TOWARDS CONTROL

CONTROL ENGINEERING
SMJ4283 / SME3233 PENSYARAH: TANG HOWE HING ROOM: C24-324

Kybernetes, Greek word for navigator, steers-man, related to the Latin gubernator (governor). In "The Republic", by Plato (428-347 BC) steering a ship was compared to steering a community. Aristotle used kybernetike to refer to steering a community. A. M. Ampere, "Essai sur la philosophie des science (Paris, Bachelier, 1838): The science of government should be called "la cyberntique". N. Wiener 1945 Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine. MIT Press 1948 H. S. Tsien Engineering Cybernetics, 1954 In the engineering community in the West cybernetics was gradually replaced by control.

HISTORY OF CONTROL
Before Year 1940 (Roots) Early use of feedback in windmills, steam engines (governor), engines, ships, airplanes, process control, telecommunication. Year 1940 - 1945 (Field Emerges) Spread like wildfire: education, industry, organization. Control theory was important in fire control, guidance systems, and cybernetics. Year 1960 - Presents (Second Wave) Cold war lead to space race which requires greater accuracy in spacecraft control. New components: digital computers, electronic instrumentation

ROOTS OF CONTROL (I)

Lecture by Wilbur Wright 1901:
Men know how to construct airplanes. Men also know how to build engines. Inability to balance and steer still confronts students of the flying problem. When this one feature has been worked out, the age of flying will have arrived, for all other difficulties are of minor importance.

The Wright Brothers figured it out and flew the Kitty Hawk on December 17 1903!

ROOTS OF CONTROL (II)

The feedback amplifier was invented by Harold Black in 1927. However, the patent procedure took 9 years because engineers did not believe that it would work. Black got a major IEEE medal in 1957, on this occasion it was said that: It is no exaggeration to say that without Blacks invention (of
the feedback amplifier), the present long-distance telephone and television networks which cover our entire country and the transoceanic telephone cables would not exist.

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
Feedback loop

Feedback plays a major role in the Internet and in cellular communication.

EMERGENCE OF NEW CONTROL FIELDS

Feedback was invented patented and used in a wide range of fields, often with revolutionary consequences. It was not realized that very different technical problems were indeed very similar and that they could be approached with the same methods. Concepts and theory were lacking. The pieces fell in place when persons from different backgrounds were brought together in the war effort. The beginning of systems thinking

SYSTEM THINKING: BLOCK DIAGRAMS

Block Diagrams - A Real Break Through Capture the essence Standard drawing Abstraction Information hiding Also some limitations (Masons Rule) Block diagrams made it possible to see the similarity between different types of control systems.

CONTROL SYSTEMS
CONTROL

OPEN-LOOP SYSTEM

OPEN-LOOP SYSTEM

CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM

Regulatory System (process control, human body control, )

Tracking System (servo mechanism, robotic control

A system in which the output has no effect on the control action. In other words, in an open-loop system the output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison with the input

CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM

WHY CONTROL??
Why should a mechanical engineer know control?
- Feedback is ubiquitous (appears everywhere) - Feedback gives designers extra freedom - Codesign of systems and control increasingly important - Concepts and tools have wide applicability - Use of feedback often revolutionary

Where control is needed? Output is continually monitored and compared with the desired input value. The difference between the two (the error) is used as a signal to develop corrective action to reduce the error.
- Energy - Transportation - Mechatronics - Consumer Electronics - Biology - Communication - Industrial Processes - Instrumentation - Economy - Medicine (Pharmacology)