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You may know that 2 he discovered something called "relativity" and has something to do with the equation "e=mc ." You may know that he looked kinda funny, and spoke with a German accent. You may not know any of this, but you will learn all about this amazing man in this article. You will learn about his character, or personality, and about his science. You will get to have a better understanding of relativity and you will know the meaning 2 behind "e=mc ."
2.
She was born into an aristocratic Javanese family in a time when Java was still part of the Dutch colony, the Dutch East Indies. Her father, Raden Mas Sosroningrat, became Regency Chief of Jepara, and her mother was Raden Mas' first wife, but not the most important one. At this time, polygamy was a common practice among the nobility.She also wrote the Letters of a Javanese Princess. Her father, R. M. A. A. Sosroningrat, was originally the district chief of Mayong. Her mother was M. A. Ngasirah, the daughter of Kyai Haji Madirono, a teacher of religion in Teluwakur, Jepara, and Nyai Haji Siti Aminah. At that time, colonial regulations specified that a Regency Chief must marry a member of the nobility [2] and because M. A. Ngasirah was not of sufficiently high nobility , her father married a second time to Raden Ajeng Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of the Raja of Madura. After this second marriage, her father was elevated to Regency Chief of Jepara, replacing his second wife's own father, R. A. A. Tjitrowikromo. She was the fifth child and second eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a Regency Chief at the age of 25 while Herolder brother Sosrokartono was an accomplished linguist. Herfamily allowed her to attend school until she was 12 years old. Here, among other subjects, she learnt to [3] speak fluent Dutch, an unusual accomplishment for Javanese women at the time . After she turned 12 she was 'secluded' at home, a common practice among Javanese nobility, to prepare young girls for their marriage. During seclusion girls were not allowed to leave their parents' house until they were married, at which point authority over them was transferred to their husbands. Herfather was more lenient than some during his daughter's seclusion, giving her such privileges as embroidery lessons and occasional appearances in public for special events. Herconcerns were not just in the area of the emancipation of women, but also the problems of her society. She saw that the struggle for women to obtain their freedom, autonomy and legal equality was just part of a wider movement. Herparents arranged her marriage to Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat, the Regency Chief of Rembang, who already had three wives. She was married on the 12 November 1903. This was against Herwishes, but she acquiesced to appease her ailing father. Her husband understood Heraims and allowed her to establish a school for women in the east porch of the Rembang Regency Office complex. Heronly son was born on September 13, 1904. A few days later on September 17, 1904, She died at the age of 25. She was buried in Bulu Village, Rembang. Inspired by Herexample, the Van Deventer family established the She Foundation which built schools for women, 'HerSchools' in Semarang in 1912, followed by other women's schools in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madiun, Cirebon and other areas. In 1964, President Sukarno declared Herbirth date, 21 April, as 'She Day' - an Indonesian national holiday. This decision has been criticised. It has been proposed that HerDay should be celebrated in conjunction with
Indonesian Mothers Day, on 22 December so that the choice of She as a national heroine would not overshadow other women who, unlike She, took up arms to oppose the colonisers. In contrast, those who recognise the significance of She argue that not only was she a feminist who elevated the status of women in Indonesia, she was also a nationalist figure, with new ideas who struggled on behalf of her people, including her in the national struggle for independence. He He was born on 11 November 1785 in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. When the sultan died in 1814, He was passed over for the succession to the throne in favor of his younger half brother who was supported by the Dutch. Being a devout Muslim, He was alarmed by the relaxing of religious observance at his half brother's court, as well as by the court's pro-Dutch policy. In 1821, famine and plague spread in Java. His half brother Hamengkubuwono IV (r. 1814-1821) who had succeeded their father died. He left only an infant son as heir, Hamengkubuwono V. When the year-old was appointed as new sultan, there was a dispute over his guardianship. He was again passed over, though he [2] believed he had been promised the right to succeed his half brother. This series of natural disaster and [3] political upheaval finally erupted into full scale rebellion. Rebellion against the Dutch Dutch colonial rule was becoming unpopular by the local farmers because of tax rises, crop failures and by Javanese nobles because the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease land. Because the local farmers and many nobles were ready to support He and because he believed that he had been chosen by divine powers to lead a rebellion against the Christian colonials, he started a holy war against the Dutch. Dipenogoro was widely believed to be the Ratu Adil, the Just Ruler predicted in the Pralembang [citation needed] Joyoboyo. The beginning of the war saw large losses on the side of the Dutch, due to their lack of coherent strategy and commitment in fighting His guerrilla warfare. Ambushes were set up, and food supplies were denied to the Dutch troops. The Dutch finally committed themselves to controlling the spreading rebellion by increasing the number of troops and sending General De Kock to stop the insurgencies. De Kock developed a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Heavily-fortified and well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks to limit the movement of His troops while mobile forces tried to find and fight the rebels. From 1829, He definitely lost the initiative and he was put in a defensive position. Many troops and leaders were defeated or deserted. Defeat and exile In 1830 His military was as good as beaten and negotiations were started. He demanded to have a free state under a sultan and he wanted to become the Muslim leader (kalief) for the whole of Java. In March 1830 he was invited to negotiate under a flag of truce. He accepted but was taken prisoner on 28 March despite the flag of truce. De Kock claims that he had warned several Javanese nobles to tell He he had to lessen his [4] previous demands or that he would be forced to take other measures. The Dutch exiled him to Makassar. 3. He (January 24, 1916 January 29, 1950) was the first military commander of Indonesian forces during the country's fight for independence from the Dutch in the 1940s. He was born in Bodas Karangjati village, Rembang, Purbalingga, Central Java, 24 January 1916. He studied at the Dutch Native School in Purwokerto, and then at a Muhammadiyah teacher training college in Surakarta. He worked as a teacher at the Muhammadiyah school in Cilacap. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia during World War II, He trained to become a battalion [1] commander in Peta, the "homeland defense" army promoted by the Japanese. When Japan surrendered and Sukarno proclaimed Indonesian independence, he organized his Peta battalion into a Banyumas-based regiment of the Republican army to resist Dutch reoccupation of its former colony. The first major battle that [2] he led was the Battle of Ambarawa against the British and the Dutch (NovemberDecember 1945). On 12
December he led a "coordinated attack" against British positions in Ambarawa, driving the British all the way [3] to Semarang. The battle ended on 16 December. On 12 November 1945 he was elected Commander-in-chief of the Army, a position he held until his death. During much of the next five years he was sick with tuberculosis, but led several guerrilla actions against the Dutch. He led the resistance to the Dutch attack on Yogyakarta, then the Republic of Indonesia's headquarters, in December 1948. Theodore Friend (2003) describes him as having "...a strangely blended samurai discipline, [1] Marxist disposition, and raw courage." He died in Magelang, 29 January 1950, at the age of 35 due to tuberculosis. He was buried in Heroes' Cemetery in Semaki, Yogyakarta. He received the title of National Hero of Indonesia as an Independence Defender Hero. He was the first and the youngest General in Indonesia. 4. He, child prodigy, was revered for his talent throughout the world even during his lifetime. Famous as the composer of "Fur Elise" and the Fifth and Ninth Symphonies, He is remembered as a man of great genius. But did you know he had a softer side? A side that often caused the man to fall hopelessly in love? A side that made him feel a friend's grief so deeply he could not speak? Did you know he composed entire symphonies "in his head," hearing the part for every instrument before he set the first note on paper? These are the lesser known facts about the well known musician. Born in 1770 in Bonn, Germany, He He was a precocious musician. His father was a rough man who determined to exploit the young boy's musical gifts and therefore forced the child to practice many hours each day. When the boy tired and made mistakes in his music, it is said that his father thrashed his head, "boxing" his ears as punishment for imperfection. Despite the harsh treatment, He loved music, and took lessons in violin, organ, and piano. Like Mozart, He began public performances at the age of six. He left school to tour full-time at the age of thirteen. When He was eighteen, his father died, leaving him the responsibility of providing for himself and two younger brothers. He accepted a position playing the viola in the orchestra to provide the household income. In 1792, Franz Joseph Haydn passed through Bonn and recognized the brilliant talent of young He, not only as a performer but as a composer. Haydn insisted that He accompany him to Vienna. In Vienna, He studied with Haydn. He, like many other young musicians there, lived in an upstairs attic; but he received - and, of course, accepted - many invitations to perform in the homes and palaces of the wealthy. He was able to earn his own support as well as send money home to his brothers. In his late twenties, He began to experience lapses in his hearing. As he sat at his piano, he heard the notes but then felt that they faded. He pounded out the notes all that much harder until the keyboard's action wore away and refused to sound again. There has always been the supposition that His hearing loss was the latent result of his father's abuse. The head thrashings were severe and could have indeed caused the development of a tumor that grew larger with the passing of time. Such an anomaly may have damaged His auditory nervous system. Even when deafness totally overtook the composer, He continued to write and remained dedicated to his music. He had always heard the various instrumental parts "in his head" before actually listening to them. Now he composed completely in his mind, unable to listen to the music in any other way. He continued to direct the orchestra, especially in debuts of his newly created symphonies. His deafness became such that the maestro could not hear the applause after such performances. He only knew that he had pleased the audience when he turned to face them and could see the clapping of their hands. He died at the age of 56. His music expressed his innermost feelings through the dynamics and movement of the pieces he composed. In fact, his attention to feeling in his music began a new "style" different in some ways from the very technical, almost mathematical, form of the Baroch period. His music was passionate and dramatic, leading into a more emotional period of music known as the Classical Era. He blended rich chords and tones, feelings, and emotion into the composition of his greatest pieces from love songs to symphonies.
The emotion came from deep within the man. He was almost always in love, proposing marriage a number of times. But He was uncouth, small, thin, and not very handsome. He also had a violent temperament that frightened the ladies. His advances in love often turned to disappointments. ut disappointment too became a compelling force in His music. On one occasion, He was quite miserable after his marriage proposal to Countess Giulietta had been turned down. He sat at his piano as moonlight beams trickled through the windows of his flat, unable to put his feelings of dejection into words. As happened so often, the music did it for him. It was that night that he composed the famous "Moonlight Sonata" for love of the countess. His gamut of emotions ran from the rough and unseemly to the empathetic. The story is told of a baroness who lost her children in a terrible tragedy. Her friends did their best to cheer her, but she did not respond. For days, she sat motionless, her eyes fixed on the floor. Although He was a close friend, he could not bring himself to visit her. He openly admitted that he was so overcome with the sense of her loss that he wished to grieve himself in private. Finally, He asked the baroness to come to his home. To the amazement of her friends, the Baroness accepted the great composer's invitation and was soon sitting in his study. He went to the piano and played for over an hour without stopping. He poured himself into piece after piece, pounding out the emotion that he felt in sympathy for his friend. For the first time since her loss, the Baroness allowed the tension to relax. She left the house without ever uttering a word. Recounting the experience years later, she said, "He told me everything with his music and at last brought me comfort."
5.
She was born August 26, 1910, in Skopje, Macedonia. Youngest of 2 sisters, 1 brother. Father: wealthy businessman. Raised Catholic. Well schooled. Childhood distinctions: pious, bookish. Never married. 1919 father Nikolai died, possibly murdered. 1922 active in church, first considered life as nun. 1925 read of Jesuit work in India. 1928 screened by Loreto teaching nuns in Ireland. 1929 arrived India. 1931 first vows, took name 'Teresa', began teaching girls at St. Mary's school in Calcutta. 1937 final vows, became Mother Superior of school. 1946 murderous riots in India, heard God 'call' her to help the poor. 1948 left cloister to work slums. 1949 became citizen of India. 1950 Vatican approved Missionaries of Charity order for Calcutta diocese. 1952 opened 'House of the Dying'. 1953 moved order into Motherhouse on Lower Circular Road. 1955 opened Children's Home. 1957 began mobile 'leprosariums'. 1960 order allowed to serve all of India, met Pope John XXIII in Rome. 1961 bought land for leper town. 1963 Missionary Brothers of Charity began. 1965 Vatican approved order for other countries, first house in Colombia. 1969 work filmed by Malcolm Muggeridge. 1970 Something Beautiful for God published by Muggeridge. 1973 Templeton Award. 1979 Nobel Prize for Peace. 1983 first of many health setbacks. 1996 relieved as Mother Superior. Died September 5, 1997.