,12:195207. Prez,M.P.,Snchez,A.M.,LuisCarnicer,P.andJimnez,M.J.V.(2005)Thedifferencesoffirm resources andtheadoptionofteleworking,Technovation,25:147683. Raghuram, S.,Wiesenfeld, B. and Garudc, R. (2003) Technology enabled work: the role of selfefficacy in determiningtelecommuteradjustmentandstructuringbehavior,JournalofVocationalBehavior,63, 18098. Schindler, E., and Wilson, A.L. (2008) CIO.com's Telecommuting Resource Guide, CIO, September, http://www.cio.com/article/print/448997 Shockley,K.M.andAllen,T.D.(2007)Whenflexibilityhelps:anotherlookattheavailabilityofflexiblework arrangementsandworkfamilyconflict,JournalofVocationalBehavior,71:47993. Stratigea, A., Giaoutzi, M. (2000) Teleworking and virtual organization in the urban and regional context, Netcom,14:33157. Wellman, B., Salaff, J., Dimitrova, D., Garton, L., Gulia, M. and Haythornthwaite, C. (1996) Computer networksassocialnetworks:collaborativework,telework,andvirtualcommunity,AnnualReviewof Sociology,22:21338.

6.7

Home Telework, "Homeshoring"

Geller, A. (2005) "Homeshoring" means that call center might be in someones bedroom, Seattle Post Intelligencer,9May,http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/223367_homecall09.html. Conlin,M.(2006)Callcentersintherecroom,BusinessWeek,23Jan. Salter, C. (2004) Calling JetBlue, Fast www.fastcompany.com/magazine/82/jetblue_agents.html. Company, 82 (May),

Crane, D., Stachura, J., Dalmat, S., KingMetters, K., and Metters, R. (2007) International sourcing of services:thehomeshoringalternative,ServiceBusiness,1:7991. Lacy,S.(2006)Homeshoring:beyondcallcenters,BusinessWeek,2May.

6.8

Corporate Telework

Biseul,X.(2004)LessalarisfranciliensdIBMexprimententlebureauondemand,01Informatique,13 October,www.01net.com/article/253383.html. Hopkinson, P., James, P. and Maruyama T. (2002) Teleworking at British Telecom. The economic, environmentalandsocialimpactsofitsWorkaboutscheme,ReportfortheprogramSUSTEL,University ofBradford,www.btplc.com/Societyandenvironment/PDF/SusTelPilotReport.pdf. Lauer,S.(2007)Renaultinnoveenproposantletltravailsessalaris,LeMonde,25January. Roca Pulido, J.C. and Martinez Lopez, F.J. (2005) Teleworking in the information sector in Spain, InternationalJournalofInformationManagement25:22939. Roitz, J., Allenby, B., Atkyns, R. and Nanavati, B. (2003) Organizing Around Networks, Not Buildings: 2002/2003 AT&T employee telework research results, AT&T Telework white paper, www.att.com/telework/docs/2003_survey_results_att_telework_research.pdf.

23

Roitz, J., Nanavati, B. and Levy, G. (2004) Lessons Learned From The NetworkCentric Organization: 2004 AT&T employee telework results, AT&T Telework Center of Excellence, www.att.com/telework/docs/2004_telework_results.pdf. Shellenbarger, S. (2008) Some companies rethink the telecommuting trend, The Wall Street Journal, 28 February,D1.

7. Telecommunications Networks, Broadband

The end of the 2000s has seen a rebound of the broadband issue, thanks to the emergence of optical technology for end-user connections, known as "FTTx" (eg. FTTP: "fiber to the premises", FTTH: fiber to the home). Most peripheral areas have bridged the "digital divide" with xDSL or cable connections, but the rise of FTTx may generate a "digital divide 2.0". If market-based only, private initiative prevail, dense urban regions will benefit from a strong lead in ultra-high speed connections, and peripheral areas will lag behind.

7.1

Broadband (Growth, Analysis, Reports)

ARCEP (2008a) Rseaux et contenus : la rvolution numrique, La lettre de lAutorit de Rgulation des CommunicationsElectroniquesetdesPostes,n63,SeptemberOctober. ARCEP (2008b) Les tlcoms, demain... La lettre de lAutorit de Rgulation des Communications ElectroniquesetdesPostes,n64,Nov.Dec. Cukier,K.(2007)Aworldofconnections:aspecialreportontelecoms,TheEconomist,28April. Faure, P. (2007) Rapport du groupe de travail sur les perspectives du secteur des tlcommunications en France et en Europe deuxime phase : propositions, Paris: Ministre de l'emploi, du travail et de de l'industrie, l'insertion professionnelle des jeunes, Ministre http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/074000458/0000.pdf
Federal Communication Commission (2007) High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of June 30, 2006, Washington, DC: Wireline Competition Bureau, January, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-270128A1.pdf.

Fransman, M. (ed.) (2006a) Global Broadband Battles: why the U.S. and Europe lag while Asia leads, Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress. Frieden, R. (2005) Lessons from broadband development in Canada, Japan, Korea and the United States, TelecommunicationsPolicy29:595613. Holt, L. and Jamison, M. (2009) Broadband and contributions to economic growth: Lessons from the US experience,TelecommunicationsPolicy,33:57581 Malecki E.J. (2004) Fibre tracks: explaining investment in bre optic backbones, Entrepreneurship & RegionalDevelopment,16:2139. OECD(2006)OECDBroadbandStatisticstoJune2006,Paris:OrganisationforEconomicCooperationand Development,www.oecd.org/document/9/0,2340,en_2649_34223_37529673_1_1_1_1,00.html. OECD(2008)BroadbandGrowthandPoliciesinOECDCountries,Paris:OECD. Preston,P.andCawley,A.(2008)BroadbanddevelopmentintheEuropeanUnionto2012Avirtuouscircle scenario,Futures,40:812821. Roberts,S.(ed.)(2005)GuidetoMeasuringtheInformationSociety,Paris:OrganisationforEconomicCo operationandDevelopment,www.oecd.org/dataoecd/41/12/36177203.pdf. Thry,G.(1994)Lesautoroutesdelinformation,Paris:LaDocumentationfranaise. Warf,B.(2008)TimeSpaceCompression:HistoricalGeographies,London:Routledge.

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7.2

Digital Divide, Spatial Inequities

Antonelli,C.(2003)Thedigitaldivide:understandingtheeconomicsofnewinformationandcommunication technologyintheglobaleconomy,InformationEconomicsandPolicy,15:17399 BenYoussef,A.(2004)Lesquatredimensionsdelafracturenumrique,Rseaux,n127:181209. Coester,G.andDucass,A.(2007)L'amnagementnumriqueduterritoire,Paris:DIACT,LaDocumentation francaise. CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities(2005)DigitalDivideForumReport:broadbandaccessandpublic support in underserved areas, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/implementation/ddf_report_final.pdf. Commission of theEuropean Communities(2006)Bridging the Broadband Gap, Communication from the Commission to the Council,the European Parliament (), Brussels, 20March, COM(2006) 129 final, http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0129:FIN:EN:PDF Compaine,B.M.(ed.)(2001)TheDigitalDivide:FacingaCrisisorCreatingaMyth?Cambridge(MA):MIT Press. CREDOC (2008) La diffusion des technologies de l'information et de la communication dans la socit franaise,rapportpourlARCEP,Paris:CREDOC,www.credoc.fr/pdf/Rapp/R256.pdf. Dupuy,G.(2007)Lafracturenumrique,Paris:EllipsesMarketing. Grasland,L.andHouzet,S.(2004)LesdimensionsspatialesdelafracturenumriqueenFrance,Rseaux, 22,n127128:115140. Grasland,L.andPuel,G.(2007)ThediffusionofICTandthenotionofthedigitaldivide:contributionsfrom francophonegeographers:Introductoryremarks,Geojournal,68:13. Grubesic,T.H.(2003)Inequitiesinthebroadbandrevolution,AnnalsofRegionalScience,37:26389. Grubesic,T.H.(2006)AspatialtaxonomyofbroadbandregionsintheUnitedStates,InformationEconomics andPolicy,18:42348. Keeble,L.andLoader,B.(2001)ChallengingtheDigitalDivide?APreliminaryReviewofOnlineCommunity Support. CIRA, University of Teesside, http://www.cira.org.uk/downloads/Rowntrees%20Report.shtml#_ftn1 Lefebvre, A. and Tremblay, G. (1998) Autoroutes de l'information et dynamiques territoriales, Qubec: PressesUniversitairesduQubec. Marcon, A. (2009) Conditions pour le dveloppement numrique des territoires, Avis du Conseil conomique, social et environnemental, CESX09000103V, Paris: Journal Officiel, 16 fvrier, http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/094000075/0000.pdf Moriset,B.(2010)Rseauxdetlcommunicationsetamnagementdesterritoires,Cybergeo,article489, http://cybergeo.revues.org/index22930.html. OECD (2001) Understanding the Digital Divide, Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Poncet,P.andRipert,B.(2007)Fracturedspace:ageographicalreflectiononthedigitaldivide,GeoJournal, 68:1929. Rallet,A.etRochelandet,F.(2004)Lafracturenumrique:unefaillesansfondement?Rseaux,n127: 1954. Snat(2009a)Luttecontrelafracturenumrique.Discussiond'unepropositiondeloi,Compterendudela sance du 20 juillet 2009, www.senat.fr/seances/s200907/s20090720/s20090720003.html#section300 Snat (2009b) Proposition de loi adopte par le Snat relative la lutte contre la fracture numrique, 20 juillet2009,www.senat.fr/leg/tas08122.pdf. Torikian, A. (2007) La fracture numrique dans la campagne aveyronnaise, dans les quartiers de Saint tienne,enEurope,Flux,n68:7580. Warf, B. 2001 Segueways into cyberspace: multiple geographies of the digital divide, Environment and PlanningB:PlanningandDesign,28:319.

25

7.3

IT-based regional development

Gillespie,A.E.andCornford,J.(1996)Telecommunicationsinfrastructuresandregionaldevelopment,inW. Dutton (ed.) Information and Communication Technologies: Visions and Realities, Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. Grasland,L.andHouzet,S.(2005),DiffusiondesTICetnouvellesdynamiquesterritorialesenMditerrane, RevuedEtudesMridionales,53,no20910:2947. Greffe,X.(2002)Ledveloppementlocal,LaTourd'Aigues:DATAR/EditionsdelAube. Jauhiainen, J. S. (2008). Regional and innovation policies in Finland Towards convergence and/or mismatch?RegionalStudies42:103146. Jauhiainen,J.S.(2006).MultipolishightechnologynetworkinnorthernFinland.EuropeanPlanningStudies 14:140728. Korsching, P.F., ElGhamrini, S., and Peter, G. (2001) Rural telephone companies: offering technology innovationstoenhancetheeconomicdevelopmentofcommunities,TechnologyinSociety,23:7991. Lefebvre, A. and Tremblay, G. (1998) Autoroutes de l'information et dynamiques territoriales, Qubec: PressesUniversitairesduQubec. Marshall,S.,Taylor,W.andYu,X.(eds)(2003)ClosingtheDigitalDivide:transformingregionaleconomies andcommunitieswithinformationtechnology,Westport(Connecticut):GreenwoodPublishing. Moriset,B.(2005)Uneutopieenactes?Rseauxdetlcommunicationetamnagementduterritoire,5e rencontresdeMacon,InstitutdeRechercheduValdeSaneMconnais,Macon,30juin1juillet. Musso,P.andEsparre,S.(2008)(eds)Territoiresetcyberespaceen2030Paris:Dlgationinterministrielle l'amnagement et la comptitivit des territoires, collection "Travaux", n 7, La documentation Franaise. Pollone,M.andOccelli,C.(2006)Informationandcommunicationtechnologiesandregionaldevelopment: thecaseofPiedmont,Italy,JournalofUrbanTechnology,13:93118. Sahraoui,M.(2007)Technologiesdelinformationetdveloppementconomique:dudiagnosticterritorial auplandactions,mthodeetsupportsdanalyse,Toulouse:Obervatoiredesterritoiresnumriques (OTEN),http://oten.fr/IMG/pdf/TIC_du_diagnostic_territorial_au_pland_actions.pdf Snacq,S.(2008)Comptitivitnumriquedesterritoires.ImpactduTHDsurledveloppementconomique des Rgions, Caisse des Dpts, mission ECOTER, www.poitoucharentes.fr/contentalfresco portlet/document?uuid=c0c1b2f2f8ed11dd9c70e359ccfe1b30. Virginia Tech (2003) Strategic Technology Infrastructure for Regional Competitiveness in the Network Economy. eCorridors Program, 11 volumes PDF, www.ecorridors.vt.edu/research/papers/stircne/vol01rationale.pdf Yolin, J.M. (2005) Infrastructure Tlcom, outil d'une politique de dveloppement local ? http://yolin.net/infratel_AT.doc.

7.4

Fiber Optic, FTTx, Ultra-High Broadband

ARCEP (2006b) La fibre : une vraie rupture, La lettre de lAutorit de Rgulation des Communications ElectroniquesetdesPostes,n53,Nov.Dec. ARCEP(2008c)Investissement,InnovationetConcurrence:enrouteversletrshautdbit,Actesdes12me EntretiensdelAutoritdeRgulationdesCommunicationsElectroniquesetdesPostes,13Oct.,Paris: ARCEP,www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gspublication/12ent131008actesdec2008.pdf ARCEP(2008d)Linterventiondescollectivitsterritorialesdanslescommunicationslectroniques.Pointsde repre sur le dploiement du trs haut dbit (FTTH fibre optique jusqu labonn) www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gspublication/cripftthmai2008.pdf ARCEP (2009a) Rapport relatif au dploiement des rseaux en fibre optique, 7 avril, Paris: ARCEP, www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gspublication/rapportfibrethd070409.pdf. Arcep (2009b) Tableau de bord du Trs Haut Dbit au 31 dcembre 2008, 7 avril 2009, www.arcep.fr/fileadmin/reprise/observatoire/treshautdebit/2009/tabfibrethd070409.pdf.

26

Davies,C.(2007)Fibre:thesocioeconomicbenefits,Copenhagen:FTTHCouncilEuropeConference,1112 Feb.,www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/studies/SocioEconomics_Study.pdf. DepommierCotton (2008) Rapport d'tude sur la couverture trs haut debit des territoires, rapport pour l'AssociationdesRgionsdeFrance,www.avicca.org/IMG/pdf/08_12_THD_RapportCouverture.pdf DepommierCotton, L. et Beziz, R. (2009) Etude pour la cohrence des projets Trs Haut Dbit des collectivitsdAquitaine,rapportdtudepourlePleAquitainpourlaSocitdel'Information(PASI), http://siad.aecom.org//docs/ressources/rapport_final_observatoire_aquitain_tarifs_telecoms_01030 9.pdf FTTH Council (2009a) Definition of Terms, www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/studies/FTTHDefinitions Revision_January_2009.pdf. FTTH Council Europe (2009b) www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/studies/FTTH_Handbook.pdf FTTH Handbook,

IDATE (2006) Etude sur le dveloppement du trs haut dbit en France Rapport pour le ministre de l'industrie,March,www.telecom.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/rapports/rap_thd.pdf IDATE (2007) Cartographie des Rseaux Baromtre TIC Rgion Rhne Alpes, Montpellier: IDATE, Dec., www.rhonealpes.fr/uploads/Document/37/WEB_CHEMIN_1593_1211368251.pdf Kozischek, D.R. (2006b) Fiber, Coax or DSL? Meeting customer upstream bandwidth demand, Broadband Properties,October:6065. Lelux, S. (2009) La relance 2.0, www.tactis.fr/IMG/pdf/RELANCE_NUMERIQUE.pdf. Guide Cits Numriques, 910,

Leroy, P. (2008) S. Lelux (Tactis): "L'absence de mutualisation entre les oprateurs bloque le dveloppement du trs haut dbit", ZDNet, 9 June, www.zdnet.fr/videos/0,3800003256,39381606,00.htm. Lvque, E. (2008) Gabrielle Gauthey, ARCEP : "L'intervention des collectivits dans le dploiement de la fibre optique est indispensable", ZDNet, 23 dcembre, www.zdnet.fr/actualites/telecoms/0,39040748,39385764,00.htm?xtor=RSS1. Montagne,R.(2009)FTTHEuropeanPanorama,Copenhagen:FTTHCouncilEuropeConference,1112Feb., www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/studies/Market_DataDecember_2008.pdf. Ou, G. (2007) FiOS Verizon's longterm vision to the 10+ gigabit home, ZDNet, 7 July, http://blogs.zdnet.com/Ou/?p=571. Snacq, S. (2009) Comptitivit numrique des territoires. Impact du THD sur le dveloppement conomiquedesRgions,ColloquedelaMissionEcoteretdelaRgionPoitouCharentes,28janvier, www.poitoucharentes.fr/contentalfrescoportlet/document?uuid=c0c1b2f2f8ed11dd9c70 e359ccfe1b30.

7.5

Broadband Policy (national, international)

Autoritdergulationdestlcommunications(2005)Consultationsurlesmthodesdevalorisationdela boucle locale cuivre, www.arcep.fr/fileadmin/reprise/publications/cpublique/consultboucle cuivre0405.pdf. CavaFerreruela, I. and AlabauMuoz, A. (2006) Broadband policy assessment: a crossnational empirical analysis,TelecommunicationsPolicy,30:44563. Coester,G.andDucass,A.(2007)L'amnagementnumriqueduterritoire,Paris:DIACT,LaDocumentation francaise. Fillon, F. (2009a) Dcret n 2009166 du 12 fvrier 2009 relatif la publication des informations sur la couverture du territoire par les services de communications lectroniques, Journal officiel de la Rpubliquefranaise,14fvrier. Fillon,F.(2009b)Dcretn2009167du12fvrier2009relatiflacommunicationdinformationslEtatet auxcollectivitsterritorialessurlesinfrastructuresetrseauxtablissurleurterritoire,Journalofficiel delaRpubliquefranaise,14fvrier.

27

Fillon,F.(2009c)Circulairen5412Gdu31juillet2009"relativeauxschmasdirecteursetlaconcertation rgionalesurlamnagementnumriqueduterritoire". Lau, T.Y., Kim, S.W. and Atkin, D. (2005) An examination of factors contributing to South Koreas global leadershipinbroadbandadoption,TelematicsandInformatics,22:34959. Marcon,A.(2009)Conditionspourledveloppementnumriquedesterritoires,Paris:Journalofficieldela Rpublique franaise, avis du Conseil conomique, social et environnemental, fvrier 2009, http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/094000075/0000.pdf Musso,P.andEsparre,S.(2008)(eds)Territoiresetcyberespaceen2030Paris:Dlgationinterministrielle l'amnagement et la comptitivit des territoires, collection "Travaux", n 7, La documentation Franaise. Picot,A.andWernick,C.(2007)Theroleofgovernmentinbroadbandaccess,TelecommunicationsPolicy 31:66074.

7.6

Local Policies (France)

ADIMAC (Association pour le Dveloppement Industriel et Economique du Massif Central) (2008) Fibres optiques sur lA75, La Lettre de l'ADIMAC, n 45, mai, www.adimac.com/upload/files/lettre%20ADIMAC47.pdf. ARCEP (2007) Lintervention des collectivits locales dans les tlcommunications. Compte rendu des travaux du Comit des Rseaux dInitiative Publique(CRIP) Paris: ARCEP (Autorit de Rgulationdes Communications Electroniques et des Postes), 15 mars, www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gspublication/compterenducrip2007.pdf ARCEP(2008e)Linterventiondescollectivitsterritorialesdanslescommunicationslectroniques.Compte rendu des travaux du Comit des Rseaux dInitiative Publique, 17 septembre, www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gspublication/crtravauxcrip170908.pdf ARCEP(2008f)Linterventiondescollectivitsterritorialesdanslesecteurdescommunicationslectroniques. Premier bilan. Dcembre, www.arcep.fr/fileadmin/uploads/tx_gspublication/rapportbilanrip 221208.pdf Avicca (2009) Carte des rseaux ouverts dinitiative publique, Paris: Association des Villes et Collectivits pour les Communications lectroniques et lAudiovisuel (Avicca), www.avicca.org/IMG/pdf/CART_ROIP.pdf Belot, C. (2005) Internet, haut dbit, et collectivits locales, rapport pour la dlgation du Snat lamnagement et au dveloppement durable du territoire, 29 juin, www.senat.fr/rap/r04443/r04 4431.pdf. DangNguyen,G.,(2002)Entreprisesethautsdbits.Lerledescollectivitsterritoriales,Observatoiredes tlcommunicationsdanslaville. Dufal,M.andGrasland,L.(2003)LaplanificationdesrseauxlpreuvedelamatrialitdesTICetde lhtrognitdesterritoires,Flux,n54:4969. Forissier, N. (2002) Rapport dinformation lAssemble nationale sur la desserte du territoire par la tlphoniemobileetparlInternethautdbit,www.assembleenat.fr/12/pdf/rapinfo/i0443.pdf. FrmontVanacore,A.(2004)RseauxdetlcommunicationsetamnagementduterritoireenFrance:les collectivitslocalesaucoeurdudbat,Flux,n58:2031. Huet,A.andBuleon,P.(2007)Collectivitsterritoriales:ledfiduhautdbit,Futuribles,n328(March): 5170. Mission ECOTER (2007) Politiques locales de dveloppement des usages TIC, et de lutte contre la fracture numrique,Paris:LesGuidesECOTER. Pailliart, I. and Bouiquillon, P. (2006) Le dploiement des TIC dans les territoires, le rle des collectivits territoriales,Grenoble,PressesuniversitairesdeGrenoble.

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8. Rural and Peripheral Regions

The context of developed countries' peripheral areas has deeply changed since the middle of the 20th century, with the decline of agricultural and manufacturing employment, and the adoption of urban standards of living. Nevertheless, the periphery still shows specific features, which are likely to have an impact on IT adoption and related effects. The more essential, perhaps, is the comparative lack of social and financial capital, creativity, and entrepreneurship. In many places, the population is ageing. However, peripheral regions and places are diverse. Some carry the burden of the industrial decline, and are structurally unattractive. Others benefit from amenities such as a pleasant climate and beautiful scenery. Do the later have a better chance of benefiting from the "digital revolution"? The answer is not so obvious, given their natural tendency to develop tourism and residential activities, rather than creative industries.

8.1

Economic Development, General

ADCF(AssembledesCommunautsdeFrance),AMRF(AssociationdesMairesRurauxdeFrance),France Tlcoms(2005)PourdesterritoiresrurauxinnovantsParolesdlus. Alasia,A.(2005)Skills,innovationandgrowth:keyissuesforruralandterritorialdevelopmentasurveyof the literature 19802003, Agriculture and Rural Working Paper Series n 21 601MIE, Ottawa: StatisticsCanadaAgricultureDivision,www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/21601m/21601m2005076eng.pdf. Atkinson,R.D.(2004)ReversingRuralAmericasEconomicDecline.TheCaseforaNationalBalancedGrowth Strategy, The Progressive Policy Institute Policy Report, February 2004, www.ppionline.org/documents/rural_economy_0204.pdf. Baudelle,G.andGuy,C.(2004)TheperipheralareasofWesternEuropeandEUregionalpolicy:prospective scenarios,RegionalStudiesAssociationInternationalConference:Europeatthemargins:EURegional Policy, Peripherality and Rurality, Angers 1516th April 2004, www.regionalstudies assoc.ac.uk/events/presentations04/baudelle.pdf. Brown, L.D., Swanson, L.E., and Baton, A.W. (eds) (2002) Challenges for rural America in the twentyfirst century,UniversityPark(PA):PennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress. DATAR (2003) Quelle France rurale pour 2020? Contribution une nouvelle politique de dveloppement ruraldurable,Paris:LadocumentationFranaise. Feser,E.andIsserman,A.(2009)Theruralroleinnationalvaluechains,RegionalStudies,43:89109. Glasmeier, A. and Borchard, G. (1989) From branch plants to back offices: Prospects for rural services growth,EnvironmentandPlanningA,21:156583. Greenspan,A.(2001)TheeconomyofruralAmerica,InternationalRegionalScienceReview,24:1620. Hamrick, K. (ed.) (2003) Rural America at a Glance, Rural Development Research Report RDRR 971, Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, www.ers.usda.gov/publications/rdrr971/highres_rdrr971.pdf. Jauhiainen,J.S.(2009).Willtheretiringbabyboomersreturntoruralperiphery?JournalofRuralStudies 25:2534. Jauhiainen, J.S. and Suorsa, K. (2008) Triple helix in the periphery: the case of Multipolis in Northern Finland;.CambridgeJournalofRegions,EconomyandSociety,1:285301. Johnson,T.G.(2001)Theruraleconomyinanewcentury,InternationalRegionalScienceReview,24:2137 Kayser,B.andMendras,H.(2000)SocitRuralitCulture,Godoc,n50. Lacas,JD,Polse,M.andShearmur,R.(eds.)(2001)L'avenirconomiquedesrgionspriphriques:revue exploratoiredelalittrature,Montral,INRSUrbanisation,CultureetSociteetInstitutcanadiende recherchesurledveloppementrgional,www.inrsucs.uquebec.ca/f/inc/regionsduS/litterature. Labrianidis,L.(2006)HumancapitalasthecriticalfactorforthedevelopmentofEuropesruralperipheral areas,inE.Morgan,E.NijkampandT.Vaz(eds.)ThenewEuropeanrurality,London:Ashgate,4159.

29

Lindkvist,K.B.andAntelo,A.P.(2007)Restructuringaperipheralcoastalcommunity:thecaseofaGalician fishingtown,InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegionalResearch,31:368383. Lohez,M.(2001)Innovationsetterritoires.Untechnoplearctique:Oulu(Finlande),fiefdeNokia.Actesdu http://figst Festival International de Gographie de SaintDidesVosges, die.education.fr/actes/actes_2001/lohez/article.htm. Markey,S.,Halseth,G.,andManson,D.(2008)Challengingtheinevitabilityofruraldecline:Advancingthe policyofplaceinnorthernBritishColumbia,JournalofRuralStudies,24:40921. Morgan,E.,Nijkamp,E.andVaz(eds.)(2006)ThenewEuropeanrurality,London:Ashgate. Murdoch,J.(2000)Networksanewparadigmofruraldevelopment?JournalofRuralStudies,16:40719. OECD (2006) The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance, Paris: OECD, Directorate for Public GovernanceandTerritorialDevelopment. Onsager,K.,Isaksen,A.,Fraas,M.andJohnstad,T.(2007)TechnologycitiesinNorway:Innovatinginglocal networks,EuropeanPlanningStudies,15:54966. PerrierCornet,P.(2001)Ladynamiquedesespacesrurauxdanslasocitfranaise:uncadredanalyse, Territoires2020,June,n3. Petrov, A. (2007) A lookbeyond metropolis: Exploring creative class in the Canadianperiphery, Canadian JournalofRegionalScience,30:35986. Polse,M.andShearmur,R.(2002)ThePeripheryintheKnowledgeEconomy:thespatialdynamicsofthe CanadianeconomyandthefutureofnonmetropolitanregionsinQuebecandtheAtlanticProvinces, Quebec:Institutenationaldelarecherchescientifique/INRSUrbanisation,CultureetSocit. Polse,M.andShearmur,R.(2006)Whysomeregionswilldecline:ACanadiancasestudywiththoughtson localeconomicdevelopment,PapersinRegionalScience,85:2345. Polse,M.andShearmur,R.(eds.)(2002)Lapriphriefacel'conomiedusavoir:Ladynamiquespatiale del'conomiecanadienneetl'avenirdesrgionsnonmtropolitainesduQubecetdesprovincesde l'Atlantique,Montral,INRSUrbanisation,CultureetSocitetl'Institutcanadienderecherchesurle dveloppementrgional,http://www.inrsucs.uquebec.ca/F/inc/regionsduS/TableM.pdf. Ramsey, D. and C. Bryant (eds) (2004) The Structure and Dynamics of Rural Territories: Geographic Perspectives,Brandon(Canada):BrandonUniversity,RuralDevelopmentInstitute. Ray, C. (2002) A mode of production for fragile rural economies: the territorial accumulation of forms of capital,JournalofRuralStudies,18:22531. Santos,F.,Crocco,M.,andJaymeJr,F.G.(2005)Knowledgeexternalitiesandgrowthinperipheralregions: introductory notes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, series Textos para Discusso n 278, www.cedeplar.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20278.pdf Stockdale,A.(2006)Migration:Prerequisiteforruraleconomicregeneration?JournalofRuralStudies,22: 354366. Svendsen,G.L.H.(2004)Therighttodevelopment:constructionofanonagriculturalistdiscourseofrurality inDenmark,JournalofRuralStudies,20:7994. Talandier, M. (2007) Un nouveau modle de dveloppement hors mtropolisation. Le cas du monde rural franais, Thse de doctorat de l'Universite Paris12 Val de Marne, http://talandier.com/thesetalandier.pdf. Talandier, M. (2009) Une autre gographie du dveloppement rural : une approche par les revenus, Gocarrefour,83:26978. Terluin,I.J.(2003)Differencesineconomicdevelopmentinruralregionsofadvancedcountries:anoverview andcriticalanalysisoftheories,JournalofRuralStudies,19:32744. Vias,A.C.(1999)JobsfollowpeopleintheruralRockyMountainWest,RuralDevelopmentPerspectives,14: 1423. Ward,N.andBrown,D.L.(2009)Placingtheruralinregionaldevelopment,RegionalStudies,43:123744. Woods, M. (ed.) (2004) Rural Geography. Processes, Responses and Experiences in Rural Restructuring, London:Sage.

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8.2

Rural / Peripheral Entrepreneurship

The development of the economic base of peripheral regions is a matter of entrepreneurship. Although IT may be a distance-killing economic tool, it will have little effect if there is nobody to seize the opportunity. Nevertheless, after the business has been launched, there remains a wide breadth of microeconomic conditions which will decide between success and failure.

Avramenko,A.andSilver,J.(2009)Ruralentrepreneurship:expandingthehorizons,InternationalJournalof EntrepreneurshipandInnovationManagement,11:14055. Bruce, D. and Halseth, G. (2004) The role of small business in community economic development, in G. Halseth(ed.)BuildingforSuccess:ExplorationsofRuralCommunityandRuralDevelopment,Brandon (Canada):BrandonUniversity,RuralDevelopmentInstitute,195222. Bryant,C.R.(1989)Entrepreneursintheruralenvironment,JournalofRuralStudies,5:33748. Copus,A.,Skuras,D.andTsegenidi,K.(2008)Innovationandperipherality:Anempiricalcomparativestudy ofSMEsinsixEuropeanUnionmembercountries,EconomicGeography,48:5182. Courtney, P., Lpicier, D., and Schmitt, B. (2008) Spatial patterns of production linkages in the context of Europe'ssmalltowns:Howareruralfirmslinkedtothelocaleconomy?RegionalStudies,42:35574. delaFe,T.G.,GonzlezRamos,A.M.,andvanOostrom,M.(2007)Isaknowledgeeconomypossibleina tourism specialised region at the periphery? Regional Studies Association International Conference: Regions In Focus? Lisbon, 25th April, www.regionalstudies assoc.ac.uk/events/lisbon07/papers/delafe.pdf DIACT (2005) Les ples dexcellence rurale : Appel projets, quatre thmatiques,http://polesexcellence rurale.diact.gouv.fr. DIACT (2007) La liste des 379 ples excellencerurale.diact.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/tableau_379.pdf. dexcellence rurale, http://poles

Doloreux,D.,Dionne,S.,andJean,B.(2007)Theevolutionofaninnovationsysteminaruralarea:thecase ofLaPocatire,Qubec,InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegionalResearch,31:14667. Ferro, J. and Lopes, R. (2003) Zones rurales et capacit entrepreneuriale au Portugal : pratiques, reprsentations,politiques,GographieconomieSocit,5:13960. Flores, I.B., Young, M., and Trantham, J. (2009) Towards an effective virtual entrepreneurship center for rural small business development, Proceedings of the Association for Small Business & Entrepreneurship 35th Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, 79 October: 6269, www.asbe.us/proceedings_downloads/2009_asbe.pdf. Fuduric,N.(2007)Entrepreneurshipandregionaldevelopment,RegionalStudiesAssociationInternational Conference: Regions In Focus? Lisbon, 25th April, www.regionalstudies assoc.ac.uk/events/lisbon07/papers/Fuduric.pdf. Goetz, S.J. and Rupasingha, A. (2002) Hightech firm clustering: implications for rural areas, American JournalofAgriculturalEconomics,84:122936. Gripaios,P.,Bishop,P.,Gripaios,R.andHerbert,C.(1989)Hightechnologyindustryinaperipheralarea:the caseofPlymouth,RegionalStudies,23:15159. Kilkenny, M., Nalbarte, L., and Besser, T. (1999) Reciprocated community support and small town small businesssuccess,Entrepreneurship&RegionalDevelopment,11:23146. Meccheri, N. And Pelloni, G. (2006) Rural entrepreneurs and institutional assistance: an empirical study frommountainousItaly,Entrepreneurship&RegionalDevelopment,18:37192. North, D. and Smallbone, D. (1996) Small business development in remote rural areas: the example of maturemanufacturingfirmsinNorthernEngland,JournalofRuralStudies,12:15167. Patterson,H.andAnderson,D.(2003)Whatisreallydifferentaboutruralandurbanfirms?Someevidence fromNorthernIreland,JournalofRuralStudies,19:47790.

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8.3

Rural/Periphery and Information Technology

Berra, M. (2003) Information communications technology and local development. Telematics and Informatics,20:215234. Bryden,J.andRichards,C.(2000)InformationtechnologyandruraldevelopmentintheScottishHighlands andIslands:Apreliminaryreviewoftheissuesandevidence.Gocarrefour75:7176. Bryden, J., Rennie, F., Fuller, A.M. (1996) Implications of the Information Highway for Rural Development andEducation,Oxford:TheArkletonTrust. CaissedesDpts,AssembledesPetitesVillesdeFrance(APVF)(2007)Technologiedel'Informationetde la communication dans les petites villes : enjeux, moyens et actions, Paris: Caisse des Dpts et France, Association des petites villes de www.dent.caissedesdepots.fr/commun/pdf/publications/CDC_Guide_APVF.pdf. Glasmeier,A.andHowland,M.(1995)FromCombinestoComputers:RuralServicesandDevelopmentinthe AgeofInformationTechnology,Albany(NY):StateUniversityofNewYorkPress. Grimes, S. (1999) Rural areas in the information society: diminishing distance or increasing learning capacity?JournalofRuralStudies,16:1321. Grimes, S. (2003) The digital economy challenge facing peripheral rural areas, Progress in Human Geography,27:17494. Grimes, S. (2005) How well are Europes rural businesses connected to the digital economy? European PlanningStudies,137:106381. King,B.(2001)Appalachia'sBlueTechCollar,Wired,9October. Malecki,E.J.(2003)Digitaldevelopmentinruralareas:potentialsandpitfalls,JournalofRuralStudies,19: 20114. Mitchell,S.,andClark,D.(1999)Businessadoptionofinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesinthe twotierruraleconomy:someevidencefromtheSouthMidlands,JournalofRuralStudies,15:447 455. Moriset, B. (2000) La problmatique des technologies de l'information en milieu rural, ditorial, Geocarrefour,75:1011. Moriset, B. (2000) Territoires et technologies de linformation dans la rgion RhneAlpes, petites villes espacesrurauxetmontagnards,Lyon:UniversitJeanMoulinLyon3,rapportderecherchepourla rgionRhneAlpes. Oden, M., and Strover, S. (2002) Links to the future: the role of information and telecommunications technology in Appalachian economic development, Report for the Appalachian Region Commission, www.arc.gov/images/reports/telecomm/telecom.pdf. Oden, M., and Strover, S. (2004) 2004 Update: Links to the future: the role of information and telecommunications technology in Appalachian economic development, Report for the Appalachian RegionCommission,www.arc.gov/images/reports/telecomupdate/links.pdf. Ramirez, R. and Richardson, D. (2005) Measuring the impact of telecommunication services on rural and remotecommunities,TelecommunicationsPolicy29:297319. Ray,C.andTalbot,H.(1999)RuralTelematics:theinformationsocietyandruraldevelopment,inM.Crang andJ.May(eds),VirtualGeographies,London:Routledge. Richardson, R. (2002) Information and communication technologies and rural inclusion. Report for the programASPECT(AnalysisofSpatialPlanningandEmergingCommunicationsTechnologies),European RegionalDevelopmentFund,InterregIIC.,www.regionnumerique.org/aspect Richardson, R. and Gillespie, A.E. (2000) The economic development of peripheral rural places in the InformationAge,inM.WilsonandK.Corey(eds)InformationTectonics:Space,PlaceandTechnology inanInformationAge,Chichester:JohnWiley&Sons,199217. RuraliTIC (2008) Quelle utilisation des TIC pour la communication et l'information des citoyens? Enqute nationale TIC et territoires ruraux, Aurillac:RuraliTIC, www.ruralitic.com/media/PDF/Rur08_Enquete_Synthese.pdf. Rusten, G., and Skerratt, S. (eds) (2007) Information and Communication Technologies in Rural Society: BeingRuralinaDigitalAge,London:Routledge.

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Sealy,W.U.(2003)EmpoweringdevelopmentthroughEGovernance:Creatingsmartcommunitiesinsmall islandstates,TheInternationalInformation&LibraryReview,35:33558. Talbot, H., Richardson, R., and Ward, N. (2007) Information and communications technologies in rural Europe: a literature review, University of Newcastle, UK, report D 3.2 (A), research project FARO (ForesightAnalysisofRuralAreasofEurope),EUFrameworkProgramme6,priority8.1,SSP,Contract No.44494,www.faroeu.org. Vodoz, L., Reinhard, M., and Pfister Giauque, B. (2007) The farmer, the worker and the MP: The digital divideandterritorialparadoxesinSwitzerland,GeoJournal,68:8392. Wei,LandZhang,M.(2008)TheadoptionanduseofmobilephoneinruralChina:AcasestudyofHubei, China,TelematicsandInformatics,25:16986

8.4

Rural Broadband, Rural Telecommunications Policy

ARCEP (2006a) Rsorber les zones blanches du haut dbit La lettre de lAutorit de Rgulation des CommunicationsElectroniquesetdesPostes,n52(Sept.Oct.). Bandias,SandVemuri,S.R.(2005)Telecommunicationsinfrastructurefacilitatingsustainabledevelopment ofruralandremotecommunitiesinNorthernAustralia,TelecommunicationsPolicy,29:23749. D'Attilio, H. (1998) Assurer l'galit des territoires dans l'accs aux Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour les zones fragiles, Paris, rapport au Premier Ministre, www.telecom.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/rapports/attilio.pdf FuentesBautista,M(2001)TheRuralTelecommunicationsPolicyBibliography.ReportfortheRuralPolicy Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, http://www.utexas.edu/research/tipi/RUPRI/RupriBib.htm Kolko, J. (2010) Does Broadband Boost Local Economic Development?, January, San Francisco, CA: Public PolicyInstituteofCalifornia,www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_110JKR.pdf. Korsching, P.F., ElGhamrini, S., and Peter, G. (2001) Rural telephone companies: offering technology innovationstoenhancetheeconomicdevelopmentofcommunities,TechnologyinSociety,23:7991. LaRose,R.,Gregg,J.L.,Strover,S.,Straubhaar,J.,andCarpenter,S.(2007)Closingtheruralbroadbandgap: PromotingadoptionoftheInternetinruralAmerica,TelecommunicationsPolicy,31:359373. McMahon,K.andSalant,P.(1999)Strategicplanningfortelecommunicationsinruralcommunities,Rural DevelopmentPerspectives,vol.14,n3 MissionECOTER(2006)Lehautdbitencampagne,Paris:LesGuidesECOTER. OECD (2004) The development of broadband access in rural and remote areas, Paris: OECD, DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2003)7/FINAL,www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/50/37629410.pdf. Preston,P.,Cawley,A.,andMetykova,M.(2007)BroadbandandruralareasintheEU:Fromtechnologyto applicationsanduse,TelecommunicationsPolicy.31:389400. Puel, G., Fernandez, V., and Fautrero,V. (2007) Alternative technologies for rural areas what about the `alternative'dimensionofWiFi?GeoJournal,68:4153. Stenberg, P.L. (2000) Telecommunication rural policy in the USA: Issues and economic consequences, international conference 'European Rural Policy at the Crossroads', The Arkleton Centre for Rural DevelopmentResearch,UniversityofAberdeen,Scotland,UK,29June1July. Stenberg, P.L. and Low, S. (eds) (2009) Rural Broadband at a Glance 2009 Edition, Economic Information BulletinEIB47,February. Stenberg, P.L., Morehart, M., Vogel, S., Cromartie, J., Breneman, V., and Brown, D. (2009) Broadband InternetsValueforRuralAmerica,WashingtonDC:USDepartmentofAgricultureEconomicResearch Service,reportn78,August,www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/ERR78/ERR78.pdf Stenberg,P.L.,Rahman,S.,Perrin,M.B.andJohnson,E.(1997)Ruralareasinthenewtelecommunications era,RuralDevelopmentPerspectives,123. Strover,S.(1999)Ruralinternetconnectivity,TelecommunicationsPolicy,25:291313. Strover,S.(2000)Thefirstmile,TheInformationSociety,16:15154.

33

Sun,Y.andWang,H.(2005)DoesInternetaccessmatterforruralindustry?AcasestudyofJiangsu,China, JournalofRuralStudies,21:24758. TheEconomist(2010)FibreinParadise,20February:4445. Tookey, A., Whalley, J. and Howick, S. (2006) Broadband diffusion in remote and rural Scotland, TelecommunicationsPolicy,30:48195. Virginia Tech (2003) Strategic Technology Infrastructure for Regional Competitiveness in the Network Economy. eCorridors Program, 11 volumes PDF, www.ecorridors.vt.edu/research/papers/stircne/vol01rationale.pdf Warren,M.(2007)Thedigitalviciouscycle:Linksbetweensocialdisadvantageanddigitalexclusioninrural areas,TelecommunicationsPolicy,31:37488. Wood,L.E.(2008)Ruralbroadband:theprovidermatters,TelecommunicationsPolicy,32:32639.

8.5

Rural telework, IT-based enterprises

AdverbeSARL(2004)Synthsedesinterventionsdelaconfrence,ConfrenceTltravailetdveloppement rural30novembre,Alenon,www.adverbe.com Alvstam,C.andJonsson,A.(2000)Onpromotingregionaleconomicgrowthinindustrialperipheries.hyper footloosebusinessservicesthecaseofSwedishteleworkersinSpain,Netcom,14:525. Beyers, W.B. and Lindahl, D.P. (1996) Lone Eagles and High Fliers in rural producer services, Rural DevelopmentPerspectives,11:210,www.ers.usda.gov/publications/rdp/rdp696/rdp696a.pdf. Clark, M.A. (2000) Teleworking in the countryside. Homebased working in the information society, Aldershot:Ashgate. DATAR (1998) Tltravail et tlactivits : outils de valorisation du territoire. Paris: La Documentation franaise. Gillespie,A.E.andRichardson,R.(1996)Advancedcommunicationsandemploymentcreationinruraland peripheral regions: a case study of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, The Annals of Regional Science,30:91110. Gravi,M.andKullenberg,G.M.(2000)ICT,anenablingforceservicelocation,workformsandtheindividual. AcasestudyofScandinavianteleworkersintheSunBelt,Netcom14:5376. Greller,W.andMackay,M.(2002)CanICTinsmallandmediumsizedenterprisesovercomeremoteness? RuralSocietyJournal,12:24662. Kobayashi,K.,Matsuo,Y.,andTsutsumi,K.(eds.)(1999)Localknowledgeandinnovations:enhancingthe substanceofnonmetropolitanregions,MarginalAreasResearchGroup,UniversityofKyoto. Laegran, A.S. (2008) Domesticating home anchored work: Negotiating flexibility when bringing ICT based workhomeinruralcommunities,Geoforum,39:19911999. Lagendijk,A.andLorentzen,A.(2007)Proximity,KnowledgeandInnovationinPeripheralRegions.Onthe intersectionbetweengeographicalandorganizationalproximity.EuropeanPlanningStudies,15:457 66. LEADER2(1999)Informationtechnologiesandruraldevelopment,ReportfromtheLEADERSeminary'New technologies and changes in rural employment', June 1998, Stornoway (Scotland), Brussels: LEADER EuropeanObservatory. LeJournalduNet(2004)Semettreauvert,unanaprs,quesontilsdevenus?,LeJournalduNet,6April, www.journaldunet.com/management/dossiers/041053vertbis/bernazzani2.shtml. L'UnionduCantal(2008)LeCantalinnoveparletltravail,13dcembre. MackSmith,D.(2005)ICTinEnglandsRuralEconomies,FinalreporttotheDepartmentforEnvironment, FoodandRuralAffairs(DEFRA),Edinburgh(Scotland):SQWLimited. Mcgranahan,D.andWojan,T.(2007)Recastingthecreativeclasstoexaminegrowthprocessesinruraland urbancounties,RegionalStudies,41:197216. Molini,F.(1997)Themigrationofteleprofessionalstotouristareas:hypothesesandrefutations,Netcom, 11:40316.

34

Moriset, B. (2003) Rural enterprises in the business intelligence sector: utopia or real development opportunity?,Netcom,17:322. Perriello, T. (2009) Rural and Small Town Telework Tax Credit Act, bill submitted to the House of Representatives,H.R.3627,22September,www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h1113627. Premkumar,G.andRoberts,M.(1999)Adoptionofnewinformationtechnologiesinruralsmallbusinesses. Omega,27:46784. Simpson, L, Daws, L., Pini, B., and Wood, L. (2003) Rural Telework: Case studies from the Australian Outback,NewTechnology,WorkandEmployment,18:11526. Skuras, S., Meccheri, N., Moreira, M.B., Rosell, J., and Stathopoulou, S. (2005) Entrepreneurial human capital accumulation and the growth of rural businesses: a fourcountry survey in mountainous and laggingareasoftheEuropeanUnion,JournalofRuralStudies,21:6779. Smallbone, D. and North, D. (2000) The innovation and growth of rural SMEs during the 1990s, Regional Studies,34:14557. Sopuck, R.D. (2003) The lone eagles information professionals and rural economic development, Policy Series, Frontier Centre for Public Policy, December, n 19, www.fcpp.org/pdf/PolicySeries19%20Lone%20Eagles.pdf. UtahSmartSite(2003)UtahSmartSiteMilestoneSummary Valette, E., Desconnets, J.C., Maurel, P., Libourel, T., and Tonneau, J.P. (2007) Excellence et innovation rurales. Outil Web de gestion des donnes et rfrentiel danalyse des projets PER pour un dveloppement territorial durable. Congrs de l'ERSA (European Regional Science Association et de l'ASRDLF (Association de Science Rgionale de Langue Franaise), Paris, 29 Aug.2 Sept., http://sadapt.inapg.inra.fr/ersa2007/papers/1050.pdf. Virkkala,S.(2007)InnovationandNetworkinginPeripheralAreasaCaseStudyofEmergenceandChange inRuralManufacturing.EuropeanPlanningStudies,15:51159. Warner, M. (2001) Building social capital: The role of local government, Journal of SocioEconomics, 30: 187192. Wojan, T.R., Lambert, D.M. and McGranahan, D.A. (2007) The emergence of rural artistic havens: a first look,AgriculturalandResourceEconomicsReview,36:5370. Woodhouse,A.(2006)SocialcapitalandeconomicdevelopmentinregionalAustralia:Acasestudy,Journal ofRuralStudies,22:8394. Young,N.(2006)Distanceasahybridactorinruraleconomies,JournalofRuralStudies,22:25366.

8.6

Call Centers (Periphery, Regional Development)

Arai,Y.andSugizaki,K.(2003)Concentrationofcallcentersinperipheralareas:casesinJapan,Netcom,17: 187202. Beira,E.,Peck,F.andCabras,I.(2007)ICTandcontactcentredevelopmentintwocontrastingperipheral areas: the role and significance of the public sector, Regional Studies Association International ConferenceRegioninFocus?Lisbon,Portugal,25April. Belt, V., Richardson, R., and Webster, J. (2000) Women's work in the information economy: the case of telephonecallcentres,Information,CommunicationandSociety,3:36685. Bristow,G.,Gripaios,P.andMunday,M.(2000)Callcentregrowthandlocation:corporatestrategyandthe spatialdivisionoflabour,EnvironmentandPlanningA,32:51938. Butler, D.L. (2001) Concentration, dispersion, networks and IT: a case study of call centers in the United States, Conference Digital Communities Cities in the Information Society, Northwestern University andMichiganStateUniversity,Chicago,47November2001. Touche (2001) 2000 Call Center Deloitte & http://www.deloitte.com/dt/cda/doc/content/CallCenterSurvey.pdf Location Survey.

Gillespie,A.E.andRichardson,R.(2000)Callcentreperiphery:teleservicesandeconomicdevelopmentin ruralScotland,Geocarrefour,75:7786.

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Hash, S. (2000) Small call centers must keep pace with service leaders in the multichannel age, www.incoming.com. Lyne, J. (2001) Incentives help Nova Scotia land Streams 900employee call center, Site Selection, November,www.conway.com/ssinsider/incentive/ti0109.htm. Marshall,J.andRichardson,R.(1996)ThegrowthoftelephonecallcentresinperipheralareasofBritain: evidencefromTyneandWear,Area,28:308317. Moriset,B.andBonnet,N.(2005)LagographiedescentresdappelenFrance,AnnalesdeGographie,n 641:4972. Peck,F.andCabras,I.(2009)Impactsofagglomerationoncallcentreoperations:EvidencefromNorthWest England,RegionalStudies,43:92334. Richardson,R.,Belt,V.,andMarshall,N.(2000)TakingcallstoNewcastle:theregionalimplicationsofthe growthincallcentres,RegionalStudies,34:35769. Richardson, R., Gillespie, A. (2003) The call of the wild: call centers and economic development in rural areas,GrowthandChange,34:87108. VirtualAgent Services (2006) VirtualAgent Services continues to expand opening 21st North American location,www.vagent.com/061117toronto.aspx.

8.7

Telecenters, Telecottages, Incubators

Abbott, J. and Yoong, P. (2005) The stages of telecentre development: the case of the Kapiti Telecentre, Technovation,25:42131. Adkins,D.(2007)Fivemustsforbusinessincubatorsuccess,EconomicDevelopmentAmerica,n4, www.vistaalberta.ca/docs/Five_Musts_for_Business_Incubator_Success.pdf. Adkins, D., Sherman, H.D., and Yost, C.A. (2001) Identifying obstacles to the success of rural business incubators, National Business Incubation Association, Contractor Paper 0108, www.rural.org/publications/NBIA0108.pdf. Atherton,A.andHannon,P.D.(2006)Localisedstrategiesforsupportingincubation:Strategiesarisingfrom acaseofruralenterprisedevelopment,JournalofSmallBusinessandEnterpriseDevelopment,13:48 61. Blanc, G. (1998) Panorama des tlcentres dans le monde, Eurotechnopolis Institut, www.eurotechnopolis.org. CyberCantal (2009) Programme dpartemental de dveloppement du tltravail, "Cybercantal Tlcentres",http://img.cantal.fr/pdf/20090316141917_1.pdf Forester,T.(1988)Themythoftheelectroniccottage,Futures,203:22740. GreenwoodConsultingGroup,Inc.(2005)AsurveyofbusinessincubatorsinAppalachia,July,Washington, DC:AppalachianRegionalCommission,www.arc.gov/images/programs/entrep/survey2005.pdf. ISERESAFTT(1999)AnnuairedestlcentresenFrance,www.aftt.net Medana,M.F.(2005)Compterendudelamissiond'tudesurlestlcentresitaliens,Rseaunationaldes tlcentres,LaCroixSt.Ouen:DistanceExpert. Qvortrup, L. (1989) The Nordic telecottages: community teleservice centres for rural regions, TelecommunicationsPolicy,13:5968. Stenberg, P. (1993) Rural business incubator and economic development, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, EconomicResearchService,Agricultureinformationbulletin,n66450. Varma, K.V., Ho, C., Stanek,D.M., and Mokhtarian, P.L. (1998) Duration and frequency of telecenter use: onceatelecommuter,alwaysatelecommuter?TransportationResearchPartC,6:4768. Western Australia Telecentre Network (2004) Planning for the future. Government of Western Australia, DepartmentofLocalGovernmentandRegionalDevelopment White, J.T. and McLaughlin, J.P. (2006) Building a business incubator: a teaching case study, Journal of BusinessCaseStudies,24:1922.

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8.8

Local Digital Policies (France)

Agence dUrbanisme et dAmnagement du Territoire Toulouse Aire Urbaine 2005Laire mtropolitaine toulousaine: Dclaration dintention www.auattoulouse.org/IMG/pdf/CoopMetropolitaine_light 2.pdf ARDEM ADECOHD (2008) Les tlactivits, un levier pour l'conomie rurale ? Phase 1 Synthse de l'enqute mene auprs des tltravailleurs des territoires des deux GAL "Gapenais Buch Durance" et "Pays du Grand Brianonnais, des Ecrins au Queyras". Projet de coopration interterritoriale. ARADEL (2003) Des initiatives numriques en RhneAlpes, Les Cahiers du Dveloppeur Economique n5, http://www.aradel.asso.fr/fichier/mois/cahier.pdf CaissedesDpts(2008)Lesprojetsdinfrastructuredescollectivitslocaleshautdbitettrshautdbit (carte),janvier,www.valoffre.caissedesdepots.fr/IMG/pdf/Carte_INFRA_janv08.pdf Caisse des Dpts (2008) Quand lintervention publique sempare du haut dbit, janvier, www.valoffre.caissedesdepots.fr/IMG/pdf/Infra_janvier_2008.pdf Caisse des Dpts (2009) Le numrique pour plus de mobilit dans les territoires. Panorama et perspectives,mai,www.valoffre.caissedesdepots.fr/IMG/pdf/Guide_service_sanscontact2.pdf Caisse des Dpts (2005) Etravail et territoires, Horizon Numrique, www.dent.caissedesdepots.fr/commun/pdf/publications/horizon/hn1page4&5.pdf. n1, p.45,

CaissedesDpts(2006)Agirpourledveloppementnumriquedesterritoires,Paris:CaissedesDpts, www.dent.caissedesdepots.fr/commun/pdf/publications/Plaquetteddnt.pdf CaissedesDpts(2006)Lesrgionsgarantesdelgalitnumrique,HorizonNumrique,n3:23, www.dent.caissedesdepots.fr/commun/pdf/publications/horizon/hn3page2&3.pdf. CaissedesDpts(2007)ComptitivitNumriquedesterritoires,Paris:laDocumentationfranaise. CaissedesDpts(2003)Travail,rseauetterritoires,Paris:LaDocumentationfranaise. Cassette,B.(2002)Ledveloppementnumriquedesterritoires,Paris:LaDocumentationfranaise. Cybermassif (2003) Cybermassif: www.cybermassif.org Prsentation du projet ClermontFerrand: Cybermassif,

Ple Productique RhneAlpes (2002) Dossier de demande de financements publics, Projet "Cybersite" (5 avril) Rgion NordPasdeCalais (2009) Appel a projets "Technologies de lInformation et de la Communication (TIC) et Dveloppement Durable", Programme Oprationnel FEDER 20072013, Axe III, sousaxe II, "Socit de lInformation", priorit 5 "actions innovantes", www.nordpasdecalais.fr/europe/docs/appels_a_projets/appel_a_projet_tic_developpement_durable .pdf Rgion RhneAlpes (2005) Infrastructures et rseaux www.rhonealpes.fr/uploads/Document/9d/WEB_CHEMIN_1120_1213351317.pdf. hautdbit

RgionRhneAlpes(2005)Schmargionaldedveloppementconomique20052010,Conseilrgionalde largionRhneAlpes,910novembre,www.rhonealpes.fr/content_files/SRDE.pdf. Rgion RhneAlpes (2006) Dveloppement conomique et TIC Les enjeux de la socit de linformation pour le dveloppement des territoires rhnalpins, CharbonnireslesBains: Rgion RhneAlpes, www.rhonealpes.fr/uploads/Document/0b/WEB_CHEMIN_1114_1205246625.pdf. Rgion RhneAlpes (2008) Baromtres 2008 de la socit de l'information en RhneAlpes, www.rhonealpes.fr/uploads/Document/5b/WEB_CHEMIN_1585_1211358775.pdf. Rougerie, P (2006) Portrait du pays roannais, INSEE www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/rhonealpes/zoom/Paysroannais.pdf. RhneAlpes, dcembre,