Adiposit

Adiposit, sel lemak (bahasa Inggris: adipocyte, lipocyte, lipoblast, fat cell) adalah sel yang berfungsi sebagai lumbung lemak. Adiposit merupakan sel yang menyusun jaringan adiposa dan jaringan penghantar areolar. Kandungan lemak yang terbanyak pada adiposit adalah trigliserida dan kolesteril ester. Sekresi yang dihasilkan antara lain resistin, adiponektin, leptin, estradiol, angiotensin dan sitokina, interleukin. Meskipun adiposit dapat dihasilkan dari fibroblast maupun sel punca mesenchymal, asalmuasal adiposit yang menyusun jaringan adiposa masih belum dapat diketahui dengan pasti.

Stres Oksidatif Meregulasi ApoE Adiposit dan Menekan Ekspresinya pada Obesitas
By admin on March 4, 2012 - 4:09 am in Berita / no comments

Obesitas berhubungan dengan reaksi inflamasi kronik pada jaringan adiposa dan inflamasi tersebut berhubungan dengan risiko metabolik serta kardiovaskular. Ekspresi apolipoprotein E (apoE) endogen diketahui memiliki pengaruh penting terhadap metabolisme lipid adiposit serta menekan obesitas secara nyata. Sedangkan stres oksidan jaringan adiposa berperan sebagai mediator penting disfungsi adiposit. Oleh karena itu, studi ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi peran stres oksidan terhadap regulasi adiposit apoE

Adipocyte
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Adipocyte

Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section Latin Code adipocytus TH H2.00.03.0.01005

Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white fat and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells.

Contents
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1 White fat cells (unilocular cells) 2 Brown fat cells (multilocular cells) 3 Lineage 4 Cell turnover 5 Endocrine functions 6 References 7 External links

[edit] White fat cells (unilocular cells)

White fat cells or monovacuolar cells contain a large lipid droplet surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm. The nucleus is flattened and located on the periphery. A typical fat cell is 0.1mm in diameter with some being twice that size and others half that size. The fat stored is in a semi-liquid state, and is composed primarily of triglycerides and cholesteryl ester. White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin and leptin. An average adult has 30 billion fat cells with a weight of 30 lbs or 13.5 kg. If excess weight is

gained as an adult, fat cells increase in size about fourfold before dividing and increasing the absolute number of fat cells present.[1]

[edit] Brown fat cells (multilocular cells)

Brown fat cells or plurivacuolar cells are polygonal in shape. Unlike white fat cells, these cells have considerable cytoplasm, with lipid droplets scattered throughout. The nucleus is round, and, although eccentrically located, it is not in the periphery of the cell. The brown color comes from the large quantity of mitochondria. Brown fat, also known as "baby fat," is used to generate heat.

[edit] Lineage
Although the lineage of adipocytes is still unclear, preadipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue, muscle or bone. Areolar connective tissue is composed of adipocytes. The term "lipoblast" is used to describe the precursor of the adult cell. The term "lipoblastoma" is used to describe a tumor of this cell type.[2]

[edit] Cell turnover

After marked weight loss or surgical treatment to removing fat, the number of fat cells does not decrease (the cells contain less fat). Fat cells swell or shrink but remain constant in number. However, the number of fat cells may increase once existing fat cells are sufficiently full.
"Adult rats of various strains became obese when they were fed a highly palatable diet for several months. Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. Reintroduction of an ordinary chow diet to such animals precipitated a period of weight loss during which only mean adipocyte size returned to normal. Adipocyte number remained at the elevated level achieved during the period of weight gain." [3]

However, in some reports and textbooks, the number of fat cell (adipocytes) increased in childhood and adolescence. The total number is constant in both obese and lean adult. Individuals who become obese as adult has no more fat cell than they had before.[4]
"People who have been fat since childhood generally have an inflated number of fat cells.People who become fat as adults may have no more fat cells than their lean peers, but their fat cells are larger. In general, people with an excess of fat cells find it harder to lose weight and keep it off than the obese who simply have enlarged fat cells."[5]

According to a new research by Tchoukalova et al, 2010, it has been reported that the body fat cells could have regional responses to the overfeeding studied in adult subjects. In upper body, an increasing of the adipocyte size was correlated with upper-body fat gain; however, the total fat cells were not significantly change. In contrast to the upper body fat cell responses, a number of lower-body adipocytes were significantly increased during the course of experiment but there was no change in the cell size.[6]

In summary, we do not know clearly that the number of fat cells can increase or not but, surely, the number will not decrease.

Approximately 10% of fat cells are renewed annually at all adult ages and levels of body mass index without a significant increase in the overall number of adipocytes in adulthood.[7]

[edit] Endocrine functions

Adipocytes produce estrogen,[8] potentially being the reason why being underweight or overweight are risk factors for infertility.[9]