Topic 1-Further Mechanics Momentum Use the expression p=mv Momentum is a quantity possessed by all moving masses, and

defined as the product of mass and velocity: Momentum = mass x velocity Momentum is a vector quantity (the direction of which is the same as the objects velocity), with units kgms . Investigate and relate net force to rate of change of momentum in situations where mass is constant (Newtons second law of motion) A resultant force acting on an object causes a change of momentum. Newtons second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force applied to the body, and is in the same direction as the force. This can be written as F = dp dt which, if the quantities are not constantly changing, can also be written as F = p t A change in momentum must be caused by a force applied for a certain time-this is known as an impulse. Impulse = F x t = p Collisions Investigate and apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum to problems in one dimension The principle of conservation of linear momentum tells us that the sum of the momenta of each object (accounting for direction) before a collision will equal the sum momenta of the objects after the collision provided no external force acts on the objects. We can apply the conservation of linear momentum to an object or set of objects that have zero momentum initially, before moving away from each otherthis is known as an explosion. As long as we account for direction, then the sum momenta after the explosion will equal that before the explosion-zero.

Analyse and interpret data to calculate the momentum of (non-relativistic) particles and apply the conservation of linear momentum to problems in one and two dimensions When objects are moving along different lines, we can resolve the velocity vectors into perpendicular directions and carry out the momenta sums for each component direction

Energy In Collisions Derive and use the expression Ek=p/2m for the kinetic energy of a non-relativistic particle Ek=1/2mv Ek=1m(p) 2 (m) Ek=p 2m This formula is useful when dealing with the kinetic energy of subatomic particles travelling at non-relativistic speeds. Explain and apply the principle of conservation of energy, and determine whether a collision is elastic or inelastic In elastic collisions, the total kinetic energy (Ek) is conserved; in inelastic collisions it is not conserved. Energy which is lost has been converted to another form, such as thermal energy. Often when objects stick together, high proportion of the initial kinetic energy is transformed. v=p m

Angular Displacement Express angular displacement in radians and in degrees, and convert between these units An angle in radians is defined as =l r where l is the arc length that gives the angle at the centre of the circle of radius r. To convert an angle in degrees into radians, you divide the angle by 180 and multiply by . Explain the concept of angular velocity, and recognise and use the relationships v=r and T=2/

Angular displacement is the vector measurement of the angle through which something has turned. The rate at which angular displacement is called angular velocity, = t If the object completes a full circle in a time period T, then =2 T If we consider the instantaneous velocity of the object, then v=r

Centripetal Force Use the expression for centripetal force, F=ma=mv/r, and hence derive and use the expressions for centripetal acceleration a=v/r and a=r When an object moves following a circular path, it is changing its direction, and therefore it is accelerating. If the speed is constant, then the acceleration must be towards the centre of the circular path, perpendicular to its tangential motion. a=v r =r where r is the radius and v is the tangential velocity around the circle. A body that is constantly accelerating must have a resultant force acting on it. This is known as the centripetal force, and must arise from external forces that act on the object F=mv r