Module No 4 of Ae (Be - Mech Sem8)

2011-2012
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
MODULE NO 4 .ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | Mr.Vaibhav V Naik
Automobile Engineering
Module no 4. Electrical system
1) Battery
2) Electronic ignition system
3) Charging system
Dynamo
Alternator
4) Starting system
BATTERY
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Vaibhav Vithoba Naik
Q.1: - Describe the brief on the various types of the battery? Answer: BATTERY 1. Battery is one of the most important components of the entire electrical system of a vehicle. 2. The functions of a battery are a. To start the engine b. To act as a stabilizer c. To supply electrical energy to accessories .
TYPES OF BATTERY The types of battery are 1. Lead acid battery 2. Alkaline Battery a. Nickel iron type b. Nickel cadmium battery 3. Zinc-air battery
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Q.2: - Explain the construction and working of lead acid battery?
Answer: LEAD ACID BATTERY The most widely used battery is the lead acid type. Other than lead acid battery, alkaline battery and zinc air battery is also used. The electrical energy generated by the charging system is converted into chemical energy and this chemical energy is stored in the battery. During discharging, the stored chemical energy is conv erted into electrical energy. The major components of a battery are 1) Container 2) Plates 3) Separators 4) Cell Cover 5) Electrolyte
1) Containers a. It is constructed in single piece and made of acid resistant of hard rubber or plastic or bituminous composition. b. It is divided by partitions into compartment for individual cell. c. Ribs are there at the bottom of each compartment. The battery plates rest on these ribs d. The space between the rib are provided on collect sediments. This minimizes the danger of short circuit due to se diments.
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2) Grids and plates a. There are two types of battery plates, the positive and the negative. b. For each plate there is a supporting frame work or grid made of an alloy of lead and antimony.Maintenance-free batteries use about 0. 1% calcium instead of antimony. c. The function of grid is to hold the active materials and to carry current in the plates, which consists of horizontal & vertical ribs. d. The active materials in the positive plate grid are lead peroxide (PbO 2) and in negative spongy lead (Pb). e. A no of positive plates are lead burnt to a post strap to form a positive plate group, while the negative plate group contains one plate more than the positive group so that both sides of the positive plates can be utilized on which greater electron chemica l activity takes place.
3. Separators a. To avoid direct contact and thus short circuiting of positive and negative plates, thin sheets of some non -conducting materials are inserted between them. b. These sheets are called separators. c. These are made from treated wood, ebonite, sintered PVC. d. The materials of the separators must be sufficiently porous or perforate to allow diffusion of acid. e. 4. Cell cover a. Cell cover provides a ceiling for the cells. b. Each cell cover contains holes for the positive and negatives posts , a vent and filler openings. c. The vent allows the gases produced during battery charging to escape and are provided in the plugs to cover filler openings which are also used to check specific gravity of electrolyte. d. Cell covers are sealed in the containe r to form a leak proof joint.
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5. Electrolyte a. Electrolyte used in lead acid battery is a solution of sulphuric acid. b. It contains approximately one part of sulphuric ac id, 2 parts of water by volume. c. Specific gravity of the electrolyte is kept under consistent observation to have a proper watch over the state of the battery. Fully charged Discharged : : 1.290 1.200 1.110
Fully discharged :
d. Specific gravity also varies with temperature. As a rough guide, 18 points are added for every 25 excess of temperature above 15C.
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Q.3: - Write a note on Charging system Answer: A. CHARGING SYSTEM 1. Charging system is required to recharge the battery which is an important component of electrical system of an automobile. 2. Charging is required as the capacity of a battery to supply current is limited to the energy stored in it in the form of chemical energy. 3. Battery supplies the current to run the starting motor, various lights and horn, etc. 4. The charging system generates electricity to rech arge the battery and run other electrical components.
COMPONENTS OF A CHARGING SYSTEM
Charging system consists of :
1. Generator or Dynamo It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2. Regulator It controls the generator output according to the need. It controls the current or voltage.
3. Relay It is used to control the flow of current between generator and battery. It acts as circuit breaker.
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Battery Charging Procedure 1. Check the electrolyte level in the battery 2. Connect the positive and negative terminals to the respective terminal of the battery charger 3. Adjust the value of charging current 4. Keep a watch over the temperature of the electrolyte 5. Record the specific gravity and temperature hourly 6. In case several batteries have to be charged simultaneously, the same may be connected in series
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Q.4: List the type of charging method. Explain them?
Answer: CHARGING METHODS The charging methods are
A. Charging methods 1. Constant voltage charging 2. Constant current charging B. Types of Charging 1. Slow rate charging 2. Quick rate charging 3. Trickle charging 4. Dry Charging 1. Slow rate charging a. Ordinary batteries are charged by slow rate charging method. b. It takes 12 to 20 hours to complete and the charging current is equal to the number of positive plates per cell.
2. Quick rate charging a. In quick rate charging method, a high charging current (as high as 100A) is used till the battery comes to about 80% of charge level. b. The remaining charging process is finished by slow rate metho d.
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3. Trickle Charging a. As the batteries left in the storage for long periods of time are subjected to self discharge, continuous charging at very low charging rate of about 5% of normal charging current has been employed for keeping in proper condition. b. Trickle charging is normally done on day time only. 4. Dry Charging a. Dry Charged Batteries do not contain any electrolyte, but their plates are already charged. b. The vent holes are closed by plugs so that no moisture enters the battery. c. The electrolyte is supplied in separate acid proof cartons. d. When the battery has to be used, electrolyte is filled and allowed to stand for 1 to 2 hours.
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Q.5: - Write a note on Battery Capacity Answer: BATTERY CAPACITY 1) Battery capacity is a measure of the charg e stored by the battery, and is determined by the mass of active material contained in the battery. 2) The battery capacity represents the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from the battery under certain specified conditions. 3) The most common measure of battery capacity is Ampere Hours (Ah), defined as the number of hours for which a battery can provide a current equal to the discharge rate at the nominal voltage of the battery.
Q.6: - Write a note on Battery Ratings
BATTERY RATING a. Rating of a battery is determined by the current it can produce and the time for which it can sustain this current .
1) 20 Hour Rate It represents the rate of current a battery can deliver continuously for 20 hours after which the cell voltage should not drop below 1.75v
2) 20 Minute Rating It represents the rate of current a battery can deliver continuously for 20 minute after which the cell voltage not dropping below 1.5v 3) Reserve Capacity It is the time in minutes for which the battery can supply 25 Amperes at 25C without the cell voltage falling below 1.75v
4) Cold Rating It represents the current in amperes which battery can supply continuously for 30 seconds without the cell voltage dropping below 1.4v .
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Q.7: - Write a note on Battery efficiency?
Answer: -
BATTERY EFFICIENCY The efficiency of a battery can be calculated either as the ampere hour efficiency or the Watt hour efficiency.
Ah efficiency = (A h discharging/A h charging) x 100% % =[ Id Td/IcTc]100
AH
Id = Discharging Current Td =Discharging time Ic = Charging current Tc = Charging time
At the 20 hour rate the ampere hour efficiency can be about 90 percent. This efficiency figure is generally expressed as its reciprocal, called the charge factor. In this example the charge factor is about 1.1.
Watt Hour Efficiency=(Output in Watt hour/Input in Watt Hour)100%
WH
=[Vd Id Td/VcIcTc]100
Vd=Average discharging voltage Vc=Average charging voltage Also %

WH
AH
[Vd /Vc]
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Q.8: - Write a note on Alkaline Battery?
Answer: ALKALINE BATTERY Alkaline batteries are of two types, the Edison type or the nick el iron type and the nickel cadmium type. The construction of these is similar except for active materials. However, only the latter type is suitable for automobile service.
The basic construction of alkaline battery is similar to that of lead acid battery. In both the nickel -iron and nickel-cadmium type, the active material on positive plates is nickel hydroxide. On negative plates, it is metallic iron on nickel-iron cell and cadmium oxide on nickel -cadmium cell. The electrolyte used is potassium hydr oxide solution. The active material for positive as well as negative plates is contained in finely perforated steel tubes, which combine to form a plate. Due to this reason, even under severe jolts, no active material is lost from the plates and thus no se diment is produced.
The electrolyte does not take part in chemical reactions on charging or discharging, unlike in the lead acid batteries .Its specific gravity remains, therefore, constant at about 1.20. For this reason, smaller quantities of the electrolyte are required. However due to the same reason, there is no indication of state of charge of the battery.
ADVANATGES The advantages of the alkaline battery over the lead acid type are: 1) Alkaline battery is lighter than lead acid battery. 2) It is mechanically very strong & can stand very rough use. 3) The rate of charging can be much higher in case of alkaline battery.
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4) The discharge rate when left standing is very low as compared to Lead acid type, since the active materials are insoluble in the elect rolyte .Therefore the battery has got much longer shelf life. 5) Comparatively longer life (10 -15 years ) DISADVANTAGES The disadvantages of the alkaline battery are:
1) The voltage of each cell in the alkaline battery is only 1.2 as compared to 2 volts for a lead acid cell. For this reason for a 6 volt battery 5 cells will be required as against 3 cells of the lead acid type . 2) Due to relatively higher internal resistance, the efficiency of the alkaline battery is slightly lower than that of the lead accumulato r. 3) Initial cost is higher compared to the lead acid battery.
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IGNITION SYSTEM TYPES
Convectional Ignition systems 1) Basically Convectional Ignition systems are of 2 types :
A. Battery or Coil Ignition System, and
B. Magneto Ignition System.
2) Both these conventional, ignition systems work on mutual electromagnetic induction principle.
3) Battery ignition system was generally used in 4 -wheelers, but now-a-days it is more commonly used in 2 -wheelers also (i.e. Button start, 2 -wheelers like Pulsar, Kinetic Honda; Honda-Activa, Scooty, Fiero, etc.).
In this case 6 V or 12 V batteries will supply necessary current in the primary winding.
4) Magneto ignition system is mainly used in 2 -wheelers, kick start engines. (Example, Bajaj Scooters, Boxer, Victor, Splendor, Passion, etc.).
5) In this case magneto will produce and supply current to the primary winding. So in magneto ignition system magneto replaces the battery.
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A. BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM
1. Figure shows line diagram of battery ignition system for a 4 -cylinder petrol engine. 2. It mainly consists of a 6 or 12 volt battery, ammeter, ignition switch, Auto-transformer (step up transformer), contact breaker, capacitor, distributor rotor, distributor contact points, spark plugs, etc.
Figure: Battery Ignition Syste m
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3. The ignition system is divided into 2 -circuits :
Primary Circuit: a) It consists of 6 or 12 V battery, ammeter, ignition switch, primary winding it has 200-300 turns of 20 SWG (Sharp Wire Gauge) gauge wire, contact breaker, capacitor.
Secondary Circuit: a) It consists of secondary winding. Secondary winding consists of about 21000 turns of 40 (S WG) gauge wire. b) Bottom end of which is connected to bottom end of primary and top end of secondary winding is connected to centre of distributor rotor. c) Distributor rotors rotate and make contacts with contact points and are connected to spark plugs which are fitted in cylinder heads (engine earth).
Working: 1) When the ignition switch is closed and engine in cranked, as soon as the contact breaker closes, a low voltage current will flow through the primary winding. It is also to be noted that the contact beaker cam opens and closes the circuit 4-times (for 4 cylinders) in one revolution. 2) When the contact breaker opens the contact, the magnetic field begins to collapse. Because of this collapsing magnetic field, current will be ind uced in the secondary winding a nd because of more turns (@ 21000 turn s) of secondary, voltage goes up to 28000-30000 volts. 3) This high voltage current is brought to centre of the distributo r rotor. 4) Distributor rotor rotates and supplies this high voltage current to proper stark plug depending upon the engine firing order. 5) When the high voltage current jumps the spark plug gap, it produces the spark and the charge is ignited -combustion starts-products of combustion expand and produce power.
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B. MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM
1. Magneto is a generator which is driven by engine to produce electric current. The magneto ignition system has self substantial source of electric current hence do not require bat tery. 2. A magneto when rotate at high speed by the engine is capable of generating high voltage requires to produce the spark. 3. It consists of armature built up of laminated of soft iron plate and woun with insulated copper wire and a laminated soft iron poll attached to permanent magnet.
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4. Magneto system is of three types a. Rotating magneto type The armature is stationary and magnet rotates. b. Rotating armature type In this system armature rotates between the poles of magnet c. Polar type In this type both armature and magneto are stationary and the pole pieces rotate. 5. Rotating magneto type ignition system has the following main parts a. An electrical generator with permanent field magnets and rotating armature which produces alternating current. b. An induction coil with primary and secondary winding wound on armature. c. Contact breaker points to cut off the primary circuit and condenser. d. A distributor which distributes high tension current to spark plug.
Working of Magneto ignition system
1) The operation of the mag neto ignition system is same as battery ignition system 2) In this system as magnet revolves and rapid change of magnetic flux in coil takes place. 3) Magneto flux varies from a positive maximum to negative maximum and back again. 4) This rapid variation of magnet ic field induces a current in primary winding of the coil. 5) When contact breaker point are opened the magnetic flux collapses producing high voltage spark in spark plug. 6) The contact breaker points are opened and closed with the help of cam.
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DRAWBACKS (DIS ADVANTAGES) OF CONVENTIONAL IGNITION SYSTEMS Following are the drawbacks of conventional ignition systems:
1) Because of arcing, pitting of contact breaker point and which will lead to regular maintenance problems.
2) Poor starting: After few thousands of kilometers of running, the timing becomes inaccurate, which results into poor starting (Starting trouble).
3) At very high engine speed, performance is poor because of inertia effects of the moving parts in the system.
4) Sometimes it is not possible to pr oduce spark properly in fouled spark plugs.
In order to overcome these drawbacks Electronic Ignition system is used. ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM Following are the advantages of electronic ignition system :
1) Moving parts are absent -so no maintenance. 2) Contact breaker points are absent -so no arcing. 3) Spark plug life increases by 50% and they can be used for about 60000 km without any problem. 4) Better combustion in combustion chamber, about 90 -95% of air fuel mixture is burnt compared with 70-75% with conventional ignition system. 5) More power output. 6) More fuel efficiency.
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TYPES OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM
Electronic Ignition System is as follow :
1) Capacitance Discharge Ignition system
2) Transistorized system
3) Piezo-electric Ignition system
4) The Texaco Ignition system
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A. Capacitance Discharge Ignition System (CDI)
1) It mainly consists of a) 6-12 V battery, ignition switch b) DC to DC convertor c) Charging resistance d) Tank capacitor e) Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) f) SCR-triggering device g) Step up transformer h) Spark plugs.
Figure: Capacity Discharge Ignition System
2) A 6-12 volt battery is connected to DC to DC converter i.e. power circuit through the ignition switch, which is designed to give or increase the voltage to 250-350 volts. 3) This high voltage is used to charge the tank capacitor (or condenser) to this voltage through the charging resistance.
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4) The charging resistance is also so designed that it controls the required current in the SCR. 5) The condenser is discharg e when SCR triggering device sends a pulse and high voltage spark is produced in the spark plug. 6) Depending upon the engine firing order, whenever the SCR triggering device, sends a pulse, then the current flowing through t he primary winding is stopped. and the magnetic field begins to collapse. 7) This collapsing magnetic field will induce or step up high voltage current in the secondary, which while jumping the spark plug gap produces the spark, and the charge of air fuel mixture is ignited.
Advantage of CDI system 1. It avoids the contact breaker point and its maintenance. 2. Better cold starting. 3. Performance increases with the speed. 4. It provides the constant voltage across the spark plug. 5. Secondary voltage remains constant with the speed of engine. 6. Eliminates the chance of misfiring.
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B. Transistorized assisted contact (TAC system)
Figure: Transistorized Assisted Contact (TAC system)
1. The connected points are connected to base of transistor, which is further connected to the primary winding of igni tion coil through the ballast resistor. 2. The collector of transistor is connected to the battery. 3. When contact breaker point opens, the base circuit is distributed and current in the primary current decays causing the normal induction, which produces spark in the spark plug.
Advantages 1. The low breaker-current ensures longer life. 2. The smaller gap and lighter point assembly increase dwell time minimize contact bouncing and improve repeatability of secondary voltage. 3. The low primary inductance reduces primary inductance reduces primary current drop-off at high speeds.
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Disadvantages 1. As in the conventional system, mechanical breaker points are necessary for timing the spark. 2. The cost of the ignition system is increased. 3. The voltage rise-time at the spark plug is about the same as before.
C. Piezo-electric Ignition System 1) The development of synthetic piezo -electric materials producing about 22 kV by mechanical loading of a small crystal resulted in some ignition systems for single cylinder engines. 2) But due to difficulties of high mechanical loading need of the order of 500 kg timely control and ability to produce sufficient voltage, these systems have not been able to come up.
D. The Texaco Ignition System 1) Due to the increased emphasis on exhaust emission control, the re has been a sudden interest in exhaust gas recirculation systems and lean fuel-air mixtures. 2) To avoid the problems of burning of lean mixtures, the Texaco Ignition system has been developed. 3) It provides a spark of controlled duration which means that th e spark duration in crank angle degrees can be made constant at all engine speeds. 4) It is a AC system. This system consists of three basic units, a power unit, a control unit and a distributor sensor. 5) This system can give stable ignition up to A/F ratios as high as 24 : 1.
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CHARGING SYSTEM
Q.1: - Explain the principle of operation of Dynamo? Ans: -DYNAMO 1. A dynamo is a machine used to convert mechanical used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. 2. When it is driven by the engine it produces electricity for running all the electrical circuits of the automobile and keeps the battery in charged condition. 3. This is the function of dynamo.
Principle of Dynamo
When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, current is produced in it. The direction of current is determined by Fleming s right hand rule. Flemings Right Hand Rule If thumb, fore finger and middle finger of right hand are stretched so that they are mutually perpendicular to each other, if the fore finger indicates the direction of magnet ic field and the thumb shows the direction of motion of the conductor, then middle finger will indicat e the direction induced current. This is called Fleming s right hand rule. A magnetic field acts between north and south poles of magnets. There are lines of forces between two poles. When the conductor moves such that lines of force are cut, current is induced in the conductor. This current can be used to run any electrical components, e.g. lights and charging system, etc. The current induced in the condu ctor depends upon a. The rate at which force lines are cut and b. Strength of magnetic field, etc.
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2. Explain construction and working of Dynamo? Ans:-DYNAMO Construction of Dynamo 1. Dynamo consists of a round oute r casing with two stationary electromagnets knows as field magnets , opposite to each other. 2. Between the magnets, armature is placed generally consisting 28 separate coils of wire. 3. The ends of each coil are joined to copper segments that make up commutator. 4. The armature is mounted on bearing and is driven by fan belt. 5. In contact with commutator is stationary carbon bushes are used.
Working of Dynamo 1. When small amount of current is passed through the stationary filed windings, the magnetic field is induced. 2. As armature revolved induced ma gnetic field, current is generated in the armature winding. 3. This DC current leaves the winding through the commutator and the carbon brushes in contact with it. 4. One brush receives positive charge and other negative charge. 5. The amount of the current generated depends on speed at which the armature is turning and strength of field magnets. 6. When Dynamo is charging low voltage battery or when head light and other high current consuming components, it can take more than half of HP.
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Q.3: - Explain the principle of operation of Alternator? Ans: - ALTERNATOR OR AC GENERATOR FUNCTION An alternator generates alternating current (AC) unlike a dynamo which generates direct current (DC). Modern automobiles which require more electric loads are fitted with alternators instead of dynamos. These vehic les require more electrical power because they have power steering, power windows, electrical system for automobile transmission, etc. A rectifier is required to convert AC to DC as all electrical equipments use DC. PRINCIPLE The principle of working of al ternator differs from that of dynamo in the manner in which the conductor and magnetic field move relative to each other. In an alternator the conductor remains stationary but the magnetic field is rotated. However, conductor rotates and magnetic field rem ains stationary in case of a dynamo. In an alternator, a rotating bar magnet produces magnetic field which is cut by a stationary conductor.
Figure shows the working principle of an alternator. The north pole of rotating magnet is shown at top and south pole at the bottom in Figure (a). If this magnet is rotated by half revolution such that north pole comes down and south pole takes upper position. During this the current in the upper leg of conductor flow s in one direction.
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Figure (b) shows the north pole of magnet at bottom and south pole at top. When the magnet is now rotated by another half revolution, the direction of current in the wire is reversed. Therefore, with the revolution of magnet, the current reverses its direction after each half revolution. Thus, an alternating current flows. This is the principle of working of an alternator.
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Q.4: - What are the components of Alternator? Ans: -COMPONENTS OF ALTERNATORS Alternator consist of the following 1. Frame : a. The frame of housing is made up of cast aluminum in two pieces which encloses the completely assembly of alternator. b. The front part of know as drive end has ball bearing and back part is known as end frame has roller bearing.
2. Rotor : a. Magnetized Rotor turns inside the stator. It is also called Armature. b. It is mounted on the bearing and placed inside the stator. c. The main parts of rotor are Rotor coil, interlocking finger and slip rings. d. The rotor contains an iron core around the rotor shfat.Many turns of the copper wire coated with varnish are wound over the core. e. Their ends of the wire are connected to two separate slip rings. f. The current drawn the battery passes through the slip rings to the coil and in turn into magnet. g. One of the ends becomes North Pole and other end becomes South Pole.
3. Stator : a. Stator is internally slotted, laminated iron core. b. Three set of windings are usually wound around the stator core. c. Each winding has one of its end connected to the common y junction. d. Positive diode rectifier a nd negative diode rectifier is connected to each of its end converts AC current to DC current.
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4. Rectifier a. It converts AC into DC. b. Alternator changes circuit six silicon diode rectifiers are used to change AC current to DC. c. An insulated die cast aluminum h older known as heat sink is connected to three positive polarities. d. The positive rectifiers are joined to the battery terminals of the generator.
5. Brushes It is used to make contact with slip rings.
6. Pulley Wheel It is driven by fan belt to drive rotor.
7. Outer Case It is protective covering in which all the component are housed.
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Q.5: - Explain the working principle & construction of the alternator. Explain rectification? Ans: -COMPONENTS OF ALTERNATOR 1. An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. 2. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field but linear alternators are occasionally used. 3. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small machines driven by automotive and other rotating internal
combustion engines. 4. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo- alternators.
WORKING PRINCIPLE-
1. Alternators generate electricity by the same principle as DC generators, namely, when the magnetic field around a
conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor. Typically, a rotating magnet called the rotor turns within a stationary 2. Set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF, as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn. 3. The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often there are three sets of stator windings,
physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces three phase currents, displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.
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4. The rotor magnetic field may be produced by induction (in a "brushless" alternator), by permanent magnets (in very
small machines), or by a rotor winding energized with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The rotor magnetic field may even be provided by stationary field winding, with moving poles in the rotor. Automotive alternators invariably use a rotor winding, which allows control of the alternator generated
voltage by varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, owing to the cost of the magnet material. Sincethe permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger machines than those used in automotive applications. 5. According to the construction of rotor alternators are classified into two types. 1) Salient pole alternator 2) Cylindrical pole alternator(Non salient pole alternator)
Construction of stator: 1. A stator for a dynamoelectric machine, comprising: a stator core having a generally cylindrical shape, the stator core having a plurality of circumferentially spaced slots, a stator winding including a plurality of conductors, each conductor having a plurality of straight segments interconnecting a plurality of end loop segments 2. The plurality of conductors organized into at least a first filar and a second filer, the plurality of conductors organized into multiple phases defined by a circumferential pitch, each phase having a conductor in the first filar and a conductor in the second filar; the plurality of conductors organized into layers
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RECTIFICATION-
1. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current ( DC), a process known as rectification. 2. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. 3. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. 4. A device which performs the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter. 5. When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. 6. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper(I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
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Q.6: - Short notes on Alternators? Ans: -ALTERNATORS 1. In Alternators, alternator has stationary soft iron ring known as stator and armature or rotor is mounted on bearing inside the stator, driven by fan belt. 2. The armature contains one winding of coil having its ends connected to the slip ring. 3. The current is fed to slip ring through stationary carbon brush a nd when current flows through the armature coil it get magnetized forming one north pole and other south through the armature coil it get magnetized forming one north poles and other south poles. 4. Its turning magnet generates current in alternators stationa ry winding. As armature or rotor rotates the current produced is alternating current . 5. Alternator consist of the following A. Stator a. Stator consists of laminated soft iron core on which windings are wound. b. A positive diode rectifier and negative diode rectifie r is connected to each of its ends to convert AC to DC.
B. Rotor a. Magnetized Rotor turns inside the stator. b. The main parts of rotor are Rotor coil, interlocking finger and slip rings. C. Rectifier converts AC into DC a. Alternator changes circuit six silicon diod e rectifiers are used to change AC current to DC. b. An insulated die cast aluminum holder known as heat sink is connected to three positive polarities. c. The positive rectifier are joined to the battery terminals of the generator.
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D. Brushes b. It is used to make contact with slip rings.
E. Pulley wheel a. It is driven by fan belt to drive rotor.
F. Outer case a. It is protective covering in which all the component are housed.
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Q.7: - Short notes on CUT OUT?
Ans: -CUT OUT CUT OUT is an automatic s witch connected between the generator and battery.
Function a. It ensures the correct coupling of battery and generator. b. It connects the battery only when the generator speed is such that its voltage is more than that of battery and is capable of charging the battery, otherwise it will open and disconnect the two units when generator voltage falls below than that of battery.
Construction 1. It consists of a pair of contact held by spring and can be closed magnetically. 2. The contact should open when engine is stationary or running slowly. 3. It consist of two windings namely a. Shunt winding of many turns of fine wire. b. Series winding of comparatively few turns of speaker wire.
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4. Shunt winding is connected across generator terminal and se ries winding is connected to battery terminal. 5. Shunt winding controls the generator emf and battery circuit. The increases of generator speed increases the flow of current through the shunt winding and at a particular moment, the contact point close. 6. As the generator speed decreases its output falls down to a value lesser than battery voltage. 7. A reverse flow current from the battery to shunt winding weakens the magnetic field and contact points opens to stop the flow of reverse current.
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Q.7: - Compare or Difference between the Alternator and dynamo?
Answer: -
No Alternator
DC generator /Dynamo
Develops AC current
Develops DC current
Produces enough current during idling speed of the engine.
It produces very little charge during idling..
Simple and robust in construction.
It is not very robust.
High output weight ratio.
Low output weight ratio.
Run upto a very high speed (20,000 rpm)
Run upto 9000 rpm only
Less maintenance
Frequent maintenance
The alternator charges the battery The generator does not change at low engine speed. the battery at low idle speeds.
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Q.8: - Explain with the neat sketch of bendix drive? Ans: -BENDIX DRIVE 1) Bendix drive is starting system deals with starting the engine by cranking and disconnect the system when engine starts idling. Bendix drive is used to engage and disengage the starting motors with engine flywheel. 2) Now when the engine has started it is necessary to disconnect the motors otherwise engine will rotate with very high speeds. Drive head is usually keyed to the end of armature shaft.
3) When current is passed to the motor, armature starts rotating with full speed. This turning effect is transmitted through the head and spring to threaded sleeve. 4) Pinions turns slowly till engaged flywheel. When the pinion strikes the collar, it starts rotating with same speed of armature shaft. When engine starts running starting motor disengages.
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STARTING SYSTEM Q.1: - Write a note on Starting system? Ans: -STARTING SYSTEM The starting system of an automobile is used to start the internal combustion engine. Both SI and CI engines cannot start by itself. These engines need to be cranked by a starting motor. This motor is also called a starter or cranking motor. Cranking of any engine means rotating its crank shaft. Rotation of crank shaft causes the piston to reciprocate. When piston reciprocates, suction, compression, expansion and exhaust strokes of engine are completed. Thus, engine completes its working cycle and it starts running. Starting motor produces necessary torque to rotate the engine wheel (crank shaft)through a suitable gear (one pinion on motor and other ring gear around engine wheel).
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1) Starting system is the heart of electrical system in automobile s. It consists of battery, starter motor, solenoid, neutral safety switch and ignition switch. 2) When the key is inserted to ignition switch and turned to start position ,a small amount of current is passes through the neutral safety switch to starter relay or started solenoid. 3) Starter solenoid allows high currents to flow through the battery cables to the starter motor. 4) The starter motor then cranks the engine so that the piston moving downward can create a suction that draws air fuel mixture into the cylinder. By creating spark by ignition system, mixture is ignited. 5) If the compression in engine is high enough and all th is happens at the right time, the engine will start. COMPONENTS OF STARTING SYSTEM Starting system consist of the following components. 1. Staring system : Staring motor to produce the rotation of crankshaft.
2. Drive mechanism: Drive mechanism to transfer rot ary motion of starter to the crank shaft of the engine.
3. Ignition switch: The ignitions switch to start the motor.
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Module No 04
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Module No 4 of Ae (Be - Mech Sem8)

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2011-2012

MODULE NO 4 .ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | Mr.Vaibhav V Naik

Module no 4. Electrical system

2) Electronic ignition system

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Q.2: - Explain the construction and working of lead acid battery?

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

COMPONENTS OF A CHARGING SYSTEM

Charging system consists of :

1. Generator or Dynamo It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Q.4: List the type of charging method. Explain them?

Answer: CHARGING METHODS The charging methods are

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Q.6: - Write a note on Battery Ratings

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Q.7: - Write a note on Battery efficiency?

Ah efficiency = (A h discharging/A h charging) x 100% % =[ Id Td/IcTc]100

Id = Discharging Current Td =Discharging time Ic = Charging current Tc = Charging time

Watt Hour Efficiency=(Output in Watt hour/Input in Watt Hour)100%

Vd=Average discharging voltage Vc=Average charging voltage Also %

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Q.8: - Write a note on Alkaline Battery?

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

IGNITION SYSTEM TYPES

Convectional Ignition systems 1) Basically Convectional Ignition systems are of 2 types :

A. Battery or Coil Ignition System, and

B. Magneto Ignition System.

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A. BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM

Figure: Battery Ignition Syste m

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3. The ignition system is divided into 2 -circuits :

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B. MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM

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Working of Magneto ignition system

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4) Sometimes it is not possible to pr oduce spark properly in fouled spark plugs.

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TYPES OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM

Electronic Ignition System is as follow :

1) Capacitance Discharge Ignition system

3) Piezo-electric Ignition system

4) The Texaco Ignition system

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

A. Capacitance Discharge Ignition System (CDI)

Figure: Capacity Discharge Ignition System

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

B. Transistorized assisted contact (TAC system)

Figure: Transistorized Assisted Contact (TAC system)

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik

Vaibhav Vithoba Naik