Optim Raex Fenatran

Technical presentations today
Contents
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Contents of technical presentations

High strength Optim-steels and wear resistan Raex steels
Product properties and available dimensions Benefits for the user Bending and welding of Optim-steels Welding of Raex-steels
Application examples from different customer segments

Lifting equipment Waste collecting and handling, recycling Tipper bodies and other transportation equipment
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Optim High strength formable steels
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Hot-rolled plates, sheets and coils

1 300 1 100
Yield Strength (N/mm2) Hardness (HBW)
500 400
900
Optim QC Raex
300
700 500 300

Laser Optim QL Optim ML Optim MC
100 Formable Steels

High-Strength and Ultra High-Strength Steels Wear-resistant Steels
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Optim - Typical applications

Strip products Optim 500 - 700 MC Optim 700 MC Plus Strip products Optim 900 1100 QC Optim 960 QCW Plate products Optim 500 ML Optim 700 QL
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Optim
Strip products
Product range
Plate products Optim 500 ML Optim 700 QL
Optim 500 MC Optim 550 MCW Optim 650 MC Optim 700 MC Optim 700 MC Plus Optim 900 QC Optim 960 QC Optim 960 QCW Optim 1100 QC
MC ML QC
= thermomechanical rolled = thermomechanical rollled = direct quenched
QCW = direct quenched, weather resistant QL = quenched and tempered
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Characteristics of Optim steels

Optim steels are designed for customer applications utilizing high strength of the steel in order to increase pay-load and/or performance of the customers product. High strength is achieved by thermomechanical rolling or direct quenching, not by alloying. Processing of Optim steels is easy thanks to the good formability (bendability) and weldability.
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Optim steels
Dimensions and mechanical properties
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Dimensions, Cut lengths (Strip products)

Steel grade Optim 500 MC Optim 650 MC Optim 700 MC Optim 700 MC Plus Optim 900 QC Optim 960 QC/QCW *) Thickness [mm] 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 12.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 Max. width [mm] **) 1800 1640 1550 1550 1650 1650 Length [m] 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
*) Weather resistant version **) Exact max. width depends on the thickness
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Mechanical properties, Strip Products

Yield strength (N/mm2) 500 650 700 700 900 960 Tensile strength (N/mm2) 560 700 750 750 950 1000 690 860 930 930 A min. % 18 15 15 15 8 7 Impact strength 40 J / -20 oC 40 J / -20 oC 40 J / -20 oC 40 J / -60 oC 34 J / -40 oC 34 J / -40 oC
Steel grade Optim 500 MC Optim 650 MC Optim 700 MC Optim 700 MC Plus Optim 900 QC Optim 960 QC
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Properties and dimensions, Optim heavy plates

Yield strength (N/mm2) 500 690 Tensile strength (N/mm2) 570 - 720 770 940 A min. % 16 14 Impact strength 27 J / -50 oC 30 J / -40 oC
Steel grade Optim 500 ML Optim 700 QL
Steel grade Optim 500 ML Optim 700 QL
Thickness [mm] 8.0 6.0 60.0 40.0
Width [mm] 1900 - 3300 2000 3000
Length [m] 2.0 2.0 15.0 12.0
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Optim steels
Benefits for the user
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Benefits
Higher payload by lower own weight Lower fuel consumption Lower carbon footprint Higher reach Lower weld seam volumes, thanks to lower thicknesses
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Higher payload
Lower own weight of the wehicle offers an opportunity to increase payload As a rule of thumb, thickness of the structural material can be reduced according to the formula at right
Example: Original material: 10 mm, S355 New material: Optim 700 MC => t2 = 7.1 mm 30 % reduction in thickness! 1 2
t2 = t1 x
t2 = 10.0 x
355 700
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Weight saving potential

60 Weight saving (%) 50 40 30 20
Optim 500 MC Optim 960 QC Optim 700 MC Optim 1100 QC
10 0 0
S355
500
1000
1500
Yield strength (MPa)
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Lower fuel consumption

When the weight of a vehicle is low the fuel consumption is reduced As a rule of thumb 1 ton reduction in a 60 ton truck s own weight reduces fuel consumption by 1 % when driving empty Lower fuel consumption results in lower operating costs, increased competitiveness and lower CO2 emissions
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Higher reach
Skylifts are used for fire applications and maintenance of wind mills World s highest model today reaches 112 m, materials are Optim 650 MC and Optim 900 QC It has been possible to increase the horizontal reach of a fire application by 10 - 20 % by changing to Optim 960 QCW steel
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Lower thickness, smaller weld seam volume, lower fabrication cost

By changing to higher strength material it is possible to reduce material thickness
t = 10 mm
Reduction in thickness from 10 mm to 8 mm reduces weigth by 20 %. At the same time volume of weld seam is reduced by 36 % =>
Lower consumption of filler material and higher productivity
t = 8 mm
Processing of Optim steels
Bending
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Bending of steel
Bending is fast, easy and cost effective way to form steel.
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Material factors influencing bendability

Material factors Strength Steel cleanness Shape and location of impurities Rolling direction Dimensional accuracy Other factors Work piece surface quality Work piece edge preparation
g lin ol
n tio ec ir
Al2O3 (no Ca -treatment) Bending to small radius
CaAl (Ca -treatment)
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Work piece preparation for bending

Work piece preparation becomes more important factor when the strength level of the material is high:
Smooth cut faces are essential, scratches or grooves act as initiation points for cracks Surfaces must be free of scratches or grinding marks across the bending line
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Minimum bending radius

Minimum recommended bending radius is a way to describe the bendability of material. Ruukki offers tables where we recommend suitable tooling dimensions for particular plate thickness: Pay attention to the condition of machines and tools If possible, use bigger radius than the minimun guaranteed
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Minimum bending radii Strip products

Thickness, mm Steel grade Optim 500 MC Optim 650 MC Optim 700 MC Optim 700 MC Plus Optim 900 QC Optim 960 QC/QCW 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 3,5 (3,0) 9,0 10,5 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 (4.0) 12.0 14.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 (5.0) 15.0 17.5 6.0 4.5 8.0 8.0 6.0 18.0 22.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 14.0 8.0 24.0 28.0 10.0 10.0 14.0 16.0 10.0 -
Thicknesses in parenthesis are available as trial deliveries

Optim Bendability Heavy plates

Minimum permissible internal bending radius, mm
Steel grade Optim 500 ML Optim 700 QL 7- 8 9.5 24.0 8-10 12.0 30.0 10-12 14.5 36.0 12-14 17.0 42.0 14-16 19.0 48.0 16-18 21.5 54.0 18-20 24.0 60.0
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Processing of Optim steels
Welding
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Welding of Optim steels

Weldability of Optim steels is good thanks to the low amount of alloying elements All common welding methodes can be used Choosing of welding parametres has to be done carefully in order to get the best possible mechanical properties over the weld
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Optim Strip Products

Carbon equivalent, max
Weldability
0.50 0.45 Carbon equivalent 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 460 500 550 600 650 700 900 960 Yield strength class N/mm2 CEV, max / Optim 28 9.10.2011 www.ruukki.com Hannu Indrn CEV/EN 10149-2 CEV 0.41
Welding parametres
Heat input
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How to decide heat input

Cooling time t8/5
Example of heat cycle during welding t8/5 -cooling time shows how long it takes for temperature to change from 800C to 500C Most used term in welding metallurgy Helps welding engineer to decide correct welding parameters
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Cooling time t8/5 recommendations for Optim steels

Optim 700 MC
t8/5 = 5 20 seconds
Optim 700 MC Plus

t8/5 = 5 20 seconds
Optim 700 QL
t8/5 = 8 20 seconds
Optim 960 QC
t8/5 = 4 15 seconds
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Welding consumables
High strength (matching) filler materials need to be used if there is a requirement for high strength weld If weld is not exposed to high stresses it is always beneficial to use softer (undermatching) filler materials Recommendations for suitable filler materials can be found on Ruukki s data sheets
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Example
Strength cooling time
Optim 960 QC, welded joints with different t8/5 times, welding wire X96 1100
Measured strength 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 0 Rp 0.2% Linear (Rp 0.2%) 5 10 t8/5 -time Rm Linear (Rm) 15 20
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Elongation A5
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Welding of Optim-steels
Summary
When choosing the welding parameters pay attention to the designed stress level
Several welding wire distributors have suitable filler materials, some of them are listed on Ruukki s data sheets Welding parameters, especially arc energy, affect the mechanical properties of the HAZ For high strength material: Pay attention to the cleanness of welding grooves !
Minor discontinues may cause lifetime decrease because of higher stress level
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To summarize Optim-steels
Wide range of high strength steels
Yield strength range 500 1100 MPa
Wide dimensional range

Thin strip products and thick heavy plates are available, thicknesses from 2,5 mm upwards
Excellent workshop properties

Bendability and weldability
Availability guaranteed
Ruukki and PCP in co-operation
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Raex Wear resistant steels
Decreased wear and increased lifetime
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Hot-rolled plates, sheets and coils

1,300 1,100 900 700 500 300
Laser Optim QL Optim ML Optim MC Raex Optim QC Yield Strength (N/mm2) Hardness (HBW)
500 400 300
100 Formable Steels

High-Strength and Ultra High-Strength Steels Wear-resistant Steels
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Raex grades and typical applications

Raex 300 Delivered as strip products Concrete mixers, light tippers Raex 400 Delivered as strip products, heavy plates and tubes Tipper bodies, excavator buckets, agricultural machinery Raex 450 Delivered as strip products and heavy plate products Heavy duty tipper bodies Buckets Raex 500 Delivered as strip products and heavy plate products Crushers, excavator bucket lip blades
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Hardness of wear resistant steels

Due to the nature of manufacturing process the hardness of wear resistant steels varies in a certain range Hardness value presented in the product name, as for instance Raex 400, is an average value, not minimum
Hardness range
Example
Number of plates
20 mm Raex 400
This is the case with all wear resistant steels from all manufacturers
360 HBW
440 HBW
Raex steels, hardness values

Hardness values
Steel grade Raex 300 Raex 400 Raex 400 Raex 400 Raex 450 Raex 450 Raex 450 Raex 500 Raex 500 Thickness mm 2.5 -8.0 2.5 6.0 30.0 3.0 6.0 30.0 3.0 6.0 8.0 30.0 40.0 8.0 30.0 40.0 6.5 40.0 Hardness (HBW) 270 360 360 360 420 420 420 450 450 390 440 440 480 500 500 520 540 540 Product shape Cut lengths Cut lengths Heavy plates Heavy plates Cut lengths Heavy plates Heavy plates Cut lengths Heavy plates
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Raex steels, dimensional range

Thickness ranges
Steel grade Raex 300 Raex 400 Raex 450 Raex 500 Cut lengths (mm) 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 6.5 Heavy plate (mm) 6 6 6 40 40 40
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Raex steels, typical mechanical properties

Typical mechanical properties
Steel grade Yield strength MPa 900 1000 1200 1250 Tensile strength MPa 1000 1250 1450 1600 Elongation As % 11 10 8 8 Impact strength Charpy V 20 J -40C -40C -40C -30C
Raex 300 Raex 400 Raex 450 Raex 500
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Raex - relative lifetime

Example of abrasive wearing test results
5 4,5 4
Relative lifetime
3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
Raex 500 Raex 450 Raex 400 S 700 MC

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
S355
150
Hardness HBW
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Processing of Raex steels
Welding
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Welding of wear resistant Raex steels

Weldability is good. All common welding processes may be used. Special instructions for wear resistant steels must be followed. The choice of working temperature, consumables and welding energy must be done carefully.
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Wear resistant steels are alloyed, which means

That the strength and hardness level of the base material is high Hardenability of the material while thermal cutting or welding is increased compared to mild steels
Which affects
That the risk for cold cracking increases!
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Cold cracking (called also as delayed cracking, hydrogen cracking)

Cracks may appear some days after welding Most critical issue when welding wear resistant steels especially when plate thicknesses are high Susceptability for cold cracking must be taken in account when planning welding process of wear resistant steel
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Factors causing cold cracking

Caused by a combination of following factors:
Hydrogen content of the weld metal and HAZ Stress level of the welded structure Microstructure of HAZ
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Hydrogen content and stresses

Role of welding consumables
Hydrogen content of ferritic consumables must be low. Undermatching filler metals are preferred if the welded joints are not exposed to heavy loading. Correspondingly, the use of matching filler metals is necessary, if a welded joint is exposed to hard wear or the filler metal is required to have high strength. Alternatively, austenitic consumables may be used in joints where undermatching consumables are required. Austenitic consumables are not susceptible to coldcracking. Thus, usually, the welding can be carried out without preheating.
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Microstructure
Affect of arc energy
Too rapid cooling increases the hardening of HAZ and makes the material more susceptible to cold cracking. Too slow cooling decreases the hardness, strength and impact strength of the joint. Optimal properties in welded structures are reached when cooling time t8/5 is in range of 10 s 20 s For MAG welding of a 10 mm thick plate, the cooling time requirement corresponds to the arc energy range of 1.2 - 1.7 kJ/mm.
Recommended welding parameters for Raex steels, Heat input
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Working temperature
Increasing the working temperature slows the cooling of welded joints, which decreases the generation of a hard and brittle microstructure in the heat affected zone (HAZ) It is recommended to increase the working temperature of Raex 400, when the combined plate thickness exceeds about 40 mm. The respective thickness is about 30 mm for Raex 450 mm and 20 mm for Raex 500. Raex 300 does not usually require an elevated working temperature in a normal workshop environment.
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Raex
Practical tips for welding
Use non-alloyed, undermatching filler materials, when possible If a good wear resistance of weld is needed, capping runs can be welded with alloyed filler materials Elevated working temperature shall be used when hardness and/or plate thickness increases
Please, take a look on the tables on Ruukki s data sheet
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Raex
Practical tips for welding
Welding should be done continuously Excessive cooling of the welded plate should be avoided Mineral wool can be used to avoid excessive cooling Welding should be commenced in the middle of the plate Dry welding consumables may only be used
For more detailed info, please take a look on the brochure Welding and Thermal Cutting of Raex-steels at www.ruukki.com!
To summarize Raex-steels
Wide range of high strength steels
Hardness range 300 500 HBW
Wide dimensional range

Thin strip products and thick heavy plates, thicknesses from 2,0 mm upwards
Excellent durability under heavy abrasive conditions Availability guaranteed

Ruukki and PCP in co-operation
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Questions? Comments?
Muito Obrigado!
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Optim Raex Fenatran

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Technical presentations today

Contents of technical presentations

Application examples from different customer segments

Optim High strength formable steels

Hot-rolled plates, sheets and coils

700 500 300

100 Formable Steels

Optim - Typical applications

= thermomechanical rolled = thermomechanical rollled = direct quenched

QCW = direct quenched, weather resistant QL = quenched and tempered

Characteristics of Optim steels

Dimensions and mechanical properties

Dimensions, Cut lengths (Strip products)

Mechanical properties, Strip Products

Properties and dimensions, Optim heavy plates

Steel grade Optim 500 ML Optim 700 QL

Steel grade Optim 500 ML Optim 700 QL

Thickness [mm] 8.0 6.0 60.0 40.0

Width [mm] 1900 - 3300 2000 3000

Length [m] 2.0 2.0 15.0 12.0

Benefits for the user

Weight saving potential

Yield strength (MPa)

Lower fuel consumption

Lower thickness, smaller weld seam volume, lower fabrication cost

Processing of Optim steels

Bending is fast, easy and cost effective way to form steel.

Material factors influencing bendability

Al2O3 (no Ca -treatment) Bending to small radius

CaAl (Ca -treatment)

Work piece preparation for bending

Minimum bending radius

Minimum bending radii Strip products

Thicknesses in parenthesis are available as trial deliveries

Optim Bendability Heavy plates

Processing of Optim steels

Welding of Optim steels

Optim Strip Products

How to decide heat input

Cooling time t8/5 recommendations for Optim steels

Optim 700 MC Plus

Wide dimensional range

Excellent workshop properties

Raex Wear resistant steels

Decreased wear and increased lifetime

Hot-rolled plates, sheets and coils

500 400 300

100 Formable Steels

Raex grades and typical applications

Hardness of wear resistant steels

Raex steels, hardness values

Raex steels, dimensional range

Raex steels, typical mechanical properties

Raex 300 Raex 400 Raex 450 Raex 500

Raex - relative lifetime

3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1

Raex 500 Raex 450 Raex 400 S 700 MC

Processing of Raex steels

Welding of wear resistant Raex steels

Wear resistant steels are alloyed, which means

Cold cracking (called also as delayed cracking, hydrogen cracking)

Factors causing cold cracking