Permeability a Multiprobe

Peter A.
Goode,;

Determination Formation
and
U.K. MkhaeI Thambynayagam,

With Tester
q q

SPE,

SPE,

Schlumberger-Doll

Research

We Summary. mukipmbe while the pxitioned azimuthal models This tester resulting plane paper discussed pressnre as the sink. presents consists response side through The effect m analytic of three models probes. to interpret The at the sink sink the pressure Probe probe vertical generates and plane transients a pressure of two sink, at each as the measured pulse and by a multiprobe by withdrawing probes. is displaced is discussed. One

aO-73f7
formation fluid from observation vertically Application tester. probe The is the formation on the same of the

is measured

observation the other response

on the opposite is demonstrated

of the borehole aCNd field

on the

same

of the various

reservoir

parameters

on the

pressure

example.

Introdttctfon

The The tion.

introduction RFT While tool, the estimates. fluid than

of the Repeat coincided which RPT with is primarily in open technique because The

Formation a device soon has been

Tester

(RFTsM) of tbe North

tool Sea. vertical recogniit has

in 1

The

RFT

probe wall

enters sink

the formation probe, in the

fmm liit

the borehole. tie flow wellbore form pattern effect of steady-state

Because cannot flow, in terms

the mid-1970s pressure reached meabili~ collected rather With reservoir sis shifts tertiary urement tions many will

the exploitation hole, gained

the borehole he spherical. Stewart and

is considered

impermeable, for this 1 in the

for messming industry to give successful, pammsters the contaminated the a.ssmiated large

At the W1ttman5 factor

distribution its full poteritial samples is high.

accounted Eq.

not perthe zone

of a shape Ap,, The drop

by writing

of its inability formation are from

reliable and

estimated generally

=C@12~kre). factor, drop between For defied aperture. and They the

. . . . . . . ... .... . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . ..{2. C, is essentially point Depending spherical flow when r, one-half with the ratio between dmeter, hemispherical Stewart as one-half derivations of rp fr~ with and the for and a small When (it Fm cordetitithe C

shape without

the native

resemoiq decline

consequently,

degree

pressure varies flow. Wittrmn probe

at a specified a borehole. 0.5 for borehole c as 0..545 radius. Hammond7 found radius, effective probe with that,

a borehole and was 1.0 for formation, taken

to the pressure

of uncertainty

on the borehole

pmdcticm management from schemes become most

of many

of the worlds increasing operations. means and vertical parameter. are made permeability for estimating imerference because are masked longer (lence needs quantitative &w predecessor spherically During mugbly mti]um. they

resewoirs, as emphaand formaon often vertical reliable rock the mws-

is receiving to secondary tie dominant

attention of recovety, anisotropic

an 8-in.

in an isotropic

primary become

As secondary

of permeabfity reservoir displacement important of more tests measurements much well

in heterogeneous importsnt. processes, reservoir routinely vertical desirable. proposed accepted

Wifkinson calculation anisotropy. pmbe-~wellbme rp /rW =0.05, would tion rection obtained uration) tie probe, setdng having 3 of region, The in the Darcys RWIIOldS to contribute unusual nolds as W, probe paper recorded The patents tiprobe draws From ties fected number tie only be unity of tbe was from

developed shape factors for isotropic shape factor well)

analytic~ as a hmction formations was found

increasingly

Becsuse

of its effect Although

of steady-state

permeability from over cores,

is the single permeability in-situ volume The ility niques cased effects. are may have holes,

the effect

of the wellbore when

was small. the correct ws wed tbe wellbore

to be 0.96

measurements transient

a large

for an infinite-radius effective radius k, < <k,,

vertical testimg. usually

permeabtechrequire storage times means for esfrom tool. sink

r, =2rJ7T however,

be ckmsitied not been

as vertical widely these

These

anisotropic No matter

formations appreciable. how

and the measurements effects, in-situ first using tester, isotropic zone where the tie the targe sink. times, two During constant successive pressure For these large-scale, Finkled formation corresponds tie perforation of distance the sink reasons,

by weUbore costly) testing an altcmslive methods obtained RFT shaped drawdown, into thee to tbe

sophisticated ml

the interpretation, (sink probe reasons resulting near

the measurements configblocking paticles mudcake from mud

To eliminate

the RFT

for the mukipmbe

are requimi of estimating Moran timating tie Their radius space rate sition distance For tion and

industry vertical

are uncertain damage of the probe, migrated and non-Darcy near-probe law cemr numbers, to observe >4. veloci~ non-Daccy internal flow

for the following to the formation non-Darcy frees flow

permeab~hy.

the mechanical in tbe near-probe

proposed the

the probe,

permeability methcd around

pressure-transient to a tinitc,

into the fonmadon, migration. from results

gas evolution the high fluid to Muskat,4 exceeding forces probe number gradient.

wireline

velocities deviations unity. It would region

expwcted from At high begin not be a Rey-

rp in an intinite, a steady-state from

the spherflow for-

region.

According of inatial

can be 61vided near r from where steady-state

at Reynolds the effects flow and,

numbers

ical region% mation fa zone

the sink the sink, the

where

the total

and turbulence with

is independent between from far from

the undisturbed flow vslue farther rate to zero from spherical

significantly Because

to the pressure in the nearin spherical flow effect probe. originally the The vertical the order) fn operation, at the sink both Also, (sink) tbe Reynolds

the flow

rate vanishes,

and the trandecreases at some the sink. soluincreases,

is proportional decreases to the probes. presure in sink This &ta a U.S. mulwith-

continuously the boundmies sufficiently yields

to the fluid

flow,

the velocity is localized from the

drawdown, zones move

as time

phenomenon derived

between a steady-state

and bas negligible perrmabifity from Ffg. the the concept here. sink away

on the observation

the Moran

and FinMea

emphasizes multipmbc in 1956. td fluid tiese can tlom pressure not discussed

difference, (I)

Ap,s=qfii4~krp. The actual geometry source. For radius. was not at the RFT Therefore, probe is not of a spherical probe was later radius, showed r,, that r, defined result

was probe

proposed geometry pressure

1 shows formation.

of the (the sink)

source must this

one probe resulting

but of a disk be defined. the probe definition

an effective medium, and that the Dussan6 correct

transient probes. permeabiliam flow not afeffects of tool. 297

an isotropic 4.5 Shanna valid and

as one-half is re =2rP/u.

is measured

sinudtanmusly data,

and the observation and horizontal probes adverse by the

be determined. (at least, probe. Because probe, than

observation between

to Ieadmg

Now -. Now

at at

Schlumbqm Schlumtarw

Ow,eas Well Sewicm

S-A.

at the sink probes

Engineers

of the dktance the permeabithies those determined

the observation

and the sink length scsfe

are representative by a single-probe

Copyright

$992

Soci@ty

of

Pelrdeum

a larger 1992

SPE

Formation

Evaluation,

December

20

Vertical VerticaJ observation prolx 1.6 -

Probe

~ aY a

1.2

0.8

horizontal bservation probe Sink probe 0.4 Horizontal (6= 70 Probe

. . ..

, 0.:04

, ~o-2

I 10 102

Fig.

ZPlot

of G(OJ?)

vs.

D for

0=0

and

e=

T.

Fig.

lSchematic

of

a mulfiprobe

formation

tester.

~rl

An alternative

mathematical disk

model

where

the ... . . mobe

is ccmsid..

xl as a i%ite-radius
k. ,.wever, Mathematical Model

is presented

in Appendx are irrelevant model. wellbore Tbe

B. 9 Generally, for computing advantages G@,L3), need only and of any 2), function

the details probe it the 3 make incorporates at 0=0

of the sink probe pressures, most effect the suitable of the

the observation is modeled by considefmg infinitely rate. the sink (the in the Gravity probe wellradial fluid effects of Eq. which O=r system

and the mmputational (Fig.

The bore)

mukiprobe sink and

geometry on tbe unbounded through the side

as a point direction,

of an impermeable extending at a constant vertically. sink A slightly

cylinder

in an anisotropic

medknn,

be calctiated

(the sink and vertical observation It therefore probe);

observation once

probes)

compressible

(the horizontal parameter.

it is not a timction

is withdrawn

can be generated

and tabulated

are neglected, and the prccess is assumed to be isothermal. the sink probe as a point source is satisfactory because vation The the point probes following source are dispkicd of tie equation far enough sink are (developed q located from the sink that A9) geometric pressure details chmge unimportant. in Appendix units) at (rW,O,z) at (rW,O,O):

Modeling tie obserthe actual describes by a

as a function tke evahation important Figs. verticzl

cm31sec

of O for each value of O and table lookup used during of Eq. 3. A cmnputatiomlly efficient expression is if the model is to be used the pressure formatim 3 shows short @HP,, that in an inverse solver. and of 10 tabuat the 4 show response h&ing the at the horizontal to a withdrawal tbe properties period transient ~. This C9 for

3 and probes, for in Table probe results

respectively, 1. value Fig. with

in response

(in consistent

caused

an unbounded is relatively developed probe than greater is

It

of strength

lated

horizontal a steady-state with The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ...(3) sient this probe

@vP,=

and that the pressure z U(krkz) a point

approaches is in keeping source in tranwiti at this with

the

in Appendix (Fig. from toward

znisotiopic behavior probes also

W

media. reponse distance 4) shows probe, the a sink. a much The longer the horizontal which is consistent pressure value

vertical

asymptoting
is s0mewh2t

steady-state

pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(4) and~=k,r/@czr~. Because tion we are interested it may . . . . . . . . . Eq. . . . 3 only . . . . . . . . ...(5) at tie observa-

at the vertical

probe

COU*W tO 10#c tit should be independent in Appendix

tie steady-s~~ of the vefiical result.

permeability,
lnt.arpretation

but as shown
of

C, 9 it is a correct
Results

Multiprobe

in evaluating to

Traosient terpretation reservoir sure data

Interpretation. scheme producing recorded arc uses two from (discussed only,

For the

the purpose case of an rate

of developing unbounded used Also,

an inpresof their procedure procecould be as though

probes,

be simplified

(vertically)

at a constant at the sink approaches observation from probe previously).

is considered.

p
HP for the r)= ~T1.5~rW probe

j~qm,p)q(~-e)
~ positioned /31.5 at (rW, !r,O) and

.: . . . . (6)

are not

because

unreliability There with dure used. they tical that are probe the data Second,

to developing probes. both could probes which from from First,

an inverse simultaneously separately, parameters the sink

horizontal

an inversion

the data

the responses

be treated

not coupled.

To determine isolated data apply. not

each

probe be

is sensitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(7) for 298 the vertical probe at (rW,O,z
Vp ).

to, we investigate is hydratdically a method that uses would

the second

approach. both

AISO, if the ver(as may often probes

the case),

the observation

skmdtaneously

SPE Formation

Emkw.tim,

December

1992

30

20-

25

L6
.-

f=
,

20

z .
2
2

12 -

15

g Q

L=.lll 10 . k

~ 3 : &

0.8

0.4 5 L=l k, /

,~
o

0.0 20 40 time, 60 sec 80 100 0 20 40 time, Fig. 4Verficai

fluid properties

60 sec

80

100

Fig. and

3Horizontal fluid properties

probe from

response Table 1.

uslngEq.

6 and

the

rock

prdbe from

response Table 1.

using

Eq.

7 and

the

rock

and

It is shown rworded and tion k, /p, probe er), probe (k,kz) probe, kzlfl, were then
data

in Appendix

D9 timt, observation

from and

the transient-pressure the quantities the vertid assu~g lf tie the flOM

&ia k,l+pc, ObSe~hat vefli~ lay-

and

when

r=rw,

z =0,
w

and

8=T

(horizontal
~w

observation

probe)

at the horizontal ~ [P can we obtain and

probe,

be determined, kz/@c, the could

of

and k,/P. mukiprobe from

and

fherefofe, it is possible geOMefV. the sink (e.g., from

APHP

(f]=

86rw Using the series

2 erf(u) = G

dc expansion

. . . . .

(10)

the formation

is relatively @c, with hydraulically

if the prcduct known.

homogeneous, isolated
porosity

to determine 10 yield3 a shale

.$ct,

kz and k, still

be determined

horizOnt~
was

m E .=0

(l)wzn+l

compressibility,

n!(ti+l) may be written for u*O as (11) argu-

independently

-...

By comparing see some can being erties is not factory be used results influenced (i.e., the homogeneous,

the quantities

measured quality result

at each quantities. of the from

of the probes,
This

we

Therefore, erfc(u)= This ment

erfc(u)

redundancy most

in the measured of the would is not likely

redundancy Unsatisprobes propfonnztion for

l-(2/fi)u+0(u3). approximation which requires

. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. is accurate to 1% when the

as a measure by regions formation more If the

inversion. different If the are

the obscwation having

asymptotic u< 0.17,

of the formation homogeneous). complicated of fluid

Z>8.65z2@cr/kz Eq.9 and

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(12)

mcdels withdrawal

required. constant will be aP the rese. pressure drop Cg): Pi-PVp(f)=s 4mkr At the horizontal caused for Eq. when With emce 10. Tbus, r satisfies at tbe a plot these of Ap vs. inequalities. described is 1 1 . ~ it is 1 ,. Eq. 2 (15) ~ 17, ) ) (14) by Eq. 11, the pressure ditkxprobe llfiyields a linear relationship

Steady-State. and the reservoir preached. We by rvoir parameters begin by considering a continuous

rate

remains condition uniform. steady-state Appendix

t>34.6r~@c,lkr

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(13)

is unbounded, if the resewoir

a steady-state is relatively for the (see

The steady-state to develop point

pressures expressions sink

can be used to deduce

the approximation vertical

the expression

that describes at (rW,O,O)

the pressure

Zvp

probe, qP

[mlzti Ap(t) = 4+ct& m After subtracting E.+ 16 from q PiPHp(o = 8-

.
If r=rw, plifies to @=0, and z >0 (vertical observation probe), Eq.

(8) 8 simpVP@-pH/I@)= Z%(;-:*) (16)

Even Apvp(t)=xerfc 4rk/.z

SPE Formation Evaluation,

though

the pressure of time.

difference behavior, Fig.

at the

vertical

and

horizontal tiem at the two 299

()

. .... .... . .
1992

(9)

probes

may exhibit

a transient

Lbe difference of the pressure

between

2+
December

is independent

5 is a plot

TABLE

IFLUID

AND

ROCK

PROPERTIES

TABLE

2STEADY-STATE

SHAPE

FACTORS

k,.
Zbt.r

md

cm rw, cm
2x1o-5

q, cm Isec c,, psi1 /L, Cp + r., cm

100 70 10 10 1 0.2 0.556

zlrwm

6.0
1 .999s

R.T
0.s117

.zlrwm

9.0 1.8411

e.u
0.5121

0.0001

observation krlkz probes. Eqs. for tor, the = 10.0. becomes

probes Note steady

with hat

the parameters the pressure remains

presented transient and

in Table at each do not

1 and of the

diference

between

the probes

while

the pressure

8 through presence

16 apply of the

to a point The factor, E9)

source weUbore The

account facEq.

wellbore.

can

be accounted shape 8 with Eq.

for by c&sidering 0, is determined is given by 3 and

a steady-state (Appendix

steady-state

by comparing

where Ffg. tion

~=(z/rW)m. 6 is a plot factor zero effect. for wellbore expected factors of the

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (18) of the shape also approaches (i.e., factors two for 6 =0 and 8=T from as a func0.0800 1.8765 1.8642 0.5118

of g. The

values

are tabulated appears intinity, that

in Table

2. As expected, the sink aod unity has befluid than for From

the shape approaches astbe negligible low unity it is from to flow would The the be

as the displacement wheretbe the shape is not

0.0900

1.8524

0.5119 0.5119

60.0000 90.0000

0.99s3 0.99s5

the wellbore approaches observed

to be infinite) factor

displacement some

welfbore goes less drop

Table cm

2, we

can

see

that

for

kr/kz

=1,

Qrp =1.0203

(for

It maybe range distortion

of ~. This and resulting

a numerical causing there. Eq. -.

ardfacG

ZVP 70 Therefore,
nifkant

and rW=10 cm) and for k,/kz= 10, OYP =0.9974. in Eq. 19 we can let OVP = 1 without intmducmg sigClearly, the

of the steandims, wellbore were to mcdify not

error.

weUbore

has because written

negligible Additionally, g = O. as
1 &

effect

on

the

along shape

the wellbore if the can weUborm

in less pressure

pressure a function

measured of and

at the tbe Eq.

vertical 19 maybe

probe.

f3Hp is not Therefore,

be used

16 to account

anisotropy

effect

f?Ho =0.5117,

Pvp(o-%p(o=

Z&(%-:d:)
Horizontal / probe

qfi

0.5117

(9)

Pvpw-mfpw

- 4=

2,. --J) z Vp %

. . ..(20)

-.. -,

10

20

..

..

1.6

\ Difference 6 ;

1.2 L ~ \ m ~ ~ ~ : : 0.8

0.4

,
0.0 0.2
0.4 Spherical Time, 0.6 sec*5 0.8 1.0 0.0 104

t
~o.z

! 100 c

t 102

Fig.

5Plot 3 and

ofp 4.

vs.

IAIT

for

the

k,lkz

= 10 case

presented

59.

6-Steady-state displacement.

shape

factors

as a function

of the

scaled

In Figs.

tertlcal

300

SPE

Formation

Ewluadon.

December

1992

Thickness -d z ~. z $ ~ Q E s % ~ b Thickness= 5 10 15 20 25 -

= 100 cm
Thickne5s.200

an

Thickness=

zoom c

..-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . ----

-----f-------7--Thickness=
.=0

//

0.4 .
o

!
20 40

,
60 80 100,

Time,

sec
0,0

I/
~

Fig. vation

7Effect probe.

of vertical

boundaries

on

the

horizontal

obser-

20

40 Time,

60 sec

80

100

fn addition obserwmion a steady-state proximated

to the difference probes, value. the pressure For large the 9P

in pressure at each time, F.@. steady-state

measured probe wilf 14 and shape

at each asymptote 15 may factors)

of tie to be ap-

:Ig. Ion

8Effect probe.

of vertical

boundaries

on

the

vertical

obsewa-

to (introducing

Ap (t)=

Iim l-a

[pjp#)]=4~k,zV

.,,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(21)

o.5117q/l and Iim [P~PP ,-. m (t)] = ~ rzlv ,., ... . . . .. . . . . ..(22)

, . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(23) -. .

[z(2hizJ]2 where respectively. kH/# the dc, state tion the Ap(t) #ate line Use constant given vertical ical ence If the flow the effects and kv/A slope ah point vertical vs. in Fig. pressure 5. analysis were assumes not that the flow methods response, However, before 22 may (t) flow ofp rate remains the diffusivity variable influence pressure is established then too cbze extrapolated are the
of

T,= 4f?r;

By of the

combining strzight-line

Eqs. portion Because

21

and of the

22, plot

we

can

determine tknn vs. 116 steady for these ratio ness sure This when tbichess sufficiently if not mined The problem rameters relative dentiy similar from transient and the the sink 7 snd of the figures, of k,lk= probe

k, ~, ,

[z(2hi+zs)12 ?2= 4or; at (rW,O,zS). determined respectively, z~=h12. 8 show that, in Table 7 and

k, ;,. ~

. (24)

if the reservoir

is homogeneous. the time

Additionally, of p (t) taken of the steady to reach

is situated and vertical

can be determined. and the probe probe. lf~to diffusivity probably It maybe l/~=0

Figs. wdues

8 are plots layer

of the pressure probes, h, Figs. assuming

with for To

Eq. generate

23

is a function

of the distance

between will approach nec~smy

the sink and the obsemadisplacement, state faster the the than of plot steady-

horizontal

several

in the direction

thickness used.

the horizontal

the parameters = 10 were

tabulated

1 and an anisotropy if the thick-

to extrapolate to determine as illustrated

(infinite

time)

at the observation

probes,

by the dashed

of the layer is sufficient respopse is not affected implies tie that the interpretation issufficiently this radial semilog interpretation of vedical flow tlow dope,

(for a given due of kz), the presby tie presence of the boundaries. schemes thick. the dMcussed 2s the If the test. to include an inverse paposition izzdcpenwould k case. could scaled test be used layer is run

of steady-state and that in Eq. of the

layer long, the

However, develop

ii sufficient the case, rate would

for the approximation to deconvolve 11 Also, there will if a spherthe influstill vs. work Ufi regime be needed.

decreases,

is no Ionger will similzr scheme barriers.

11. If this

and k, ILL can be deterto a well be extended solving two and tie fbis makes probe

flow

boundaries regime of the boundaries

the pressure around E@. pressure analysis

can

be a steady-state of the

at any of the probes. 20 through from cannot

the presence

However, intscduces

the probes a plot

containing

the boundaries respectively. h ardor logs,

additional

boundaries,

h and .ts, the formation to the boundaries, If, however, other wimfine to that from

thickness

by use

the inversion

to allow

a spherical be used.

less well-posed.

zs were

determined inversion reservoir.

to develop,
Effect

steady-state

the resulting

in complexity
Example

of an unbounded

Vertical

Boundaries

If vertical not apply boundaries. vertical at z=O

SPE

flow

barriers times with then

exist, after the Eq.

the the

model press% can method.

presented pulse

by E@ has reached to include A9).

3 will the the are

Field The

at long boundaries

data

considered well in a large The

in this formation

example that

were

acquired under interest zones

tYom a develpmducdon extends by a shale for from at 426 301

Therefore, z=h,

model

be extended (Appendix

opment about

oil field

has been into two

the images

If the boundaries

35 years. m 440

of particular

and

3 becomes
1992

ribout 410

ft and is divided

Formation

Evaluation,

December

30

100

-----So.o

SP

20

GR 0.0 2W

E=a4
.$ *

40

80

30

X400

X450

E
. . . ,Fig. 9Openhole logs Both zones comprise

20

10

20

0
0 30 60 90 120 150

Fig. example. lated

10 Obsewafion flow rate for test

probe at 433

pressurs ft.

responses

and

calcu-

for

ft (Fig. 9),
meabilitv. and ule 432 ured mated semnds copic arose between the
bmmded,

homogeneous

sands

of

high

per-

sink

probe

relative Of the tool,

to

this

boundary the location

was of

fixed the toD

in

accord

with

the

The multiprobe

field

has

undereone were performed

waterfloodine with

for

some

time modat meas-

Wsition ~usted the logs with mdlcp, inversion, the (Fig. data the rameter

while

boundarv
prkks

was a& and obtained pa-

is b~ing of the and 433 flow flowliie from the

pumped. tests Formation

within (429 top

the r~ge to 431.5 boundary

indicated ft). The at 430 x 10-6

by the static most were consistent results krlp= ft. The

p;essure

Two

the multiprobe (MDTsM) responses shows

resuft obtained

was

Modular ft. Fig. rate.

Dynamics

Tester12

by the kzlfi=

10

is a graph irregular

of the pressure ft and response pressure volume to the of the

estimation and c$c, =3.8 the This

procedure

129 mdlcp,

13.6
of the with data plot

at the monitor probably

probes 13 The was caused

for the test at 433 by small

the

the esti35 these a seal using in F+ noof the

psi-l. prwsure was

To visuafize response, with

the success constructed the measured of the of MDT

at around gaugq

recomtructed pamzneters, plot briefly. style The introduced

changes pressure borehoie.

in the teles-

estimated 11). fust was

compared 12 where

comecting

probe the side

for the presentation in Ref. comparison in Fig.

muhiprobe

a hydraulic probe pads

event and

initiated

by the tool estimation

mc.iel

to maintain procedure described and vertical distance

properties

are discussed

11 of the measured

A 2.evenberg-Marquardt
homogeneous,

14 Parameter
single-layer

and reconstructed pressures has content because the parameter estimation was performed with raze&corwoIve.d pressures. 1I Therefore, derived goodness of fit becomes and the a measure adequacy of both of the the values of the parameters deconvolution.

.. ... ... .

29 was used bilities of the and bottom

to obtain @cr For boundary

best tie

estimates initial was stages freed

for the radial at 439 ti. The

of the analysis,

the position

Conclusions

A new-generation
I I

formation

tester

with

multiple

probes to model

has

been

introduced, r~mc muhprobe meabficj can lead oznemy A3so, istence It was termine field data

and analytic in both vefidly configuration measurement away from tool to quantitatively

equations

are presented

the tool

bounded and unbounded offers many advantages over single-probe probe with larger probe between results. volumes duectly it and testers. where the sink coupled of much

reSeITJ&S. The in terms of perMeasurements flow flow effects gethree-probe of the formation. determines the sink. tester and the can deformaof actual the ex-

can be made

adverse The

questionable

of the MDT the presence of hydraulic demonstrated the horizontal taken by

its enhanced

capabili-

ties permits

investigation

of the vertical mndnui@ that and the

a multipmbe vertical td of the models

formation

permeabihties was presented.

tion storativiiy.

Applicatiori

for interpretation

MDT

Nomenclature A,B = = arbitrary total Comtsnts compressibfity, atm 1 pa-1]

0 . 0

c,

C = G =

Stewart defined

and by

Wittman Eq. 4

shape cm [m]

factor

10

20

30

40

h = reser.wir 10 = zerc-order

thickness, modified Bessel Bessel

Bessel function function

function of the of the first fist

of the kind kind

first

kind

Horizontal
lg. ;ure 1 IComparison responses for the of measursd test at 433

AP, psi
and ft. reconstructed pres-

Jo J1 J;,

= zero-order = fret-order = derivative

of ntb order, darcies

Bessel

function

of the first

kind

k = permeability,
302

SPE Formation

EvtduXiOn,

December

1992

p = pressure, ~ = volmetric
r rw t u Y. Y, = = = = = = radial wdlbme time, dummy zero-order first-order

atm tkid

[Pa]
withdrawl cm cm rate, ~3/,

coordinate, radius, seconds argument Bessel

for

mafbematicaJ of tbe

functions second kind

fonction

Bessel of ntb kind coordinate=

function order, tmJh,

of the Bessel cm

second

kind of the

Y;

derivative second

function

z = verticaf
A -f I ,72 = = difference defind

by

q =

diffusivity

24 J%. =kl+pct, radians

q p.s]

cm2/s

.,-. . :,:+ q n&

Peter A. Goode the chief reservoir for engineer Iumberger in South

is

Sch.

and

East

Asla.

We.

.*

:-

viously, as a

he

worked

research

SCI.

enfkl

at .schlumber.

ger

Doll

Research

in

Rldgefield,
in

CT,

and

various

Goode

Thambynayagam

reservoir lng

engineer.

positions a SS

for

Sohlo

Petroleum

Co. from

and the

Santos U.

Ltd.

He

holds

degree in on

6 = coordinate Y =
t T = = viscosity,

In mathematics pet foleum the 1992-93

of Adelaide Hetfot-Watf & Gas

and U.

a PhD Goode

degree seties

engineering Asia Pacific

from Oil

Publications of the Well

Committee. lnterpretaSewIces Doll in Rs.

Zlrww

Mlchad

Thambymwwfam Dept. Prsvlou81y, CT. at

Is a manager Schlumbefger

detined

by Eq. fraction

tiofl

Engineering TX.

= porosiiy, steady-state

Houston,

he worked He was

at Schlumbefger of Reswvoir and an

Q = Subscripts ~ = Hp

shape

factor

search for the

in R[dgefield, Petroleum Aided

manager

Studies for of the in 1985. from

British Computer of

in San Design

Francisco Center, He Io[ned

a consultant

establishment Schlumbwger Engineering

~ffetiiye

probe

radius probe

Dept.

Industry

in England. holds a PhD

Thambynayagam

in Chemical

= horizontal i = initial probe stste

observation

the

U.

of

Manchester,

England.

= actual steady sink = vertical

= coordinate

radius

9. Gcwie,

P.A.

and

Tbmbynayagti,

KM.:
With a MuOipmLE Bmk Order SPE

Supplement
Fonmdm Depr.,

to SPE
Tester,>, Richardson,

20737, papw TX.

r = coordiite ss = S= Vp
z

Permeability SPE 10. 25396

Demmimdm .wai]able M. and from Stegun,

Abmnowitz,

I.A.: Jnc., New and P&%

Handbook
York City Ayesbman,
SPEPE

of MatheMcal
(1972) 297. L.: Deconvoludon 1990)

Fmcof 53-59.

observation

probe
1L

tiom,
Kuchuk, Welfbore 12.

Dover
F. J.,

Publications Carter, and

R. G., Flow

Pressure T. eral.: Technologies, South East

(March

Zimmenmn, Tesdng

Application paper OSEA

of Emerging 90105 and presented

Wirdine at fbe

F.ommtion 1990 Off(Dec.

Reference 1. Schultz, A. L., Bell, W.T., and Urbmos!g, H.J.: Advancements in

shore 4-s). 13, Gocde, mation P~eo~ non, 14.

Asian

Conference

Exhibition,

Singapore

UncAsed-HoIe,

Wireline

Formation-Tester
E. E., the AlME, Them-&d
WireliIe

Tedmiques,
AI@sisof
Formation Tester,,

JPT
Fmsmre
-

(Nov.
Pk.

1975) 1131-36. 2. Moran, I.H. and Finkka,

nomenoa

P. A., Testing Dallas,

Pop, and Oct. D.W.:

1.3.,

and

Mwphy, ReswvoiI Annual for

W.F.

JJL

Muldple-Probe y paper SPE and

For22738 Exhib,. on Non-

Vertical SPE d-9. Algorithm

Comin.ily, Technical Lesst-Squares

Associated S99-908; M., m M,:

With Trans.,

JPT (Aug.
Formation AJME, SI

at 1991 the
Parameter,

c,onfmerI~ Estimation

1962) 3. Lebmrg, Testing 210. 4. M.skat, Co.

225. Doh, C. A.: 1957) Medmd 260-6Z of Trans.,

Fields,

R, Q., Cable,

and

Marqumdt, Jinesr

Logging

JJT(Sept.

J. .SOC. lnd. APPL Mark.

Factors

(June 1953)

11,431-41.

Phyical
York

Principles
City M.: Tester,,> Conference

of Oil Producdm,
Ymmpretadon p+m and SPE of the 8362

McGraw-Hi
F7essure pmenfed Las

Bwk

Metric

Conversion q x

Jnc.,

New

(1949).
Respn.ses af fbe Vegas, 1979 Sept.

1.0
3.04S* 2.54* 9.869233 1.450377

E03 Eol E+IN E04 E01

= = = = =

Pas m cm pmz kpa-l

5. Stewart,
Mfbe SPE 23-26. 6. Sbarma, kmml

G, and Witbnan,
Formadm Tecbn&d

ft in.
md

x X
x

Rep-at

Exhibition,

psi-l
Y. and D,J. Value
Media

X
is .9x-L

Dussa$ FormatIo@. and

E. B.:

Anafysis

of fbe (June

Pressure 1992) Theorem Tesfiog,,

R.sPonse 151-56. for Mixed Trmpon

of
.C4nvmslon fac!or

a Single-Prob. 7. ., 8. Wilkinson, Boundary in Porom Doll, H.G.:

Tester, P.,

SPEFE
Tmmimt

SPEFE
for review Sept APtil Conference 7, 2, ?990. 1S92, and Revised Paw Exhibit (SPE 1.. mmuscripl 2)737) held in firs! NW received Pr6ssntOrleam, IorDbllcation Tffihnia

Hammond,

LA P.murbatirm

Problems (1993) and 5,

in Pressure 609-36. for by

original Feb. ed 81

SPE 10,1992. %he 2z-26. 1990

manuwrbt PaFwaccqleC SPE Annual

m.dved

%fetbcd of Formations (1956).

AI&IMJS Traversed

Determining a Borehole,

Hydraulic U.S. Patent

CharNo.

Sept.

acteristics 2,747,401

SPE

2S?S6,

5uDpletnan1 Tester; wllame

to

SPE from

20737, SPE

Permeabimy Bc.ak Order

Dwmlnat!.n DeP!.

Wiih

MultiPmba

Forma!lo.

SPE

Formation

Evaluation,

December

1992

303

Ansdytic

Models

fcm rXMultiple

Probe Formation

Tester

SPE 207s7 I

ing, I

%n Antonio,

Texas SPi3 10209 (1981). M., and Van Golf- Racht, T.: The Formation Tester to the Analysis Presented at the .5Gth

11965 (1983). 25, Lee, S, T., Chicn, Single-\Vcll voir~ hi. C. H., and Culham, IV. E,: \~e:tical Rrwr.

12. Stewart,

G,, \Vittmann, of the Repeat Fractured

Application of Naturally

Pulse Testing of a 1hrec-Layer Stcatificd at ttie 59th Annual Technical Texas,

Reservoirs,

Prcscntwf

Confcret,cc SPE 132il~

Annual Fall hiecting, 13. Stewart, tributed Reservoirs;

San Antonio, icxas SPi2 10181 (19.81), h!.: Tl]e Interpretation Flow hfeksurcrnents of Dis-

and Exhibition (1984), 26. Kunzman, cation

of the !jpl~ , Houston,

G. and Wittman, Pressure and

in Produced

\V, J. and Earlotlgher, Testing

hif?ttlods

R, C,, Jr,:

Field Apl>li-

Presented

at EURGIEC,

paper 272, Royal Lan-

of Verticrd

with a Crtsc I1istor,/,

caster Hotel, London, L. 1{, (1 S82). 14. Stewart, G. and Ayestaran, Gradients L.: The Interpretation at Observation of Ver\Jr+ls in

Prcs>titcd hibiticm,

at the 55th Annual 1, clinical Cwii,v,. ,icc and EX. I)allas, Texas, SPE 9458 (1980). Storage and Skin on at the 59t!] Annual

tical Pressure Developed

Measured

a 2?. T,&*,, l, ~[. ~j.; The EfTccts of \Vcllbo. \~crticai Permeability Technical Testirrg~ Presented

Reservoirs,

prc~p!,tccl annual Fall llectat~7th . .

(1982).
Damage and Stcrra~e

ing., New (.)rleans, Louisiana 15. Bilhartz,

on

Confer-cnce and Exhibition

of the SPE, Houston,

H, L., Jr.: J.?ffccfs of wellbore

of Partial/y-]~(;l]etr;l

Texas, SPi? 13250 (1984). Ph .D, Thesis, 2P. lN]lig-Economides, C A,, and Ayoub, J. A . Vertical I,]tcr. Zone, Presented and Exhibition of

!3chavior

ting \te/ls,

Stanford

[University Stanford,

California

(1973).

fcrcucc Testing Across A Low Permeability at the Mlth Annuirl Technical the SP13, Houston, 29. hloran, Conference

16. Elurns, W. A., Jr: Vertical 752, 17, Prats,

New Single-\Vell
J. Pd. Tkh.

Test for Determining (June 1969) 21, 743-

Pcrmeability~

Tex~s, SPE 13251 ( 19S4), E. E,: Tlworctical Analysis of

J. H. and Finklea, Pb-snomcnon

J, Pet

hi.: A hlcthod

for I)etcrmiuing
in

the Net Vertical Per.

J. Pd.

Pressure

Associated Tech, (August

with the \Virclinc l~orma1962) 14, S99-908. of

mcability
TeclI,

Near a \Vcll from

situ Measurements,

tion lcstcr~

(May 1970) 22,637-643. \V. E,: The Dynamics of \~ertiPrcseuted at the Wth

30. Lclsourg, M,, Fields, R. Q,, and DoI), C. A.: *A hlethod Formation Testing on Logging Cable.,
J. Pet, TCCII

18. Falade, G, K., and Brigham,

(Scpt em-

cal Pulse Testing in a Slab Reservoir, Annual Firll Mcwting, Houston,

ber 1957) 9, 260-267. 31. 11uskat, if: ~>hysica/

Principks of ~i] production,

Tcxirs, SPE 5055-A ( 197.1), Analysis ofSinglel>rcTexas,

hlc Graw-

19, I%dadc, G, K., ancl Brigham, \Vell Puisc Tests sentcd

IV, E,: h

IIill, Ncw \ork (1%19), 32. Stewart, G., and \Vittman, ot the Repeat M: Intcrpretittion Formation of the Pres-

in a l~inite-Acting

Slab Reservoir,

at the 4!]th Annual

Pall h~octing$ Houston,

sure Response at

iester, Presented and Px]iibitiol] of

SPE 5055-B (1974). 20. Earlougher, Testing, 21, IIirasaki,

suro

tllC 54t.11 Annual

TcCllllirill Confcreace

R, C,, Jr: Atlalysis and Design for Vertical \\eH

J, M, hch,

t hc SPE, 33! \Vilkinson,

Las

\cgas,

Nevada, SPE 8362 ( 1!)70),

P,; A lerturlxition

(hlarch

19S0) 32, 505-+14, Early Transient Pres-

i.). J, and lliitl]]]lot~d,

TheoTranhiVdii\,

G. J,: Pulse Test and other

rem for hiixcd Boundary sient. lcsting, (January 1987), Submitted

Value Prolrlcms to irilnsport

in Pmssurc in Porous

Analysis for in situ Estimation

of Vertical Perrilcahility,

Soco Pet, Eng, J, (M. 22, Gillund, C, N., and

1974) 14, 0-4),

Katnal, M, M,:

incorporation

of Ver-

24a Doll, 11, G,: dra

IIdc,,

Lfcthocl a ad Apptsrw I.US for

of lbrmn

Dctrvvnining

/fy /jore-

ticid Permeability i)csigu 23(2),

Test Results ,, J, Cdrt

in Vertical
Pet,

Aiiscihle Flood ]984)

ulic
U,

(X nrac kvistics
S.

tions lfiI\JCJS(!dby ii (1%56),

und Opcratioa 54--W,

(Miircll-April

iatcwt No, 2,747,401, G. IL, hialcolm,

for

35! Porsytllc, and Pulse Testing - A Rcviow,

puter

hi. A. and Mcrler, C, B,: corn. Corl]pUtiltiOlls, Prcuticn.

23, I%tnul, M, M,: Intcrfcrcmcc J, Pet, Tech, (Dcccmber

Methods

Affithematical

1983) W, 2257-2270, H,, rind Vcla, S,: A.mlytical Twrt.s Across Low Modcd

Iiall, Ncw Jersey ( 1977). 36! Al>ramowitz, ictd Functiom, 37, Sharma., Y, and Respoasc M, and Stcgun, 1, A,: HatJdbook ofhfilthomat. Dover Publications,
l)ussuII U, 11,:

240 i3rcmer, IL iL,Wirlston, for Vertical Zoncs~ Intcrforcncc

Pcrmcul)ility Confcrwnce

inc, New York ( 1!)72).

Prwscntcd wt the Wth Annual Technird of the WE, San Francisco,

An Analysis of the lrcssure Tester, lrrxmntcci at

and Exhibition

California,SPE

of a Single Proljo Formation

SPE

20737

P, A, Goode

and R. K, M. 1lmmbynayngam

the Annual 1echtrical Uonfcrence and ~xhil.rition of the SPE, Dallas, Texas, SP~ 16801 (106?), 38. Carslaw, Solids, 39, Morse, Physics, 40, Tranter,
) Methuen

A bounded

solution

is developed

by using the method point

images 39 to position
Conduction of Heat rn

the continuous

source bcWOwl two

H. S. and Jaeger,

J, C,:

no-flow boundaries t,[~crc arc sources at:

(Neumann)

at z = O and ; = II , in this way

Oxford Science Publicaticms, P. M. and Feshbach, McGraw-Hill C, J.:

Integral

Oxford, L?, K. ( 1959).

Methods of Theoretical 2ili :s,

H,:

2ilr + :3,

-2ilt

28

and

2ilt

z8

Book Company,
Ikansfornss

New York (1953).

Physics

i = 1,2,3,,,,,00.
The pressure srt (rw,o, ~) for u bounded systmn is,

in Mt. thcmaticcd

and C(). LTD,, I.ondon (1966). H.: Numsrical Invcrsioil of Laplace Transforms, (1970) 13, 47-49. R., K. M,: \lellLore Production: Engineering A Simple (h~.wch,

41, Stehfest,

fhnmrsrrications

of the ACAf,

42. Durrant,

A. J,ar/d

Thambyn&yaganl, and Gcothermrd

SPE Reservoir

Heat Transmission Solution Techniqu~~

1986) 2, 148-162. For the current application G(O, @) rwed only be evaluated this function may be tabulated for

APPENDIX

A
bya Cylinder for the multiprolre con-

at O . 0 and O = rr thcroforc;

these two values and table lookup cmplojwd during tho computa. Point Source BoundcrJ ?nternal]y In this appendix figuration th: general vertical ticm of Eqs, A3 and A5, This greatly incrw.scs ;hc computational efficiency, O=rr, Fig, 8 shows a plot of G(O, P) vs. /3 for O = (1 and

salution

including

borrm.laries is devoiopcd.

Carslaw point

and Jaeger 3S provide the solution for a unit instantaneous

source at (!!, O,0) rtt time t = O in the region bounded internally by the cylinder r = a the radiation into the medium at r = a

APPENDIX
Derivation

B
in ii C~lincfcr for Anisotropic

for a Hok

ftfedia

being kept at zero as To begin the following dimrmsionlcss variables arc t.ldincd: (Ill)

2dq.r,,,A]> p~ =
q}l

(112) (133) 1his equation pressible can bc rwwrittcn to cb-wcribc flow of w slightly colstwisotropic medium, wlwrc the (134) (135) (1)6) Lrncf (117) To obtain the solution for a cent.rnuous source Eq. A2 is intorgmtcd with rrwpcct to time Lo give llw cqliittion (dropping the subscript D for convcnivnce) fluid in a homogeneous

source is locwtcd at (rw, O, Z*) and as

and the following initial and boundary P =Oatf=O where

00

conditions: (MJ) (1310) (1)11) (1112)

+- r,o Und :, 40,2 Und t,

G(O, /3)=

$ ~
ti=-m

cos(?to)

/o

pcaz~
-da

=Oasr-w (A4)
1 ,.. -

;=oato=o,r $$=oil t:= o, h

+ r,s tinrl t, +- r,o

rind /,

a (J/, (a)~ -t- }<{(cs)-)

10 ..
and

Ancdytic Models for n Multiple .-..

Probe I?ornmtion Tester ..

L,),,,(s, r) is invcrtcwl uumcricullv

SPE 20737

usiug tlw algorithm

developed

y:~ ;$f =
~{{
matllcmatical]y

o (Z, -a 1:)2(Ss+ff) -1 <(: <

o :> (:,+12)

0>

Jf-f

by Stchfcst,41

Al)iilVtic inversions arc :i\wiliii)lo for &o[)(,s, r) and . invorsioll rxists for G,:}ll(,q, r),

60,, (s, r) ,42 however no atlalytir

K@=i=T
(111:]) Q 011

dcscrilxw

flow into a hole of finite radius

the surface of an impcrmcfildc vertically

cyiindcr cf radius r = 1, boundeci

at $ = O and : = /1. of two finite Fouricv cosine triill8transform

kollowing tlw application

illl(l

forms40 (in O apd : ) and a I.aplacc

Eq, 13S txcornes

Go,,(t, r) =?

iT(J

~ J [{00

~-[(lw )%l?]f

+-

(U14) where j=oasv-eo, illld

values

Thrsc (1315)

ful]ctions

lias bccu tabulaud

hy l)urrant

and lllaml~y-

Calculation

of GlfiII(S, v) (Eq, 1120) can Iw difficult for lilrgO relationship Ilils lwcll

of nt . For tl]is reason a rwurrmco

dcIYclopcd which only rcquirws tho colljp(ltatim] (1316) [lsillg tl]c rcititicsnsllips:]o 1(,,, +., (u) = ;1n d Iit,t + lit,, - 1 ,

of li.~ iilld ~~1,

(1317)

_= 1(;,,(u)
it CmI IIc

21(,,, (11)
A,,t+.l (u) + [(,,,-1(U)

shown that Iilll ( II) -=~ ,2 (}111 + 2/11 , u ,,, Ill = 1,2,,,, (1]25)

ing

~q.

1317 and equating /

it with Eq. 1116 D can be dctcrmitwd

\
Whw

<),,, =

Succcssivc follmviug

application

of the Fourier invomion formula gives the

illlll (1-1 Qo =() = f) , , d..l+!$ /JrJ

%%

APPENDIX

8WR. +~ ~ ~
1 ?11:=11=1

Glilll(s,l)= (aNllrT2) 41110) , -1)111

(1119)

\vhcrv

d,,,,,(%)) =
illld

21(,,, (0!)
so [/(,,, +1(0) + 1(,)1-1((7)]

1120)

LY21)

SPE 20737

P, A. (%.sode and R. X, M, Thnmbynnyngnm

11

,.
Letting f;c = l(Y = Kr 13q. Cl bccomcs boundary cxprmscrl of radius rw, through which no flux passes can h ,}oint
which

as the steady-state

pressure (IUCto a continsrou.-

source in an infinite medium mtsltiplicd by a shape factor accounts where a = r* + ?; - 2r?rJCos(tl - O.), A corresponding be \vrittrm for rmcrvoir crrgincering problems as form cm for the prcscnc~ of tnc wellbore,

Tcr detcrtninc
statc solutions without

the shailc factor wc neccl to cotnparc the steady with and

of the point source in an infinite mdium

Ap(t)=

q(qillct)i
814rc( -, ~

$@, 1 x)

+pc, - 4t {[

Q + .(s ....q .... \ , ....

h% i,, ,11 ((:;{)

a wellbore. stcacly-stats pressure at a point

(ruI, 0,s)

1hc +itncnsionlcss

duc to a point sink &t ( VW, 0,0) .ss

can bc rlctcrrnincd

from Ilq. A~

LMining L!,

~
then for a continuous a rate q fron] timed Eqo C3:

Ml d

A,
= d~

(131) at i~:y For Iargc values of f this is not a computtttionally fortn and wc will switclt to the Fourier rcprcscntation convenient given by

point source, whcrw fluid is withrhwn to time= t Ap(t ) can !): obt~itwd

intograt.ing

t / +Tx{-++-l}d(c)
Substituting u = (t - ~)-~

Eq, 1319, lhking the limit a ~ O (point source) and rwplacittg the

l)ourior sum in x with a louricr integral (rcmrwing the boundaries in s ) this equation lmcomcs (for stcariy state)

Ap(t) =

84(J + a
q Im
\\!orth

){-$

[+++}
To m~provc the convcrgcncc
CIII;@Cd, Ily

fc: the second tcrtn tho following is $ = nm ,

...-

making the substitution

A property Ilq, CS appro?clm of the siuk,

some iit.tc)~t.ion

is that

for I:trgc time,

may !Ic \vritt.rN as

a stca{!y-stut.c

prmrurc

drop in the vucinily flow, The rmu!ting

This is peculiar

to spherical

The uniforn] expansion

for li\t~P order:]o is 11.-J2 2t)l (~ ,- ,,:);

Also, if r = vo md

O = 00 thcll Eq, (76 IXW!OIIIW (C7)

1
,

(1)4)

\\IolilxJrc) l;q, 1)3 CaII Iw \\riltoll

~
!llkll

COs(mo)x

a Ii,,, (/~nl) 1 --w () ll~-Fl}cO(l)[l w +,>1 c~s(tllo)lfo (m{)+g {lo,c(l-c-f)+*}

1{

~ (l)J)

1hv stuady.stsstc r~) = I,SD =0 pwwurw NIQ ~tewly.titato

coatinucrus

prwwurc for rr ctmtinuous frrs]tl Eqi (!6 is

point sourco M

and U =0

at L point

in the nmlium
q on u cylindrical

duo to a intcrnat 221 I

point source d titrcngtlt

12

~\nalytic

Morkds for a Multiple

Probe Formation

Zkwtcr

SPE 207S7

therefore

tlw shape factor 0 = y~

O is ~ (D7) For

1his i~ the solution uswl with uriisotropy wellbore,

dctcrmincd

!)Y Sharma

and l)us.ssm, 37 Wlllm up to an includes the

IJq, IN it provides

a good approximation

of 100. lhi~ is bccausc Eqo IY2implicitly

where

p~~~ is cnlculatcd observation

using cir,hcr ltq, D1 or ltq, 1)2,

As anisotropitw

in SJXMWS this would most likely result of

the Wrlicid horizontal

plwtsc O = O and { > 0, and for the

from t ho prcwncv model prwwnted

of ~oyoring, in which case the malhomiitica] here would I.w invalid, the zrwo order solution If it is mxcssary to go to higher aoisotropim is

OIW.!IWltiOllprol>c O = rr ulld f = O , steady.state sl]iij)~ factors arc tabulated in Tu-

TIIC rmulting Mo 2
at)d

fjcnerully adequate,

plotted

sw u functiol] of f in l~ig, U.

then tlm clycctive probe rtidills for tlw point cm w cylinder can ho dotfirmimd using the l)ol~llollliill

APPENDIX

Efrcctiv( .r..,lw Radius (Siok J)rolm)

11) rcidity

tl]c sink

prol)c

should

lx] Inocfclvcl

iss ~

Imlc of ~iiditi~ ;IIO siuk probe

71)over which tllo pressure

is .]niform,

\\)l~cn trcatinb

probe us a point sink it is ncccssary radius,

to Mitw

an cflrctive

The cf~cctivo probe rwlius is ii point u distance

?,c uway trJ solution tsrc ~qual,

(s1
fl~ (SS 6] b~
63

0.5563031577 2h44042230fM .2,3669107027 .(),()f)~l()$~~~~ .1,2417272971

.1

0, J88W67!285 2,26103612s6 .2.1132!)60201 .0,0750552906 . 1,060EW2073!I .1,523WIW5

from the point sink at whi{h a prcssur(, corresponding of the corrccl proldcm and tho itpproximritc prohlwn

Sllorlna ulld 1)usstsn;17 ctilrulot ml where this point would IN if I ho wellbore wor~~[0 Lo ccmsidorod us huvihg an illfinito rudius, Ac.

cording !O tl~o work of \Vilkiusoll ];i the Il,llf spare ;~l)l~roxill)ul.itltl 37,. Of Sllnrlllii Ulid l) UWUII Is only vtilid for rclntivcly ;isw VUIUCS of tlw uniso[ro]~,v (say curwituro < 4 ) and lhut ut higlwr nuimtm]~y tlw

,WN)3!)331O

of the well Lccoulcs iu)lwrtantt

to the

A Icading order StCISi~j-StiitC solution isry Viduo proldom prossurv is uniforln) rcsultiag

mixvd lJoul]dth

from llii\~illg ii holv (o\cr which

in al! inlpcrmrmlll~~ cylinder

was givot~ by
(1]

\Vilkil)son:13 i,s

0.55s$1606s46
2,4530G2SW2 .2,W)5(W51J) .o,(l!m3132Jti .1,3103s13s0 .l,oti7LiWi&17

0,523M4S5M 2,S713212456 .2.i72t)i2i?)M .oJ.)7?)mu!)73 .lJ64S37fi:)15 .1,!!0700088s3

u~

(Itl)

(IJ IJl

f)i
63

rul

,0, :

(1:2)
I)y uquuting Eusl 12 ulltl El tlm cftec(ivc proi.w radius lr cul~

-r
:!1/) ?U! q (1 p 4
)/) ,

,100 111(1

7fl
10 10 2X l@
/),2 (),336

(11)
(III CII13/8
l/l)si c]) Clll

bc dcterimlumxl

us ss fuuctiuu d ut)isot mpy and wellborv rudiu#,

l$ig, 9 BINMVS U Idol Of lc Us. kr/k# .

Prom tlw zvro urdor solutlon

of \Vilklllswi :) 111(! L4Yvltl\1~

wellbore radius tur u poiill rslnk ill n half qmcc is (u:])

222

.=.=.=.=.=.=-=.= .=.=.=.= -=+-== =.= .=.=.=~=.= :.=== -------------------l.~.~~.: .~.~.~.--.. _=--:7 .==F.

,._;-2-

! ., -,. -;---,L . ==_ _

----?,=::-==-

x7.

-,-,
-,.

=.:.
+

:.

L---- .

. . . ...=.
,+~~~

~.~.

.7 =

,:

,,=.,.

r- _------

~-- ==&. Y.-, ---J-

L:

-~+t.

Y.,.-,

.~,-- - -

Pressnre Difference, psi

-u w
-d

1001 ~
8.0 .

,00 flona . SPE .

l\
.,

-.~

20T25.0 .= B, g 20,0 & & ~ Q 15,0 S! ~ - 10,0 5,0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1,0

r I

llickncs~

100 rm

,,, ,., ., . . . . . . . . .

. ... ... ....

0!0

0.2

.~~
I

0,0

~~J
o
20 40
Time,

Spherical Time, sc#5 Fw,ta4

1,11, b ,4 l:, f h [ ,1,,.L,\b: . 101 ,.3.,.,.,..s r,~,.1 ,,, 1 ,.. 2 .,,>.1.!

102

100

lL

60
scc

80

100

I ,..), ,!!.

! !,
!,!

s,! , 1) .!.,,,

.1, ,,.

(,. ,,.,.

.,.

, f,,,,, ,, ,,, ,,( ,1,$. .,

,,,

, $,,,,,

,,

.1,.,,,

I .Mt, 1. I !1.. 9..1,.,81

d Ic.u!,,la,,..

..t, ,1,,.1,.,,,,, ,,,,!, >!,.,.,,.,,,,,,

,,,,,1,,.

2,0

Thi( h-s:

200 cm

1.6
Y Tllicktw5s..?OO cm 0.0

0,8

1,2 ~ ~ u 0.s 0.4 O=n 0.4 0.2 0.6 +% h

Thickncssx w

0.0 20 40 60 80 100

0.0
10

~~
10 102 10

Time, sec 1,%1,,,. ! *,I%,,,441 i I(la, ,

1,s,,,,>,1 ,,,, . a,,, I I,. ,,, !,<.,1 ,,1,.. ,,,, t,.,, ,,,. !.<.

224