Introduction To Blue Tooth Wireless Technology

Introduction to Bluetooth Wireless Technology
Jon Inouye
Staff Software Engineer Mobile Platforms Group Intel Corporation
Bluetooth is aatrademark owned by Bluetooth SIG Inc. USA Bluetooth is trademark owned by Bluetooth SIG Inc. USA IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001
Radio Technology
l
Cellular
Licensed spectrum Voice driven Data services emerging E.g., 3G, GPRS, WAP*
WWAN Km WLAN 100 m text
text
Wireless LAN
Proliferation occurring E.g., IEEE 802.11b
WPAN 10 m
Wireless PAN
Relative newcomer E.g., Bluetooth*, 802.15
*Third-party marks and brands are the property of their respective owners.
IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001
WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?
Applications
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM
Data
Audio
L2CAP Link Manager
Baseband RF
l l
a hardware description an application framework

Co ntro l
OUTLINE
l Radio l Baseband
l Connection Management l Channel Operation l Piconet Management
l Software Stack l Profiles
RADIO
RADIO PARAMETERS (1)

l Frequency hopping
l ISM band at 2.45 GHz l 2402 + k MHz, k = 0, , 78 l device-specific hopping sequence l nominal rate 1600 hops/s
l Modulation
l binary FSK l Gaussian shaping l BT = 0.5; 0.28 < h < 0.35 l -20dB bandwidth of 1 MHz
RADIO PARAMETERS (2)

l Transmit power
l nominal 0 dBm l up to 20 dBm provided power control
l Receiver sensitivity
l -70 dBm @ 0.1% BER
BASEBAND OPERATIONS
DISCOVERY AND CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
INQUIRY
l Radio wanting to discover other radios
l Repetitively probe first set of 16 frequencies l Probes two frequencies every 625 microseconds l Repeat at least 256 times l Repetitively probe second set of 16 frequencies l Repeat entire cycle at least two times
l Radio wanting to be discovered

l Listen to one of 32 frequencies for at least 11.25 ms l Sleep no longer than 2.56 seconds l Wake up and listen to another frequency l Repeat cycle
INQUIRY OPERATION
10
CREATING A PICONET
page
B
11
CREATING A PICONET
master A
connected
slave B
12
CREATING A PICONET
slave C slave D
master A
slave B
13
OPERATIONAL STATES
master active slave parked slave standby

14
ADDRESSING
l Bluetooth Device Address (BD_ADDR)
l 48-bit IEEE 802 address l 24-bit lower address part (LAP) l 8-bit upper address part (UAP)
l Active Member Address (AM_ADDR)

l 3-bit active slave address l all-zero broadcast address
l Parked Member Address (PM_ADDR)

l 8-bit parked slave address
15
BASEBAND OPERATIONS
PICONET CHANNEL
16
FH/TDD CHANNEL
f(2k) master t f(2k+1) f(2k+2)
slave t 625 s
17
FREQUENCY HOPPING
freq 2.402 2.480
master slave
time
18
PHYSICAL CHANNEL
l master BD_ADDR hop sequence l master CLOCK phase
slave 2 slave 1 master
slave 3
slave 4
19
HOP SELECTION
NATIVE CLK
phase sequence
HOP
offset
MASTER BD_ADDR
20
PACKET FORMAT
72b
54b
0-2745b
access code packet header
payload
21
ACCESS CODE
34 24 6
PRT
LAP
BRK
64
PREAMBLE
LSB
SYNC WORD
TRAILER
MSB
22
ACCESS CODE TYPES

l Device l
access code (DAC)
unit identifier l derived from unit LAP

l Channel l
access code (CAC)
channel identifier l derived from master LAP

l Inquiry l
access code (IAC)
reserved identifier l derived from reserved address

23
PACKET HEADER
3 4 1 1 1 8
AM_ADDR
TYPE
FLOW
ARQN
SEQN
HEC
parameter AM_ADDR TYPE FLOW ARQN SEQN HEC
information
slave active member address payload type LC flow control ACK/NAK retransmit ordering header error check
24
PHYSICAL LINK DEFINITION
Purpose: Mixing:
MULTI-MEDIA SUPPORT l circuit switching l packet switching
25
PHYSICAL LINK TYPES

l Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link
l circuit switching l symmetric, synchronous services l slot reservation at fixed intervals
l Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link

l packet switching l (a)symmetric, asynchronous services l polling access scheme
26
MIXED LINK EXAMPLE

SCO ACL SCO ACL ACL SCO SCO ACL
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
SLAVE 3
27
PACKET TYPES
segment type 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 SCO link ACL link NULL POLL FHS DM1 HV1 HV2 HV3 DV AUX1 DM3 DH3 NULL POLL FHS DM1 DH1 1
DM5 DH5
28
MULTI-SLOT PACKETS
625 s f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5)
f(k)
f(k+3)
f(k+4)
f(k+5)
f(k)
f(k+5)
29
DATA RATES (kb/s)

type
DM1 DH1 DM3 DH3 DM5 DH5
symmetric
108.8 172.8 258.1 390.4 286.7 433.9
asymmetric
108.8 172.8 387.2 585.6 477.8 723.2 108.8 172.8 54.4 86.4 36.3 57.6
30
LINK CONTROL PACKETS

l ID packet l NULL packet l POLL packet l FHS packet
31
FHS PACKET
l BD_ADDR l DAC l AM_ADDR l class of device l paging class l real-time clock
32
ERROR CORRECTION
l Forward-Error Correction (FEC)
l 1/3 rate: bit-repeat code l 2/3 rate: (15,10) shortened Hamming code
l Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ)

l 1-bit fast ACK/NAK l 1-bit sequence number l header piggy-backing
33
ARQ OPERATION
A B B X C
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
NAK
ACK
34
CVSD WAVEFORM CODING
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 . . . . . . .
35
BASEBAND OPERATIONS
PICONET MANAGEMENT
36
OPERATIONAL STATES
l l l
stand-by, scan page, inquiry connection

active l hold l sniff l park
l
37
SIMPLIFIED STATE MACHINE

Unconnected Standby
Standby
l l l l l
Standby
Waiting to join a piconet
Inquire
Discover radios
Connecting States
De tac h
Inquiry
Page
Page
Connect to a specific radio
Active States
Transmit data AMA
Ttypical=10.25s
Connected AMA
Ttypical=0.6s
Connected
Active on a piconet
Ttypical=2 ms Ttypical=2 ms
Park/Hold/Sniff
Low Power connected states
Low Power States
Releases AMA Address
PARK PMA
SNIFF
HOLD AMA
38
HOLD MODE
ACL ACL ACL ACL ACL ACL ACL
MASTER
LOST
SLAVE 1
HOLD INTERVAL
SLAVE 2
39
SNIFF MODE
ACL ACL ACL
MASTER
LOST
SLAVE 1
SNIFF INTERVAL
SLAVE 2
40
PARK MODE
active slave
master
parked slaves
l BEACON l PM_ADDR
41
PARK MODE
PARK INTERVAL
BC ACL ACL BC
MASTER
SLAVE X
SLAVE 2
SLAVE Y
42
SCATTERNET
slave 3 slave 1 slave 6
master A
slave 4 / master B
slave 5 slave 2
43
BASEBAND OPERATIONS
SECURITY
44
SECURITY COMPONENTS
l l l
Authentication Payload encryption Key handling
45
AUTHENTICATION
l l l
To verify claimed identity Challenge-response system Algorithm E1:

l Input: RAND (128 bit), Claimant addr. (48 bit), link key (128) SRES (32 bit), ACO (96 bit) l Output:
One-sided or mutual authentication

ACO = Authenticated Ciphering Offset
46
ENCRYPTION
l l l
To prevent (un)intentional eavesdropping Stream ciphering Algorithm E0:

l Input: RAND (128 bit), master addr./clock, Kc (128 bit) l Output: cipher stream
l l l
LFSR restart for every slot Encryption of payload only Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
47
KEY TYPES
Link keys Link keys Encryption key Encryption key Semi-permanent Semi-permanent
Temporary Temporary
Master Master Key Key
Unit Unit Key Key
Combination Combination Key Key
Initialization Initialization Key Key
48
RADIO/BB SUMMARY
l Frequency hopping radio at 2.4 GHz l Intrinsic support for voice and data l Maximum 723 Kbps MAC throughput l Low power modes l Point-to-multipoint configuration l Support of basic security mechanisms
49
SOFTWARE STACK
50
Outline
l l l l
Software scope and goals Protocol Review Profile Review Summary
51
Software Architecture
Applications
TCS SDP RFCOMM
Data
L2CAP
Audio
Co ntro l
Cover This
Link Manager
LMP LMP
Baseband RF
52
Software Architecture Goals

l l l
Support the target usage models Support a variety of hardware platforms Protocol reuse
Avoid duplicating existing technology Promote better harmonization across technologies
Good out of box user experience

Interoperability
53
Outline
l l l l
Software goals Protocol Review Profile Review Summary
54
Bluetooth Protocol Stack

WAE Still Image WAP* HID Service Discovery vCard/vCal* OBEX* TCP/UDP IP Printing Audio
RFCOMM TCS
L2CAP Host Controller Interface

*Third-party marks and brands are the property of their respective owners. IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001
55
HCI
l
Bluetooth Host Host Drives and Applications
Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides a common interface between the Bluetooth Host and the Bluetooth Module HCI
Bluetooth HCI driver

Bluetooth HCI Transport driver
(USB*, PC Card*, PCI*)
Transport Bus
HCI Transport Firmware
Bluetooth Host Controller Link Manager Bluetooth Baseband

Bluetooth Radio Bluetooth Module
56
Link Layer Control and Adaptation Protocol

l l l
Also known as L2CAP Basic data link layer protocol over Baseband Support for:
Protocol Multiplexing Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Quality of Service Groups
57
L2CAP Architecture
l
Connection-oriented
Channel identifier (CID) used to label each connection endpoint Channels may be uni-directional or bi-directional QoS flow specification assigned to each channel direction
Connectionless
Supports group abstraction
58
L2CAP Channels
Connection-Oriented Data Channel Connectionless Data Channel L2CAP Signalling Channel
CID
CID
L2CAP
CID
CID
L2CAP
L2CAP
L2CAP
CID
CID
Device #1
CID
Device #2
CID
L2CAP
CID
Device #3
Device #4
59
Service Discovery Protocol

l
Bluetooth SDP enables Bluetooth devices to discover the characteristics and capabilities of other Bluetooth devices within RF proximity Within Bluetooth SDP, a service is:
any information, resource, or facility that is provided by (or through) one Bluetooth device that is advertised as available to nearby Bluetooth devices
Bluetooth SDP does not provide a general purpose service access/usage mechanism; SDP only enables discovery of services
60
Service Discovery
l
Two parts
Service record format Information about service provided by attributes Attributes composed of an ID and a value Ids may be universally unique identifiers (UUID) Session protocol for enabling discovery Searching for and browsing services
61
Typical SDP Client/Server Interactions

Client
ServiceSearchRequest(SearchPattern) ServiceSearchResponse(ServiceRecordHandleList)
Server
ServiceAttributeRequest(ServiceRecordHandle, AttributeIDList) ServiceAttributeResponse(AttributeList)
62
SDP Scope
l
Many Service Discovery Protocols

Service Location Protocol (SLP), Jini*, Universal Plug and Play (UPnP*), etc.
l l l
Bluetooth SDP focuses on service discovery within Bluetooth environment SDP does not compete with other technologies. SDP compliments them by enabling their use in Bluetooth environments
63
RFCOMM
l
Supports a large base of legacy applications using the serial port as the primary communications mechanism. Reuse GSM TS 07.10 as an existing standard for multiplexing a single physical channel and V.24 emulation. Designed to allow multiple ports over a single physical channel between a PC and a GSM handset
64
TCS Protocol
l Telephony
Control Protocol Specification
Group management Call Control Gateway may serve more Call setup and release cordless devices Symmetrical derivative of Distributes group information Q.931
65
TCS Impact
l
Cordless Telephony Example

Phone moves into range of voice access point and establishes link Phone link placed into a low power state Incoming call is broadcast to all phones On answer, a voice (SCO) link is setup
Intercom
Supports direct phone-to-phone communication
66
Reuse and Recycle

l
Desire to reuse IrDA* applications on mobile phones and PCs

Decision to merge with IrDAs OBEX (Object Exchange) protocol on top of RFCOMM or TCP. Enables harmonized API across PAN technologies
Interaction with applications on phones

Handset manufacturers have agreed on an application framework called WAP*. Bluetooth is treated as a WAP bearer in a manner similar to GSM. Reuse browser interface on mobile phone.
67
Outline
l l l l
Software goals Protocol Review Profile Review Summary
68
Interoperability and Profiles

l
Protocols define the communication language spoken between devices How do you avoid the Tower of Babel problem? Solution: Mandate the language spoken for a given usage model
69
Profiles
l l l l
Represents the default solution for a specific usage model Vertical slice through the protocol stack Basis for interoperability and logo requirements Each Bluetooth device supports one or more profiles
70
Protocols and Profiles

Applications
Protocols
Relationship between Protocols and Profiles
Profiles
71
Profiles in the Bluetooth Specification 1.1

Generic Access Profile TCS-BIN-based Profiles Service Discovery Application Profile Serial Port Profile Dial-up Networking Profile Fax Profile Generic Object Exchange Profile File Transfer Profile Object Push Profile Cordless Phone Profile Intercom Profile
Headset Profile
LAN Access Profile
Synchronization Profile
72
Example: Dialup Networking Profile

PPP
AT Commands
RFCOMM L2CAP LMP
ACL SCO Bluetooth Baseband

73
Software Summary
l Protocols l Profiles l Existing
defined for communication
defined to promote interoperability protocols used where possible
74

Introduction To Blue Tooth Wireless Technology

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Introduction To Blue Tooth Wireless Technology

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Introduction to Bluetooth Wireless Technology

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

L2CAP Link Manager

a hardware description an application framework

l Software Stack l Profiles

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

RADIO PARAMETERS (1)

RADIO PARAMETERS (2)

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

l Radio wanting to be discovered

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

master active slave parked slave standby

l Active Member Address (AM_ADDR)

l Parked Member Address (PM_ADDR)

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

freq 2.402 2.480

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

access code packet header

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

ACCESS CODE TYPES

access code (DAC)

unit identifier l derived from unit LAP

access code (CAC)

channel identifier l derived from master LAP

access code (IAC)

reserved identifier l derived from reserved address

parameter AM_ADDR TYPE FLOW ARQN SEQN HEC

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

PHYSICAL LINK DEFINITION

MULTI-MEDIA SUPPORT l circuit switching l packet switching

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

PHYSICAL LINK TYPES

l Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

MIXED LINK EXAMPLE

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

DATA RATES (kb/s)

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

LINK CONTROL PACKETS

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

l Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ)

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

CVSD WAVEFORM CODING

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

stand-by, scan page, inquiry connection

IEEE Oregon Section Bluetooth Seminar April 27, 2001

SIMPLIFIED STATE MACHINE

(USB, PC Card, PCI*)