Etiology of WRMSDs: According to Punnet & Bergquist 1997, the use of computer keyboard was a direct causative agent

nt for hand and wrist disorders. Another study by Amell & Kumar 1999, showed that repetitiveness of the keyboarding task, the tendency of users to type with excessive force and the maintaining prolonged awkward and static postures by the user may result in cumulative trauma disorder. According to Matias et al. (1998), the main causation of carpal tunnel syndrome is job design and the secondary factor is posture associated with the workplace design while the least contributing factor is the individuals arthropometric make-up.

Factors affecting MS health: (dapat siguro Risk Factors to kaysa factors lang) According to Carayon et al. (1999), in their model, it stipulated that psychosocial work factors( ex. Work pressure, lack of control) which can cause stress, might also influenced or be related to ergonomics factors such as force, repetition and posture that have been identified as risk factor for WRMSDs. Peper et al. (2003) reviewed the ergonomic and psychosocial factors that affect MSD at the workstation and their results showed that there was a significant difference in right forearm extensor-flexor muscle tension and in right upper trapezius muscle tension between type and tasks. Shuval & Donchrin (2005) examined the relationship between ergonomic risk factors and upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in VDT workers by taking into account individual and work organizational factors and stresses.

Office ergonomics; how it can help prevent/reduce the occurence WRMSDs: Macroergonomics is an organizational design approach that can reduce health risks and increase performance by providing flexible physical work environments and accommodating the ergonomic needs of individual employees and project teams. This approach to organizational design incorporates an understanding of the individual components of the work system as well as their interrelationships, specifically social, technical and physical environments (Hendrick and Kleiner., 2002) Ergonomics training is another fundamental element of macroergonomics approach, as it can integrate ergonomics into an organization and play a key role in linking the corporate goals with ergonomic practices. Additional benefits of ergonomics training are

that it provides employees with the necessary knowledge on how they should arrange individual and team workspace, and it promotes healthy computing habits (Amick et al., 2003,; Bohr 2000; Brisson et al., 1999; Robertson and Oneil, 1999; Verbeek, 1991) According to Laing et al. (2007), ergonomic interventions have been improved psychosocial conditions in different working groups.

Note: 1. Lets be specific if we are up to the risk factors or external factors or both. 2. We can also include the effect of WRMSDs in the office workers in the outline.