1.

Atithi Devo Bhava

The verse is from the [Taittiriya Upanishad]], who says: "Matru devo bhava, Pitru devo bhava, Acharya devo bhava, Atithi devo bhava". It literally means " The Mother is God, the Father is God, the Teacher is God, [and] the guest is God." Tithi in Sanskrit denotes a (calendrical) date. In ancient times, when means of communication were limited and it was not possible for guests to anticipate their date of arrival, "atithi" (which literally means "without a fixed calendrical time") was coined to depict a visiting person who had no fixed date of arrival or departure. "Devah" (which, through sandhi or euphonic combination, becomes written/pronounced as "devo" when followed by certain kinds of consonants) means God and bhava means Be or Is - "The Guest is God". Campaign by the Government of India India attracts millions of tourists each year, 3.3 million in 2003, but lags far behind other destinations. To attempt to improve the number of tourists travelling to India, the Tourism Department of India started the Atithi devo bhavah campaign with the theme incredible India. 'Atithi Devo Bhavah' is a Social Awareness Campaign aimed at providing the inbound tourist a greater sense of being welcomed to the country. The campaign targets the general public, while focusing mainly on the stakeholders of the tourism industry. The campaign provides training and orientation to taxi drivers, guides, immigration officers, police and other personnel who interact directly with the tourist.[1] Bollywood actor Aamir Khan is the brand ambassador of the 'Atithi Devo Bhavah' campaign for the Ministry of Tourism.

2. Amazon VS Flipkart
There were a lot of factors that worked well for Flipkart. The first and foremost was that we Indians were discarding our stone-age ways and beginning to shop online. You can have a product that looks like Emma Watson, acts like Johnny Depp, plays like Wayne Rooney, sings like Coldplay and writes like me but if people arent ready to shop online, then youll end up in Corporate America with a jobless sign around your neck! Another thing the two entrepreneurs, Sachin and Binny Bansal, did right was that they started off with books a low capital investment and a fast turn-around time. But the best thing they did was that they understood that to be successful in India, you need to be the God of Distribution. Kotler can talk about the 4 Ps of marketing till Rakhi Sawant learns to say Jejus correctly but in India, its amazing Logistics that prove to be the gamechanger. And thats exactly what the folks at Flipkart have done! And combine that with the cheapest prices on almost every product, its truly revolutionizing e-tail in India! Consider the following stats and youll see what Im trying to convey through this post: Flipkart sells 1.5 lakh books a month. Thats 3.5 books a minute! In 2009, it had a topline of 20 crore. By March 2012, thats expected to touch 500 crore! It has over 1 million registered users! It ships over 20000 items every day. More than half of those are books! Its the 1st Indian Internet Company to be valued at $1 Billion! The Impending Entry of Amazon While Flipkart may have got a first-mover advantage, itll only be a fool who counts out Amazon. The worlds largest online retailer may have been a bit slow to get off the ship but theyve made their intention clear of wanting the biggest slice of the Indian pie. And Flipkart know this all too well! Over the last year or so, theyve expanded into a lot more categories, trying to capture more and more consumers and gone on an advertising blitzkrieg because they know that once Amazon starts operations here, its going be to one fierce battle. To get a perspective of how much Amazon is a threat to Flipkart, take a look at the below figures. Currently, Flipkart gets over 0.5 million unique visitors every month from India. Now if thats impressive, check out the other fact. Amazon, on the other hand, gets 0.75 million unique visitors every month from India. And this is when theyve not even started operations here! Thats what should be worrying Flipkart. Amazon is known for its legendary customer service and although it wont be a cakewalk for them here (hell, we Indians are sure hard to please); knowing the US giant, theyll be up for the challenge. The Outcome of this Battle Well, since all of you flock to this blog to catch a glimpse of my intelligence, Im putting my two million cents worth of thought as to the outcome of this battle. As I see it, unlike Ra.One, this movie can have 3 possible endings. 1. Amazon buys out Flipkart Now Amazon has been known to adopt this strategy in other markets where its come in and bought off the closest competitors. And I have a very sneaky feeling, this is the reason for

the 1 billion valuation of Flipkart. The Bansal friends are smart enough to know what theyre doing and who wouldnt want to retire by 30! 2. To Each his Own There have been instances in Brazil and Japan where the local players have managed to hold their own against Amazon. That very well might just happen here with Flipkart expanding rapidly into new categories. 3. Desi Power Rules the Roost It can also be that Flipkart manages to hold off the advances of Amazon and the desi junta gives a thumbs up to the desi venture and the royal finger to the firangsjust the way we do it to Himesssssssh Bhai every time he pretends to act! No matter what happens, these are real exciting times for online shopping in India. We are already seeing a slew of online startups take shape with Yebhi, Inkfruit, Quickr etc. Although I dont want to comment on them, I personally feel most of these sites wont be around for a long time. No amount of money blown up on banner ads can make up for poor service and original products and Ive already heard shock experiences about these other sites from so many of my friends. So till then folks, Im happy sticking with Flipkart. And who knows, even when Amazon comes knocking, Ill still go with Flipkart if it continues giving me value that I, the consumer, want. Happy Shopping! Amazon entered India as JUNGLEE.COM which only compares the prices from different e-commerce website.

3. Apple after Jobs

Q: Can Apple succeed without Jobs? Jobs was famous -- some say notorious -- for keeping an iron grip on every step of the product development process, from conception to execution. The Macintosh, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad all shine with his distinct design sensibility. Still, investors and consumers alike had grown accustomed in the past year to the idea of Apple without its visionary leader. Since January 2011, when Jobs went on his third medical and Cook again took over, most observers expected that Jobs would not return to full-time, active duty. Yet investors and customers remained confident in the company. Apple has plenty of new products in the pipeline, and there should be few bumps in the short term. But it's not clear if Jobs' brilliance -- both as a product visionary and a super-salesman -- was ultimately transferable. The lukewarm reaction to Cook's first big product introduction on Tuesday could be seen as a warning sign. Q: What will happen to Apple's share price? Jobs' health had been an issue with investors for years (he was diagnosed in 2004), but that has not stopped Apple shares from marching higher. The stock moved little when Jobs announced in August that he was stepping down as CEO, and it moved little in after-hours trading after the announcement of his death Wednesday. The biggest factors affecting the stock currently are the reliability of its iPhone and iPad product pipeline, and how well the company wards off smart phone challenger Google Inc and burgeoning rival Amazon.com Inc. Q: What is Jobs' legacy? Jobs is counted among the greatest CEOs in history, mentioned in the same breath as Henry Ford and other historical giants of corporate America. One of his most unique achievements was vaulting Apple to world leadership not just once, but twice. After co-founding the company with Steve Wozniak in 1976 and giving the world the Apple II and the Macintosh, he was famously pushed out in a clash with his hand-picked CEO, John Sculley. When Jobs returned in 1997 the floundering company's survival was in doubt, but he proceeded to radically transform an ageing computer-maker and take it in a new, and wildly successful, direction. There are few examples in any field of such a brilliant second act. Along the way, Jobs in 1986 also bought Pixar, which was then little more than an experiment in digital animation technology. The company ultimately became a juggernaut of its own, and when it was acquired by Disney in 2006, Jobs became the largest shareholder of the entertainment giant. Again, there are few examples of a CEO turning a side project into a world-class innovator and business success story. Jobs' few critics say the Macintosh was mostly borrowed technology, and beyond that all Apple gave the world was a sleek cellphone and an improved music-player. But many people -- in the tech world and beyond -believe his impact on society and culture was monumental. He prompted millions to embrace digital technology, online media and mobile communications in ways they never did before. Q: Will Apple change under Cook? While both Cook and Jobs have earned reputations as hard-driving perfectionists, Jobs' successor is considered easier to work with. While Jobs was infamous for chewing out employees -- multiple stories have him firing workers in the elevator -- Cook is said to be better at forging consensus.

Whether and how Apple will transform under his stewardship is an open question. But Cook's success at Apple is due in large part to his sharing many of his boss's traits: a demand for perfection, an exhaustive attention to detail, and a hard-nosed attitude at the negotiating table. In Cook's early days, insiders say, his boss occasionally had to step in to get tough media-content negotiations going again. But after years of wringing concessions from Asian production partners and three stints running the empire in Jobs' absence, Cook has a lot of credibility, and confidence in his leadership runs high. Q: Who else is important to the company's future success? Design guru Jonathan Ives, marketing chief Phil Schiller, and mobile-software head Scott Forstall are three of the most important players. Schiller filled in for Jobs on several product launches, and with Cook being more low-key by nature, Schiller may gain a higher public profile. Q: What will be Apple's "Next Big Thing"? There's no shortage of speculation on what direction Cook will take Apple in, and whether Jobs had already laid the foundation for Apple's "Next Big Thing". For now, industry speculation centers around some sort of concerted attempt to shake up the living room, and TV. Apple has delivered results in the past by diving into fragmented, stagnating industries -- notably music and telephones -- and re-imagining them through technological innovation. Many experts say TV and its confusing array of options is ripe for an Apple-like "simple is beautiful" makeover.

4. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times, and today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality. Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chessplayer, and countless other feats never before possible. Find out how the military is applying AI logic to its hi-tech systems, and how in the near future Artificial Intelligence may impact our lives. 5. Authority Vs Persuasion : PDF SHEET 6.Bollywood Tourism The Bollwood bait has been utilized by countries to promote tourism for a long time now. Invite Bollywood film-makers to shoot, offer them hospitality, incentives and the works, and then watch the movie act as a powerful advertisement for India's outbound tourist market, which is growing at the second fastest rate in the world. Even before any concerted efforts were begun to market countries, however, there was Yash Chopra, the man who launched film tourism's Indian chapter. Chopra regularly used UK and Switzerland as the backdrop for his lavishly mounted, chiffon-saris-in-the-Swiss Alps phantasmagorias, and thanks to him, Indian tourist traffic to Switzerland spiralled by almost 30%. Similarly, after Rakesh Roshan shot Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai in New Zealand, the desi footfall went up manifoldRoshan was even honoured by the New Zealand prime minister for promoting tourism. Recently, the Singapore Tourism Board invested $6.3 million under its 'Film in Singapore' scheme that subsidises international film productions by up to 50%. Krrish was the first Bollywood film to opt for this scheme, and the annual Indian tourist traffic to Singapore immediately after its release went up from 60 lakh to 70 lakh. Lately, there's been a change in the Bollywood list of favourite locales. Switzerland and Dubai are no longer as hot as they used to beit's Thailand that tops the list of new favourites, with South Africa a close second. Others include Mauritius, the US, the UK, Nambia, Canada, Italy, Austria and Sri Lanka. "More and more countries are aggressively wooing Bollywood to shoot their films," says producer Rajat Rawail. "Israel, Ireland and Poland are the three new players. Then there's Fiji Islands, whose government is even willing to give producers a payback of 35% of the cost incurred on shooting. All of them have realised that the exposure their countries gets through our films is huge."

7. Brand Placement in Films Product placement, or embedded marketing,[1][2][3][4] is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of ads, such as movies, music videos, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is not disclosed at the time that the good or service is featured. Product placement became common in the 1990s, until the ramifications of product placement were clearly understood. In April 2006, Broadcasting & Cable reported, "Two thirds of advertisers employ 'branded entertainment'product placementwith the vast majority of that (80%) in commercial TV programming." The story, based on a survey by the Association of National Advertisers, said "Reasons for using in-show plugs varied from 'stronger emotional connection' to better dovetailing with relevant content, to targeting a specific group."[5] 8. Career Trends 2010 was a good year for the Indian economy, while recession had a global impact in 2009, the economy revived largely in 2010. The International Monetary Fund has forecasted the world economy to grow by 4.2% in its October World Economic Outlook report after an estimated growth of 4.8% in 2010.Inflation continues to be a cause of worry across the world. In the last year crude oil ($ per barrel) rose from 81.51 to 89.84 which is a 10.2% increase. However the projections for job opportunities across the globe continue to be very positive particularly in India and Asian countries. As per forecast by Assocham (Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India), a skills shortage predicted in Indian service sector. Services businesses are responsible for almost two-thirds of Indias gross domestic product, with fields witnessing strong levels of growth including biotechnology, IT and academia. Assocham forecasts between ten and 15 million job positions will be generated by 2011, with 75 per cent requiring vocational training. If this is not achieved, Assocham advises, it could lead to an economic slowdown, as skilled workers are required in the IT, engineering, hospitality and insurance industries, among others. Trends: What can job seekers expect for the coming year? Here are six career trends to expect in 2011: There will be more hirings from Colleges and Campuses this year. Salary hikes will be modest this year. There will be increased focus on the soft skills There will be increased recruitments through social networking websites and recommendations this year. There will be steady job competition for key positions across the sectors, however there will be plenty of jobs. There will be an enhanced focus on personal branding . Personal branding is focusing on an individuals brand and how it reflects them as an employee and an individual. In 2011, job seekers will continue to focus on their personal brand and look to online tools like Video CVs, linkedin recommendations etc to make them visible to prospective employers. Key Areas for Hiring in 2011. Though we have overcome the shadow of recession largely in 2010, it may take few more months for the total recovery in all sectors of the industry. As per recent data released by Manpower Survey India released on 7/12/10 following are the key areas of growth in recruitment in 2011 The most dynamic hiring prospects are reported in the Services sector, with a Net Employment Outlook of +51%, and the Manufacturing sector, where the Outlook stands at +45%. Robust hiring activity is predicted in the Transportation & Utilities sector and the Public Administration & Education sector, with Outlooks of +37% and +36%, respectively. Following are the key sectors and job types in which more jobs are likely to be in demand. 1. Computer systems design, Software publishers and related services, Hottest jobs in this field: Software Developer, Software Architect, network systems and data communications analysts; network and computer systems administrators; accountants and auditors , computer support specialists, market research analysts and Mobile Apps Developer . 2. Management and consulting services Hottest jobs in this field: Marketing research executive, communications analysts; industrial engineers; financial analysts; customer service representatives; project managers and public relations specialists 3. Sustainability and Social service sector Hottest jobs in this field: Child Welfare Officer, Social worker, Accounts Officer, Program Directors, medical and public health social workers; special education teachers, occupational therapists; and social and human service assistants, Research and Documentation Officer, Administrative Officer,

4. Research and development services Hottest jobs in this field: Research Analyst, biomedical engineers; biochemists and biophysicists; medical scientists, Agriculture Scientist, Lab Assistant, Research Associate, Research Executive, Scientific Assistant, V.P.- Research & Development, Environment Scientist, Research Associate, Scientific Officer, R&D Executive, Scientist and Sr. Research Fellows (SRF) 5. Health care Hottest jobs in this field: doctors, nurses, physician assistants; physical therapist aides; speech-language pathologists, physical therapist assistants and physical therapists 6. Construction Hottest jobs in this field: heating, air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics and installers; septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners; telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers; purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail and farm products; and cost estimators 7. Educational services Hottest jobs in this field: preschool teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school; office clerks, general; kindergarten teachers and first-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers However it should be remembered that these 7 fields are not the only fields where job opportunities will be available in 2011. Theyre fast-growing, but jobs can still be found in many fields that are not growing as fast even shrinking. We conclude that while 2011 welcomes us on a brighter prospect from job opportunities perspective, the following are the key tips to retain your position and be successful in your role , irrespective of if you are searching for a job or not, Few helpful Tips to follow this year in your organization Increase your visibility at all levels in your organization. Go the extra mile Remember if you want to stand out from the others , you need to go the extra mile Make professional connections The more well connected you are the better is your career prospect Commit to learning a new skill One need to strive learning newer technologies, be updated with the latest industry happenings at all times. Be the gracious co-worker and an excellent Team Player At the end of the day , it is the team who makes an organization succeed not an individual, so one needs to demonstrate a high degree of professional integrity and motivate the team and be a good team player. 9. Chrome Book A little less than two years ago we set out to make computers much better. Today, were announcing the first Chromebooks from our partners, Samsung and Acer. These are not typical notebooks. With a Chromebook you wont wait minutes for your computer to boot and browser to start. Youll be reading your email in seconds. Thanks to automatic updates the software on your Chromebook will get faster over time. Your apps, games, photos, music, movies and documents will be accessible wherever you are and you won't need to worry about losing your computer or forgetting to back up files. Chromebooks will last a day of use on a single charge, so you dont need to carry a power cord everywhere. And with optional 3G, just like your phone, youll have the web when you need it. Chromebooks have many layers of security built in so there is no anti-virus software to buy and maintain. Even more importantly, you won't spend hours fighting your computer to set it up and keep it up to date. At the core of each Chromebook is the Chrome web browser. The web has millions of applications and billions of users. Trying a new application or sharing it with friends is as easy as clicking a link. A world of information can be searched instantly and developers can embed and mash-up applications to create new products and services. The web is on just about every computing device made, from phones to TVs, and has the broadest reach of any platform. With HTML5 and other open standards, web applications will soon be able to do anything traditional applications can do, and more. Chromebooks will be available online June 15 in the U.S., U.K., France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy and Spain. More countries will follow in the coming months. In the U.S., Chromebooks will be available from Amazon and Best Buy and internationally from leading retailers. Even with dedicated IT departments, businesses and schools struggle with the same complex, costly and insecure computers as the rest of us. To address this, were also announcing Chromebooks for Business and Education. This service from Google includes Chromebooks and a cloud management console to remotely administer and manage users, devices, applications and policies. Also included is enterprise-level support, device warranties and replacements as well as regular hardware refreshes. Monthly subscriptions will start at $28/user for businesses and $20/user for schools. There are over 160 million active users of Chrome today. Chromebooks bring you all of Chrome's speed,

simplicity and security without the headaches of operating systems designed 20 to 30 years ago. We're very proud of what the Chrome team along with our partners have built, and with seamless updates, it will just keep getting better. 10. Cloud Computing Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet).[1] Cloud computing provides computation, software applications, data access,data management and storage resources without requiring cloud users to know the location and other details of the computing infrastructure. End users access cloud based applications through a web browser or a light weight desktop or mobile app while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. Cloud application providers strive to give the same or better service and performance than if the software programs were installed locally on end-user computers. At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of infrastructure convergence (or Converged Infrastructure) and shared services.[2] This type of data centre environment allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with easier manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust IT resources (such as servers, storage, and networking) to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.[3][4] 11. Commercial Taxation in India Commercial taxes are cst,gst,professional tax, excise(most probably not included,but still no risk), cess on excise and sales tax. These are the taxes that are included when one has a turnover greater than 5 lacs.(rofl,otherwise business kaa matlab kyaa he????) Each state has a department dedicated to commercial taxation and roughly they contribute to more than 70% share of the Tax revenue of the State. Hence in case of inter state purchases , the dealers are supposed to pay up full vat which they dont get rebate on or provide a c-form against 2% cst, which again provides no rebate but then the dealer can charge full vat in his local sales. The VAT approach gives sellers a direct financial stake in collecting the tax, and eliminates the problematic decision by the seller about whether the buyer is or is not an end consumer. The government can monitor whether the user is the end user or just an industry or dealer processing or selling the mentioned goods. Another form of em commercial taxes is sales tax. They are levied only on 1-1 sales by manufacturer to end user where there is no dealer in between them. Sales taxes are often seen as good tax systems for economic growth, savings, and investment. Economists at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development studied the effects of various types of taxes on the economic growth of developed nations within the OECD and found that sales taxes are one of the least harmful taxes for growth. Some people consider sales taxes to be regressive; that is, they believe that the tax imposes a greater burden on low-income families than wealthy families. However, it has been suggested that any regressive effect of a sales tax could be mitigated, e.g., by excluding rent, or by exempting "necessary" items, such as food, clothing and medicines. The main aims are To facilitate Trade and Industry by re-engineering and simplifying the processes and helping Business to enhance its competitiveness. To provide efficient and effective services to the Taxpayers and also to check tax evasion by using the tools of modern technology. To establish transparent, responsive and accountable administration. 12. Community Television Community television is a form of mass media in which a television station is owned, operated and/or programmed by a community group to provide television programs of local interest known as local programming. Community television stations are most commonly operated by non-profit groups or cooperatives. However, in some cases they may be operated by a local college or university, a cable company or a municipal government. Some people used to argue that elections are THE best instruments of accountability. But events have overtaken the idea and now there are many who are focusing on the limitations of election, mainly, if you have an uninformed citizenry. There is another dimension to it. While in democracies, elections provide an incentive for politicians to perform, governments are not likely to respond as enthusiastically to those who are unlikely or marginalized voters, no

matter whether their plight has been well covered or not. So how do you turn uninformed citizenry or marginalized voters into active citizens?...In short, by providing evidence based information. This innovation combines a TV studio and the existing wifi network with a local cable TV facility enabling people to access the services and programmes right in their homes. This technological and social innovation is being piloted in three villages (Cherukumilli, Juvvalapalem & I-Bhimavaram) in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh and the local programmes reach about 69 villages across the district through the cable network. Sometimes it is a kind of mobile TV, or, more specifically, mobile video. With a videocassette, alarge screen (or TV monitor), sound amplifier and microphone on a vehicle (truck or WW Kombi), video productions are shown in public squares or to social entities. The exhibition is itinerant. This means that for a certain program, a few previously chosen locations are visited for exhibition and debates aboutthe audio-visual programs If community TV network gains momentum in India, then rural India should perhaps call the TV the Empowerment Box instead of the Idiot Box. 13. Concept Restaurants If theres one thing that all of these restaurants have in common with incredible theme hotels it is the belief that dining doesnt have to be mundane. From the comical to the sincerely disturbing, strangely themed restaurants have popped up all over the globe, but are most commonly found in Tokyo, Japan. Here are 15 of the weirdest and wackiest themed restaurants in the world, highlighting such gastronomic delights as edible dead bodies, Spicy Condom Salad and feces-shaped ice cream served in miniature toilet bowls. At Buns & Guns in Beirut, Lebanon, everything is military themed from the dcor and names of the menu items to the helicopter sounds that play constantly in the background. Manager Yussef Ibrahim says that the theme reflects the mood of the city during Lebanons 2006 war with Israel, and that while some patrons may find it disturbing, most are amused. You can order yourself an M16 Carbine meat sandwich, a Mortar burger or a Terrorist meal (which happens to be vegetarian). Displayed at the entrance is the restaurants slogan, Sandwiches Can Kill You. Nyotaimori in Japanese literally means female body plate, and this restaurant named after the tradition of eating sushi and sashimi off a nude womans body takes the concept to a whole new level. An edible body, with dough skin and sauce blood is wheeled into the room on a hospital gurney and placed upon a table. The hostess begins the meal by cutting into the body with a scalpel and then patrons dig in, operating on the body to reveal edible organs. Cabbages and Condoms Bangkok, Thailand The only restaurant in the world dedicated to birth control, Cabbages & Condoms in Bangkok, Thailand offers not mints on your way out the door, but condoms. Their slogan, emblazoned on t-shirts in the gift shop, is Our food is guaranteed not to cause pregnancy. Menu items include the Spicy Condom Salad, fried Shanghai noodles spiced with herbs. The restaurant benefits the Population and Community Development Association (PDA). Modern Toilet Taipei, Taiwan Perhaps the best-known strangely themed restaurant is Modern Toiletin Taipei, Taiwan, where hungry customers take a seat on Western-style commodes and enjoy feces-shaped chocolate soft serve in miniature toilet bowls. Toilet rolls are hung over the tables for use as napkins, and drinks come in miniature urinals. The toilet theme continues throughout the restaurant, with WC signs hung as dcor. Hitlers Cross Mumbai, India Hitlers Cross, in Mumbai, India, understandably provoked a lot of anger from the community when it debuted in August of 2006. On display was a giant poster of Hitler, and the o in cross on the restaurants large illuminated sign contained a swastika. Just one week later, the restaurant was forced to change its name to the ambiguous The Cross and remove all Hitler and nazi memorabilia. Maid Cafes Tokyo, Japan Those with maid fetishes and fans of Japanese otaku (geek) culture can enjoy a meal like no other at one of the many maid-themed cafes in the Tokyo area, including this one called @home. Giggling women in cartoonish maid costumes call patrons master and pat them on the heads like babies. Its not about the food here which is usually overpriced and less than appetizing, like spaghetti topped with ketchup. Its about the service, which often includes playing games like Barrel of Monkeys (for a fee, of course) and, uh, ear cleaning.

14.Consumer Trends With more competition and more cautious consumers, companies will need smart marketing moves It is business plan season again. Most managers will argue for their new targets based on some rule of thumb linking overall market growth of their sector to GDP growth. Aiding them will be analysts' views - mostly people who believe that all markets follow the same logic as the stock market - on whether consumer demand is 'still strong' or 'softening' based on quarterly results of companies and year-on-year comparisons. Using the health of consumer demand to assess the health of GDP growth, and using that, in turn, to predict consumer demand, is a bit confusing to some of us. Intuitively, the idea is sound that even with low GDP growth, companies can find healthy consumer demand for their business by persuading consumers to buy from them.. That is why our IT companies have healthy top line growth despite US' GDP growth number. Corporate sales are not a sacrosanct indicator of the intrinsic health of consumer demand in an economy, and especially when viewed year-on-year, are often a reflection on how companies have behaved. The slowdown in telecom company top line growth will be the result of government policy confusion, stuck past investments and suppliers making the obvious choice to not increase capacity further. It will not reflect consumer being ready and willing and desperate to consume more, especially of value-added data services. A hard-selling, hypercompetitive banking sector some years ago pushed two-wheeler sales beyond its natural healthy consumer demand level, given the income and occupation profile of this country. This went on for a few years until everyone decided that there were other ponds that offered better return on effort, and so, they started going prudent and tougher on lending norms to two-wheelers. Sales growth slowed down and the pundits opined that slowing down of 'consumer demand' for two-wheelers was a serious sign that consumer demand, a key pillar of the India story, was showing signs of stress. Valuation-driven reckless geographic expansion, absorbing margin hits for playing an aggressive market-share game and more are all top line improving games companies play. But their hung over state as a result of immoderate bingeing shouldn't be automatically, unquestioningly, be equated with a consumer problem. Common sense tells us that consumer spending is about people having money to spend-their own, government given and what they borrow-and then choosing whether to spend it or not. Since we are still a salivating society as far as material goods go, they more likely will choose to spend if they feel confident that they can keep earning in future. Will people have more money to spend in the year ahead? How many Indians' incomes will a manufacturing slowdown effect, and how much? A lot of Indians, as we know, are not even tangentially connected with this sector, and how the wheels of manufacturing indices and the services economy are enmeshed is not clear in data. A consumer based understanding might be clearer. Think about consumer income growth in terms of Kishore Biyani's construct of India, 1-2-3. Significant government schemes aimed at India 3, if they are implemented and here to stay for a while, means that perhaps one-third of Indians will see incomes grow and necessities spending decrease, boosting their spending power. The India 2, as Mr. Biyani labels those that serve India 1, driven by inflation, are demanding increases in income at least in many of the big cities and there is a transfer of income happening, which will not reverse. They are the bottom end of the consuming class, variously called Strivers, and Sangharshis, by research agencies, and are highly acquisitive to make life better. Will people borrow to spend? Today, consumers are doing more due diligence on this decision, "Do I need thisnow or can it wait a bit?", "Do I have money left for EMI payment after paying higher prices for food, petrol and essentials?" However, their intention and planning to do are still fine. The repressed desires will explode sales when interest rates and prices come down, as we were pleasantly surprised by car sales after 2008. Have incomes shrunk, will they take time to recover? The top 40% income earners who account for a huge chunk of all Indians' earning, saving and spending, from income increases, access to low-interest credit, prices going down and quality went up, thanks to imports, competition and decreasing duties these last 20 years, are now reconciled to lower surplus and paying more for everything, including services that they had taken for granted as being good and cheap. They will take some time to readjust to the fact that they now have to think a bit before replacing a six-month-old iPhone or driving 30 km to check out a new mall. But this too shall pass. The top 20% have been disproportionate gainers and will continue to be big spenders. All these patterns translate into still healthy consumer spending but the sources of spending are changing yet again. Companies will be safer if they think of how growth in consumer spending happens economy-wide and for their category: will people who earlier could not afford to consume start doing so for the first time because they can

now afford; or when people already consuming are increasing their consumption through quantity increase or frequent replacement (think durables, eating out and so on); or when people consume the same amount but spend more on it, either due to price inflation or due to quality upgrading. Inter-category competition will be severe.

15. Corporate Governance in India Corporate governance is a concept, rather than an individual instrument. It includes debate on the appropriate management and control structures of a company. It includes the rules relating to the power relations between owners, the board of directors, management and the stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, customers as well as the public at large. Corporations around the world are increasing recognizing that sustained growth of their organization requires cooperation of all stakeholders, which requires adherence to the best corporate governance practices. In this regard, the management needs to act as trustees of the shareholders at large and prevent asymmetry of benefits between various sections of shareholders, especially between the owner-managers and the rest of the shareholders. In India, corporate governance initiatives have been undertaken by the Ministry of of Corporate Affairs (MCA) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The first formal regulatory framework for listed companies specifically for corporate governance was established by the SEBI in February 2000, following the recommendations of Kumarmangalam Birla Committee Report. It was enshrined as Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement. Further, SEBI is maintaining the standards of corporate governance through other laws like the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956; Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992; and Depositories Act, 1996. The Ministry of of Corporate Affairs had appointed a Naresh Chandra Committee on Corporate Audit and Governance in 2002 in order to examine various corporate governance issues. It made recommendations in two key aspects of corporate governance: financial and non-financial disclosures: and independent auditing and board oversight of management. It is making all efforts to bring transparency in the structure of corporate governance through the enactment of Companies Act and its amendments.

16. Country Branding Nation branding is a field of theory and practice which aims to measure, build and manage the reputation of countries (closely related to place branding). Some approaches applied, such as an increasing importance on the symbolic value of products, have led countries to emphasise their distinctive characteristics. The branding and image of a nation-state "and the successful transference of this image to its exports - is just as important as what they actually produce and sell."[1] This is also referred to as country-of-origin effect. Nation branding appears to be practised by many states, including Canada, the United States, France, United Kingdom (where it is officially referred to as public diplomacy), Japan, China, South Korea, Singapore, South Africa, New Zealand, Israel and most Western European countries. An early example of this was the Cool Britannia approach of the early days of the New Labour government (following the Britain (TM) pamphlet by Demos's Mark Leonard), though this has since been replaced by a more credible Public Diplomacy Board. There is increasing interest in the concept from poorer states on the grounds that an enhanced image might create more favorable conditions for foreign direct investment, tourism, trade and even political relations with other states. Developing nations such as Tanzania and Colombia are creating smaller nation branding programs aimed at increased overall image and with the case of Colombia, changing international perception. Programs led by Richard H. Griffiths have been used in Tanzania, Colombia, Guatemala and the US Department of State. 17. Creative Organization Organisations have to adapt to changing environmental demands to survive. Adaptation that is creative rather than merely reactive will lead to the organisation being better placed in the future situation than the present one. However it is not obvious what changes the organisation will need or how to make them in a creative way. Creativity is a high level, innate, human set of skills and activities. People invent brand new and appropriate responses to situations and stimuli they have not met before. I assume that any person and organisation can be creative. The problem is how to unlock the appropriate skills and behaviour.

How do you recognise a creative organisation? First by results, in that people are continuously developing new and marketable products and services in a way that makes business sense. Second by observation, there is an air of excitement and enthusiasm, people are exploring and developing ideas and alternatives. Management have the problem of too many good ideas and projects to consider in the time available! Thirdly, individuals are taking powerful personal initiatives and thinking for themselves. They are making independent links to other departments, to outside organisations and talking and listening actively to each other. They are constantly testing and challenging the assumptions about what is possible and not possible with constructive alternatives also suggested. Fourthly, by everyone enjoying being successful!

18. Crowd Sourcing Crowdsourcing is a distributed problem-solving and production process that involves outsourcing tasks to a network of people, also known as the crowd. This process can occur both online and offline.[1] The difference between crowdsourcing and ordinary outsourcing is that a task or problem is outsourced to an undefined public rather than a specific other body. Crowdsourcing is related to, but not the same as, human-based computation, which refers to the ways in which humans and computers can work together to solve problems. These two methods can be used together to accomplish tasks.[2] Some have questioned the ethical validity of providing no compensation or small amounts of compensation to members of the crowd that contribute to tasks. Crowdsourcing is a distributed problem-solving and production model. In the classic use of the term, problems are broadcast to an unknown group of solvers in the form of an open call for solutions. Usersalso known as the crowdsubmit solutions. Solutions are then owned by the entity that broadcast the problem in the first placethe crowdsourcer. The contributor of the solution is, in some cases, compensated either monetarily, with prizes, or with recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be kudos or intellectual satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from amateurs or volunteers working in their spare time, or from experts or small businesses which were unknown to the initiating organization.[1] Those who utilize crowdsourcing services, also known as crowdsourcers, are motivated by the benefits of crowdsourcing, which are that they can gather large numbers of solutions or information and that it is relative inexpensive to obtain this work. Users are motivated to contribute to crowdsourced tasks by both intrinsic motivations, such as social contact and passing the time, and by extrinsic motivations, such as financial gain. Due to the blurred limits of crowdsourcing, many collaborative activities, online or not, are being considered crowdsourcing when they are not. Another consequence of this situation is the proliferation of definitions in the scientific literature. Different authors give different defintions of crowdsourcing according to their specialities, losing in this way the global picture of the term. Estells and Gonzlez (2012), after studying more than 40 definitions of crowdsourcing, propose a new integrating definition: "Crowdsourcing is a type of participative online activity in which an individual, an institution, a non-profit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a task. The undertaking of the task, of variable complexity and modularity, and in which the crowd should participate bringing their work, money, knowledge and/or experience, always entails mutual benefit. The user will receive the satisfaction of a given type of need, be it economic, social recognition, self-esteem, or the development of individual skills, while the crowdsourcer will obtain and utilize to their advantage that what the user has brought to the venture, whose form will depend on the type of activity undertaken"

19. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning, also called deductive logic, is reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive reasoning contrasts with inductive reasoning in that a specific conclusion is arrived at from a general principle. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion does follow necessarily from the premises, i.e., the conclusion must be true provided that the premises are true. A deductive argument issound if it is valid and its premises are true. Deductive arguments are valid or invalid, sound or unsound. Deductive reasoning is a method of gaining knowledge. An example of a deductive argument: 1. All men are mortal 2. Socrates is a man 3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal The first premise states that all objects classified as "men" have the attribute "mortal". The second premise states that "Socrates" is classified as a man a member of the set "men". The conclusion states that "Socrates" must be mortal because he inherits this attribute from his classification as a man. Deductive reasoning moves from theory to observations or findings. So, in the above example, the theory is that 'All men are mortal' and the observation is that 'Socrates is a man.' So, the conclusion can be made that 'Socrates is mortal.' Law of detachment The law of detachment is the first form of deductive reasoning. A single conditional statement is made, and then a hypothesis (P) is stated. The conclusion (Q) is deduced from the hypothesis and the statement. The most basic form is listed below: 1. PQ 2. P (Hypothesis stated) 3. Q (Conclusion given) We can conclude Q from P by using the law of detachment from deductive reasoning.[1] However, if the conclusion (Q) is given instead of the hypothesis (P) then there is no valid conclusion. The following is an example of an argument using the law of detachment in the form of an If-then statement: 1. If mA>90, then A is an obtuse angle. 2. mA=120. 3. A is an obtuse angle. Since the measurement of angle A is greater than 90, we can deduce that A is an obtuse angle. [edit]Law of syllogism The law of syllogism takes two conditional statements and forms a conclusion by combining the hypothesis of one statement with the conclusion of another. Here is the general form, with premise P: 1. P->Q 2. Q->R 3. Therefore, P->R. The following is an example: 1. If Larry is sick, then he will be absent from school. 2. If Larry is absent, then he will miss his classwork. 3. If Larry is sick, then he will miss his classwork. We deduced the solution by combining the hypothesis of the first problem with the conclusion of the second statement. We also conclude that this could be a false statement. [edit]Deductive logic: Validity and Soundness Deductive arguments are evaluated in terms of their validity and soundness. It is possible to have a deductive argument that is logically "valid" but is not sound.

An argument is valid if it is impossible for its premises to be true while its conclusion is false. In other words, the conclusion must be true if the premises, whatever they may be, are true. An argument can be valid even though thepremises are false. An argument is sound if it is valid and the premises are true. The following is an example of an argument that is valid, but not sound; a premise is false: 1. Everyone who eats steak is a quarterback. 2. John eats steak. 3. Therefore, John is a quarterback. The example's first premise is false (there are people who eat steak that are not quarterbacks), but the conclusion must be true, so long as the premises are true (i.e. it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false). Therefore the argument is valid, but not sound. The theory of deductive reasoning known as categorical or term logic was developed by Aristotle, but was superseded by propositional (sentential) logic and predicate logic. Deductive reasoning can be contrasted with inductive reasoning. In cases of inductive reasoning, even though the premises are true and the argument is "valid", it is possible for the conclusion to be false (determined to be false with a counterexample or other means).

20. Eco Friendly Vehicles

A green vehicle or environmentally friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful impacts to the environment than comparable conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel, or one that uses alternative fuels.[2][3] Presently, in some countries the term is used for any vehicle surpassing theEuro6-norm such as LEVs and ULEVs, and also more informally it is used for California's zero emissions vehicles and other low-carbon emission vehicles.[4] Green vehicles are powered by alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies and include hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles,compressed-air vehicles, hydrogen and fuelcell vehicles, neat ethanol vehicles, flexible-fuel vehicles, natural gas vehicles, clean diesel vehicles, and some sources also include vehicles using blends of biodiesel and ethanol fuel or gasohol.[3][5] Several author also include conventional motor vehicles with high fuel economy, as they consider that increasing fuel economy is the most cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector in the short run.[6] As part of their contribution to sustainable transport, environmentally friendly vehicles reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to energy independence by reducing oil imports.[3][6]

21.e-reader
An e-book reader, also called an e-book device or e-reader, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals. Any device that can display text on a screen can act as an e-book reader, but without the advantages of the epaper technology. An e-book reader is similar in form to a tablet computer. A tablet computer typically has a faster screen capable of higher refresh rates which makes them more suitable for interaction. Tablet computers also are much more versatile, allowing one to consume multiple types of content, as well as create it. The main advantages of e-book readers are better readability of their screens especially in bright sunlight and longer battery life. This is achieved by using electronic paper technology to display content to readers. E-book readers typically have some form of internet connection and sometimes have a relationship to a digital ebook seller, such that they can buy and receive digital e-books through this seller. In this way the books owned by the user is managed in the cloud, and the e-book reader Specialized devices have the advantage of doing one thing well. Specifically, they tend to have the right screen size, battery lifespan, lighting and weight. Research released in March 2011 indicated that e-books and e-book readers are more popular with the older generation than the younger generation in the UK. The survey carried out by Silver Poll found that around 6% of over-55s owned an e-book reader compared with just 5% of 18 to 24-year-olds.[1]

According to an IDC study from March 2011, sales for all e-book readers worldwide rose to 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were Kindle models, followed by Barnes & Noble Nookdevices, Pandigital, Hanvon and Sony Readers (about 800,000 units for 2010).[2] It has been reported that there are differing levels of dissatisfaction among owners of different e-book readers due to the inconsistent availability of sought-after e-book titles. A survey of the number of contemporary and popular titles available from e-book stores revealed that Amazon.com has the largest collection, over twice as large as that of Barnes and Noble, Sony Reader Store, Apple iBookstore and OverDrive, the public libraries lending system

22. Euro Crisis

The European sovereign debt crisis is an ongoing financial crisis that has made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to re-finance their government debt without the assistance of third parties. From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors as a result of the rising government debt levels around the world together with a wave of downgrading of government debt in some European states. Concerns intensified in early 2010 and thereafter,[3][4] leading Europe's finance ministers on 9 May 2010 to approve a rescue package worth750 billion aimed at ensuring financial stability across Europe by creating the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF).[5] In October 2011 and February 2012, the eurozone leaders agreed on more measures designed to prevent the collapse of member economies. This included an agreement whereby banks would accept a 53.5% write-off of Greek debt owed to privatecreditors,[6] increasing the EFSF to about 1 trillion, and requiring European banks to achieve 9% capitalisation.[7] To restore confidence in Europe, EU leaders also agreed to create a common fiscal union including the commitment of each participating country to introduce a balanced budget amendment.[8][9] While sovereign debt has risen substantially in only a few eurozone countries, it has become a perceived problem for the area as a whole.[10] Nevertheless, the European currency has remained stable.[11] As of midNovember 2011, the euro was even trading slightly higher against the bloc's major trading partners than at the beginning of the crisis.[12][13] The three countries most affected, Greece, Ireland and Portugal, collectively account for six percent of the eurozone's gross domestic product (GDP).[14] The European sovereign debt crisis has resulted from a combination of complex factors, including the globalization of finance; easy credit conditions during the 20022008 period that encouraged high-risk lending and borrowing practices; international trade imbalances; real-estate bubbles that have since burst; slow economic growth in 2008 and thereafter; fiscal policy choices related to government revenues and expenses, particularly high entitlement spending, see welfare state; and approaches used by nations to bailout troubled banking industries and private bondholders, assuming private debt burdens or socializing losses.[15][16] One narrative describing the causes of the crisis begins with the significant increase in savings available for investment during the 20002007 period when the global pool of fixed income securities increased from approximately $36 trillion in 2000 to $70 trillion by 2007. This "Giant Pool of Money" increased as savings from high-growth developing nations entered global capital markets. Investors searching for higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds sought alternatives globally.[17] The temptation offered by such readily available savings overwhelmed the policy and regulatory control mechanisms in country after country as global fixed income investors searched for yield, generating bubble after bubble across the globe. While these bubbles have burst causing asset prices (e.g., housing and commercial property) to decline, the liabilities owed to global investors remain at full price, generating questions regarding the solvency of governments and their banking systems.[16] How each European country involved in this crisis borrowed and invested the money varies. For example, Ireland's banks lent the money to property developers, generating a massive property bubble. When the bubble burst, Ireland's government and taxpayers assumed private debts. In Greece, the government increased its commitments to public workers in the form of extremely generous pay and pension benefits. Iceland's banking system grew enormously, creating debts to global investors ("external debts") several times GDP.[16] The interconnection in the global financial system means that if one nation defaults on its sovereign debt or enters into recession putting some of the external private debt at risk, the banking systems of creditor nations face losses. For example, in October 2011 Italian borrowers owed French banks $366 billion (net). Should Italy be unable to finance itself, the French banking system and economy could come under significant pressure, which in turn would affect France's creditors and so on. This is referred to as financial contagion.[18][19] Another factor contributing to interconnection is the concept of debt protection. Institutions entered into contracts called credit default swaps (CDS) that result in payment should default occur on a

particular debt instrument (including government issued bonds). But, since multiple CDS's can be purchased on the same security, it is unclear what exposure each country's banking system now has to CDS.[20] Some politicians, notably Angela Merkel, have sought to attribute some of the blame for the crisis to hedge funds and other speculators stating that "institutions bailed out with public funds are exploiting the budget crisis in Greece and elsewhere".[21][22][23][24][25] Although some financial institutions clearly profited from the growing Greek government debt in the short run,[26] there was a long lead up to the crisis.

23. FDI in Retail Sector

Just back from first frenzied shopping experience in the UK, a four year old ever-inquisitive daughter asked to her father, Why do we not have a Harrods in Delhi? Shopping there is so much fun! Simple question for a four-year-old, but not so simple for her father to explain. As per the current regulatory regime, retail trading (except under single-brand product retailing FDI up to 51 per cent, under the Government route) is prohibited in India. Simply put, for a company to be able to get foreign funding, products sold by it to the general public should only be of a single-brand; this condition being in addition to a few other conditions to be adhered to. That explains why we do not have a Harrods in Delhi. India being a signatory to World Trade Organisations General Agreement on Trade in Services, which include wholesale and retailing services, had to open up the retail trade sector to foreign investment. There were initial reservations towards opening up of retail sector arising from fear of job losses, procurement from international market, competition and loss of entrepreneurial opportunities. However, the government in a series of moves has opened up the retail sector slowly to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In 1997, FDI in cash and carry (wholesale) with 100 percent ownership was allowed under the Government approval route. It was brought under the automatic route in 2006. 51 percent investment in a single brand retail outlet was also permitted in 2006. FDI in Multi-Brand retailing is prohibited in India. Definition of Retail In 2004, The High Court of Delhi[1] defined the term retail as a sale for final consumption in contrast to a sale for further sale or processing (i.e. wholesale).A sale to the ultimate consumer. Thus, retailing can be said to be the interface between the producer and the individual consumer buying for personal consumption. This excludes direct interface between the manufacturer and institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customersRetailing is the last link that connects the individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain. A retailer is involved in the act of selling goods to the individual consumer at a margin of profit. Division of Retail Industry Organised and Unorganised Retailing The retail industry is mainly divided into:- 1) Organised and 2) Unorganised Retailing Organised retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also the privately owned large retail businesses. Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc. The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented with 97 per cent of its business being run by the unorganized retailers. The organized retail however is at a very nascent stage. The sector is the largest source of employment after agriculture, and has deep penetration into rural India generating more than 10 per cent of Indias GDP.[2] FDI Policy in India FDI as defined in Dictionary of Economics (Graham Bannock et.al) is investment in a foreign country through the acquisition of a local company or the establishment there of an operation on a new (Greenfield) site. To put

in simple words, FDI refers to capital inflows from abroad that is invested in or to enhance the production capacity of the economy.[3] Foreign Investment in India is governed by the FDI policy announced by the Government of India and the provision of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in this regard had issued a notification,[4] which contains the Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or issue of security by a person resident outside India) Regulations, 2000. This notification has been amended from time to time. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India is the nodal agency for motoring and reviewing the FDI policy on continued basis and changes in sectoral policy/ sectoral equity cap. The FDI policy is notified through Press Notes by the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA), Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). The foreign investors are free to invest in India, except few sectors/activities, where prior approval from the RBI or Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) would be required. FDI Policy with Regard to Retailing in India It will be prudent to look into Press Note 4 of 2006 issued by DIPP and consolidated FDI Policy issued in October 2010[5] which provide the sector specific guidelines for FDI with regard to the conduct of trading activities. a) FDI up to 100% for cash and carry wholesale trading and export trading allowed under the automatic route. b) FDI up to 51 % with prior Government approval (i.e. FIPB) for retail trade of Single Brand products, subject to Press Note 3 (2006 Series)[6]. c) FDI is not permitted in Multi Brand Retailing in India.

Entry Options For Foreign Players prior to FDI Policy Although prior to Jan 24, 2006, FDI was not authorised in retailing, most general players ha\d been operating in the country. Some of entrance routes used by them have been discussed in sum as below:1. Franchise Agreements

It is an easiest track to come in the Indian market. In franchising and commission agents services, FDI (unless otherwise prohibited) is allowed with the approval of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act. This is a most usual mode for entrance of quick food bondage opposite a world. Apart from quick food bondage identical to Pizza Hut, players such as Lacoste, Mango, Nike as good as Marks as good as Spencer, have entered Indian marketplace by this route. 2. Cash And Carry Wholesale Trading 100% FDI is allowed in wholesale trading which involves building of a large distribution infrastructure to assist local manufacturers.[7] The wholesaler deals only with smaller retailers and not Consumers. Metro AG of Germany was the first significant global player to enter India through this route. 3. Strategic Licensing Agreements

Some foreign brands give exclusive licences and distribution rights to Indian companies. Through these rights, Indian companies can either sell it through their own stores, or enter into shop-in-shop arrangements or distribute the brands to franchisees. Mango, the Spanish apparel brand has entered India through this route with an agreement with Piramyd, Mumbai, SPAR entered into a similar agreement with Radhakrishna Foodlands Pvt. Ltd

4.

Manufacturing and Wholly Owned Subsidiaries.

The foreign brands such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, etc. that have wholly-owned subsidiaries in manufacturing are treated as Indian companies and are, therefore, allowed to do retail. These companies have been authorised to sell products to Indian consumers by franchising, internal distributors, existent Indian retailers, own outlets, etc. For instance, Nike entered through an exclusive licensing agreement with Sierra Enterprises but now has a wholly owned subsidiary, Nike India Private Limited. FDI in Single Brand Retail The Government has not categorically defined the meaning of Single Brand anywhere neither in any of its circulars nor any notifications. In single-brand retail, FDI up to 51 per cent is allowed, subject to Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval and subject to the conditions mentioned in Press Note 3[8] that (a) only single brand products would be sold (i.e., retail of goods of multi-brand even if produced by the same manufacturer would not be allowed), (b) products should be sold under the same brand internationally, (c) single-brand product retail would only cover products which are branded during manufacturing and (d) any addition to product categories to be sold under single-brand would require fresh approval from the government. While the phrase single brand has not been defined, it implies that foreign companies would be allowed to sell goods sold internationally under a single brand, viz., Reebok, Nokia, Adidas. Retailing of goods of multiple brands, even if such products were produced by the same manufacturer, would not be allowed. Going a step further, we examine the concept of single brand and the associated conditions: FDI in Single brand retail implies that a retail store with foreign investment can only sell one brand. For example, if Adidas were to obtain permission to retail its flagship brand in India, those retail outlets could only sell products under the Adidas brand and not the Reebok brand, for which separate permission is required. If granted permission, Adidas could sell products under the Reebok brand in separate outlets. But, what is a brand? Brands could be classified as products and multiple products, or could be manufacturer brands and own-label brands. Assume that a company owns two leading international brands in the footwear industry say A and R. If the corporate were to obtain permission to retail its brand in India with a local partner, it would need to specify which of the brands it would sell. A reading of the government release indicates that A and R would need separate approvals, separate legal entities, and may be even separate stores in which to operate in India. However, it should be noted that the retailers would be able to sell multiple products under the same brand, e.g., a product range under brand A Further, it appears that the same joint venture partners could operate various brands, but under separate legal entities.[9] Now, taking an example of a large departmental grocery chain, prima facie it appears that it would not be able to enter India. These chains would, typically, source products and, thereafter, brand it under their private labels. Since the regulations require the products to be branded at the manufacturing stage, this model may not work. The regulations appear to discourage own-label products and appear to be tilted heavily towards the foreign manufacturer brands.[10] There is ambiguity in the interpretation of the term single brand. The existing policy does not clearly codify whether retailing of goods with sub-brands bunched under a major parent brand can be considered as singlebrand retailing and, accordingly, eligible for 51 per cent FDI. Additionally, the question on whether co-branded goods (specifically branded as such at the time of manufacturing) would qualify as single brand retail trading remains unanswered. FDI in Multi Brand Retail

The government has also not defined the term Multi Brand. FDI in Multi Brand retail implies that a retail store with a foreign investment can sell multiple brands under one roof. In July 2010, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce circulated a discussion paper[11] on allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. The paper doesnt suggest any upper limit on FDI in multi-brand retail. If implemented, it would open the doors for global retail giants to enter and establish their footprints on the retail landscape of India. Opening up FDI in multi-brand retail will mean that global retailers including Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Tesco can open stores offering a range of household items and grocery directly to consumers in the same way as the ubiquitous kirana store. Foreign Investors Concern Regarding FDI Policy in India For those brands which adopt the franchising route as a matter of policy, the current FDI Policy will not make any difference. They would have preferred that the Government liberalize rules for maximizing their royalty and franchise fees. They must still rely on innovative structuring of franchise arrangements to maximize their returns. Consumer durable majors such as LG and Samsung, which have exclusive franchisee owned stores, are unlikely to shift from the preferred route right away. For those companies which choose to adopt the route of 51% partnership, they must tie up with a local partner. The key is finding a partner which is reliable and who can also teach a trick or two about the domestic market and the Indian consumer. Currently, the organized retail sector is dominated by the likes of large business groups which decided to diversify into retail to cash in on the boom in the sector corporates such as Tata through its brand Westside, RPG Group through Foodworld, Pantaloon of the Raheja Group and Shoppers Stop. Do foreign investors look to tie up with an existing retailer or look to others not necessarily in the business but looking to diversify, as many business groups are doing? An arrangement in the short to medium term may work wonders but what happens if the Government decides to further liberalize the regulations as it is currently contemplating? Will the foreign investor terminate the agreement with Indian partner and trade in market without him? Either way, the foreign investor must negotiate its joint venture agreements carefully, with an option for a buy-out of the Indian partners share if and when regulations so permit. They must also be aware of the regulation which states that once a foreign company enters into a technical or financial collaboration with an Indian partner, it cannot enter into another joint venture with another Indian company or set up its own subsidiary in the same field without the first partners consent if the joint venture agreement does not provide for a conflict of interest clause. In effect, it means that foreign brand owners must be extremely careful whom they choose as partners and the brand they introduce in India. The first brand could also be their last if they do not negotiate the strategic arrangement diligently. Concerns for the Government for only Partially Allowing FDI in Retail Sector A number of concerns were expressed with regard to partial opening of the retail sector for FDI. The Honble Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce, in its 90th Report, on Foreign and Domestic Investment in Retail Sector, laid in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on 8 June, 2009, had made an in-depth study on the subject and identified a number of issues related to FDI in the retail sector. These included: It would lead to unfair competition and ultimately result in large-scale exit of domestic retailers, especially the small family managed outlets, leading to large scale displacement of persons employed in the retail sector. Further, as the manufacturing sector has not been growing fast enough, the persons displaced from the retail sector would not be absorbed there. Another concern is that the Indian retail sector, particularly organized retail, is still under-developed and in a nascent stage and that, therefore, it is important that the domestic retail sector is allowed to grow and consolidate first, before opening this sector to foreign investors. Antagonists of FDI in retail sector oppose the same on various grounds, like, that the entry of large global retailers such as Wal-Mart would kill local shops and millions of jobs, since the unorganized retail sector employs an enormous percentage of Indian population after the agriculture sector; secondly that the global retailers would conspire and exercise monopolistic power to raise prices and monopolistic (big buying) power to reduce the prices received by the suppliers; thirdly, it would lead to asymmetrical growth in cities, causing

discontent and social tension elsewhere. Hence, both the consumers and the suppliers would lose, while the profit margins of such retail chains would go up. LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT SETUP Infrastructure There has been a lack of investment in the logistics of the retail chain, leading to an inefficient market mechanism. Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT), it has a very limited integrated cold-chain infrastructure, with only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a total capacity of 23.6 million MT. , 80% of this is used only for potatoes. The chain is highly fragmented and hence, perishable horticultural commodities find it difficult to link to distant markets, including overseas markets, round the year. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to prevent distress sales. Lack of adequate storage facilities cause heavy losses to farmers in terms of wastage in quality and quantity of produce in general. Though FDI is permitted in cold-chain to the extent of 100%, through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in retailing; FDI flow to the sector has not been significant. Intermediaries dominate the value chain Intermediaries often flout mandi norms and their pricing lacks transparency. Wholesale regulated markets, governed by State APMC Acts, have developed a monopolistic and non-transparent character. According to some reports, Indian farmers realize only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the final consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organized retail. Improper Public Distribution System (PDS) There is a big question mark on the efficacy of the public procurement and PDS set-up and the bill on food subsidies is rising. In spite of such heavy subsidies, overall food based inflation has been a matter of great concern. The absence of a farm-to-fork retail supply system has led to the ultimate customers paying a premium for shortages and a charge for wastages. No Global Reach The Micro Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has also suffered due to lack of branding and lack of avenues to reach out to the vast world markets. While India has continued to provide emphasis on the development of MSME sector, the share of unorganised sector in overall manufacturing has declined from 34.5% in 1999-2000 to 30.3% in 2007-08[12]. This has largely been due to the inability of this sector to access latest technology and improve its marketing interface. Rationale behind Allowing FDI in Retail Sector FDI can be a powerful catalyst to spur competition in the retail industry, due to the current scenario of low competition and poor productivity. The policy of single-brand retail was adopted to allow Indian consumers access to foreign brands. Since Indians spend a lot of money shopping abroad, this policy enables them to spend the same money on the same goods in India. FDI in single-brand retailing was permitted in 2006, up to 51 per cent of ownership. Between then and May 2010, a total of 94 proposals have been received. Of these, 57 proposals have been approved. An FDI inflow of US$196.46 million under the category of single brand retailing was received between April 2006 and September 2010, comprising 0.16 per cent of the total FDI inflows during the period. Retail stocks rose by as much as 5%. Shares of Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd ended 4.84% up at Rs 441 on the Bombay Stock Exchange. Shares of Shoppers Stop Ltd rose 2.02% and Trent Ltd, 3.19%. The exchanges key index rose 173.04 points, or 0.99%, to 17,614.48. But this is very less as compared to what it would have been had FDI upto 100% been allowed in India for single brand.[13]

The policy of allowing 100% FDI in single brand retail can benefit both the foreign retailer and the Indian partner foreign players get local market knowledge, while Indian companies can access global best management practices, designs and technological knowhow. By partially opening this sector, the government was able to reduce the pressure from its trading partners in bilateral/ multilateral negotiations and could demonstrate Indias intentions in liberalising this sector in a phased manner.[14] Permitting foreign investment in food-based retailing is likely to ensure adequate flow of capital into the country & its productive use, in a manner likely to promote the welfare of all sections of society, particularly farmers and consumers. It would also help bring about improvements in farmer income & agricultural growth and assist in lowering consumer prices inflation.[15] Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will significantly flourish in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations, since the inflow of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and cost-competitiveness of Indian producers in all the segments. It is therefore obvious that we should not only permit but encourage FDI in retail trade. Lastly, it is to be noted that the Indian Council of Research in International Economic Relations (ICRIER), a premier economic think tank of the country, which was appointed to look into the impact of BIG capital in the retail sector, has projected the worth of Indian retail sector to reach $496 billion by 2011-12 and ICRIER has also come to conclusion that investment of big money (large corporates and FDI) in the retail sector would in the long run not harm interests of small, traditional, retailers.[16] In light of the above, it can be safely concluded that allowing healthy FDI in the retail sector would not only lead to a substantial surge in the countrys GDP and overall economic development, but would inter alia also help in integrating the Indian retail market with that of the global retail market in addition to providing not just employment but a better paying employment, which the unorganized sector (kirana and other small time retailing shops) have undoubtedly failed to provide to the masses employed in them. Industrial organisations such as CII, FICCI, US-India Business Council (USIBC), the American Chamber of Commerce in India, The Retail Association of India (RAI) and Shopping Centers Association of India (a 44 member association of Indian multi-brand retailers and shopping malls) favour a phased approach toward liberalising FDI in multi-brand retailing, and most of them agree with considering a cap of 49-51 per cent to start with. The international retail players such as Walmart, Carrefour, Metro, IKEA, and TESCO share the same view and insist on a clear path towards 100 per cent opening up in near future. Large multinational retailers such as USbased Walmart, Germanys Metro AG and Woolworths Ltd, the largest Australian retailer that operates in wholesale cash-and-carry ventures in India, have been demanding liberalisation of FDI rules on multi-brand retail for some time.[17] Thus, as a matter of fact FDI in the buzzing Indian retail sector should not just be freely allowed but per contra should be significantly encouraged. Allowing FDI in multi brand retail can bring about Supply Chain Improvement, Investment in Technology, Manpower and Skill development,Tourism Development, Greater Sourcing From India, Upgradation in Agriculture, Efficient Small and Medium Scale Industries, Growth in market size and Benefits to govemment through greater GDP, tax income and employment generation.[18] Prerequisites before allowing FDI in Multi Brand Retail and Lifting Cap of Single Brand Retail

FDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt cautiously as it has direct impact on a large chunk of population. Left alone foreign capital will seek ways through which it can only multiply itself, and unthinking application of capital for profit, given our peculiar socio-economic conditions, may spell doom and deepen the gap between the rich and the poor. Thus the proliferation of foreign capital into multi-brand retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. This can be done by integrating into the rules and regulations for FDI in multi-brand retailing certain inbuilt safety valves. For example FDI in multi brand retailing can be allowed in a calibrated manner with social safeguards so that the effect of possible labor dislocation can be analyzed and policy fine tuned accordingly. To ensure that the foreign investors make a

genuine contribution to the development of infrastructure and logistics, it can be stipulated that a percentage of FDI should be spent towards building up of back end infrastructure, logistics or agro processing units. Reconstituting the poverty stricken and stagnating rural sphere into a forward moving and prosperous rural sphere can be one of the justifications for introducing FDI in multi-brand retailing. To actualize this goal it can be stipulated that at least 50% of the jobs in the retail outlet should be reserved for rural youth and that a certain amount of farm produce be procured from the poor farmers. Similarly to develop our small and medium enterprise (SME), it can also be stipulated that a minimum percentage of manufactured products be sourced from the SME sector in India. PDS is still in many ways the life line of the people living below the poverty line. To ensure that the system is not weakened the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains for replenishing the buffer. To protect the interest of small retailers the government may also put in place an exclusive regulatory framework. It will ensure that the retailing giants do resort to predatory pricing or acquire monopolistic tendencies. Besides, the government and RBI need to evolve suitable policies to enable the retailers in the unorganized sector to expand and improve their efficiencies. If Government is allowing FDI, it must do it in a calibrated fashion because it is politically sensitive and link it (with) up some caveat from creating some back-end infrastructure. Further, To take care of the concerns of the Government before allowing 100% FDI in Single Brand Retail and Multi- Brand Retail, the following recommendations are being proposed [19]: Preparation of a legal and regulatory framework and enforcement mechanism to ensure that large retailers are not able to dislocate small retailers by unfair means. Extension of institutional credit, at lower rates, by public sector banks, to help improve efficiencies of small retailers; undertaking of proactive programme for assisting small retailers to upgrade themselves. Enactment of a National Shopping Mall Regulation Act to regulate the fiscal and social aspects of the entire retail sector. Formulation of a Model Central Law regarding FDI of Retail Sector. Conclusion A Start Has Been Made Walmart has a joint venture with Bharti Enterprises for cash-and-carry (wholesale) business, which runs the Best Price stores. It plans to have 15 stores by March and enter new states like Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.[20] Duke, Wallmarts CEO opined that FDI in retail would contain inflation by reducing wastage of farm output as 30% to 40% of the produce does not reach the end-consumer. In India, there is an opportunity to work all the way up to farmers in the back-end chain. Part of inflation is due to the fact that produces do not reach the endconsumer, Duke said, adding, that a similar trend was noticed when organized retail became popular in the US.[21] Many of the foreign brands would come to India if FDI in multi brand retail is permitted which can be a blessing in disguise for the economy.[22] Back-end logistics must for FDI in multi-brand retail The government has added an element of social benefit to its latest plan for calibrated opening of the multibrand retail sector to foreign direct investment (FDI). Only those foreign retailers who first invest in the backend supply chain and infrastructure would be allowed to set up multi brand retail outlets in the country. The idea is that the firms must have already created jobs for rural India before they venture into multi-brand retailing. It can be said that the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector evidently outweigh the disadvantages attached to it and the same can be deduced from the examples of successful experiments in countries like Thailand and China; where too the issue of allowing FDI in the retail sector was first met with incessant protests, but later turned out to be one of the most promising political and economical decisions of their governments and led not only to the commendable rise in the level of employment but also led to the enormous development of their countrys GDP.

Moreover, in the fierce battle between the advocators and antagonist of unrestrained FDI flows in the Indian retail sector, the interests of the consumers have been blatantly and utterly disregarded. Therefore, one of the arguments which inevitably needs to be considered and addressed while deliberating upon the captioned issue is the interests of consumers at large in relation to the interests of retailers. It is also pertinent to note here that it can be safely contended that with the possible advent of unrestrained FDI flows in retail market, the interests of the retailers constituting the unorganized retail sector will not be gravely undermined, since nobody can force a consumer to visit a mega shopping complex or a small retailer/sabji mandi. Consumers will shop in accordance with their utmost convenience, where ever they get the lowest price, max variety, and a good consumer experience. The Industrial policy 1991 had crafted a trajectory of change whereby every sectors of Indian economy at one point of time or the other would be embraced by liberalization, privatization and globalization.FDI in multibrand retailing and lifting the current cap of 51% on single brand retail is in that sense a steady progression of that trajectory. But the government has by far cushioned the adverse impact of the change that has ensued in the wake of the implementation of Industrial Policy 1991 through safety nets and social safeguards. But the change that the movement of retailing sector into the FDI regime would bring about will require more involved and informed support from the government. One hopes that the government would stand up to its responsibility, because what is at stake is the stability of the vital pillars of the economy- retailing, agriculture, and manufacturing. In short, the socio economic equilibrium of the entire country. 24. Fecal Transplants Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is a new scientifically accepted terminology to describe the process of transplantation of fecal flora[1][2] as a treatment for patients suffering from Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)), which can range from diarrhea through to pseudomembranous colitis. Previous terms for the procedure include fecal bacteriotherapy, fecal transfusion, fecal transplant, stool transplant, fecal enema and human probiotic infusion (HPI). FMT involves restoration of the colonic flora by introducing healthy bacterial flora through infusion of stool obtained from a healthy human donor. It can also be used in other conditions apart from CDI including colitis[3], constipation[3], Irritable Bowel Syndrome[3] and some neurological conditions. The procedure involves single to multiple infusions (e.g by enema) of bacterial fecal flora originating from a healthy donor. Most patients with CDI recover clinically and have the CDI eradicated after just one treatment[1][4][5]. The procedure can be carried out via enema[6], through the colonoscope[7], or through a nasogastric or nasoduodenal tube[8]. Although a close relative is often the easiest donor to obtain and have tested, there is no scientific basis for this as genetic similarities or differences do not appear to play a role in the procedures' success[1]. Indeed in some situations a close relative may already be an asymptomatic carrier of C.difficile. Donors must be tested for a wide array of bacterial and parasitic infections[1]. The fecal transplant material is then prepared and administered in a clinic or hospital environment to ensure that necessary precautions are followed[9]. The fecal microbiota infusions can be administered via various routes depending on suitability and ease, although enema infusion is perhaps the simplest. There does not appear to be any significant methodological difference in terms of efficacy between the various routes. Repeat stool testing should be performed on patients to confirm eradication of CDI. In over 370 published reports, there has not been one single reported incidence of infection transmission from the procedure[10]. A modified form of fecal bacteriotherapy (Autologous Restoration of Gastrointestinal Flora - ARGF) that is easier to administer is being developed[11]. An autologous faecal sample, provided by the patient before medical treatment, is stored in a refrigerator. Should the patient subsequently develop C. difficile, the sample is extracted with saline and filtered. The filtrate is freeze-dried and the resulting solid enclosed in enteric-coated capsules. Administration of the capsules will restore the patient's own colonic flora and combat C. difficile. 25. Foreign University Bill

The Foreign Educational Institution (Regulation of Entry and Operation) Bill, 2010, was cleared by the Union Cabinet presided by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. This paves way for its introduction in Parliament. "This is a milestone which will enhance choices, increase competition and benchmark quality," HRD minister Kapil Sibal said after the approval of the bill by the cabinet. The bill seeks to regulate the entry and operation of foreign institutions, which will set up centre and offer degrees in India.

This bill was hanging fire for over last four years owing to opposition from various quarters, including the Left parties, over certain provisions. Last year, it was referred to a Committee of Secretaries which brought modifications to certain provisions earlier existed. The bill was approved by the Cabinet without any change on Monday. The proposed law prescribes eight-month time bound format for granting approval to foreign educational institutions to set up campuses. They will go through different levels of registration process during this period and will be finally registered with UGC or any other regulatory body in place. The regulatory body in higher education, either UGC or any other body that would replace UGC, will scrutinise the proposals of aspiring institution as per India's priorities and advice government whether to allow the institute operate in India. Sibal has already said that quota laws will not be applicable to foreign universities setting up campuses in India. Though 100 per cent foreign direct investment through automatic route is permitted in the education sector since 2000, the present legal structure in India does not allow granting of degrees by foreign educational institutions here. The proposed law would facilitate the globally- renowned institutes to participate in India's higher education sector. It will bring in foreign education providers for vocational education training also. The foreign education providers bill is one of the major reforms bills of the HRD ministry. A revolution larger than the one in the telecom sector awaits the education sector, Sibal said. Three other reforms bills, which were slated to be taken up in the Cabinet, were deferred to the next meeting. These are -- Prohibition of Unfair Practices in Technical, Medical Educational Institutions and Universities Bill, Educational Tribunal Bill and Accreditation Bill. A Group of Ministers (GoM) has already cleared these three reforms bills. 26. Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology is the intersection between psychology and the criminal justice system. It involves understanding criminal law in the relevant jurisdictions in order to be able to interact appropriately with judges, attorneys and other legal professionals. An important aspect of forensic psychology is the ability to testify in court, reformulating psychological findings into the legal language of the courtroom, providing information to legal personnel in a way that can be understood.[1] Further, in order to be a credible witness, for example in the United States, the forensic psychologist must understand the philosophy, rules and standards of the American judicial system. Primary is an understanding of the adversarial system. There are also rules about hearsay evidence and most importantly, the exclusionary rule. Lack of a firm grasp of these procedures will result in the forensic psychologist losing credibilityin the courtroom.[2] A forensic psychologist can be trained in clinical, social, organizational or any other branch of psychology.[3] In the United States, the salient issue is the designation by the court as an expert witness by training, experience or both by the judge. Generally, a forensic psychologist is designated as an expert in a particular jurisdiction. The number of jurisdictions in which a forensic psychologist qualifies as an expert increases with experience and reputation. Forensic neuropsychologists are generally asked to appear as expert witnesses in court to discuss cases that involves issues with the brain or brain damage. They also deal with issues of whether a person is legally competent enough to stand trial. According to R.J. Gregory in Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Application, the main roles of a psychologist in the court system are eight-fold: Evaluation of possible malingering Assessment of mental state for insanity plea Competency to stand trial Prediction of violence and assessment of risk Evaluation of child custody in divorce Assessment of personal injury Interpretation of polygraph data Specialized forensic personality assessment

Questions asked by the court of a forensic psychologist are generally not questions regarding psychology but are legal questions and the response must be in language the court understands. For example, a forensic psychologist is frequently appointed by the court to assess a defendant's competency to stand trial. The court also frequently appoints a forensic psychologist to assess the state of mind of the defendant at the time of the offense. This is referred to as an evaluation of the defendant's sanity or insanity (which relates to criminal responsibility) at the time of the offense.[4] These are not primarily psychological questions but rather legal ones. Thus, a forensic psychologist must be able to translate psychological information into a legal framework.[5]

Forensic psychologists provide sentencing recommendations, treatment recommendations, and any other information the judge requests, such as information regarding mitigating factors, assessment of future risk, and evaluation of witness credibility. Forensic psychology also involves training and evaluating police or other law enforcement personnel, providing law enforcement with criminal profiles and in other ways working with police departments. Forensic psychologists work both with the Public Defender, the States Attorney, and private attorneys. Forensic psychologists may also help with jury selection.[ 28. Fukushima Plate

In a society that sacrifices reason to profit, security becomes a luxury for those who can afford it. The Fukushima Plate is an ordinary kitchen plate with built-in radioactive meter to visualize your food's level of contamination. It might become an indespensable tool of survival in the future. The option to set the limiting value yourself refers to the facts that people perceive the risks and dangers of radioactive radiation very differently and even governments alter the official limiting values in special circumstances. When there is no increased radiation measureable all OLED rings remain off. A small light on the bottom shows that the plate is working though. One glowing ring tells you that there is slightly increased radiation coming from your food but nothing to worry about too much. Two glowing rings mean there is significantly inreased radiation and your dish is not as healthy as it may look. The red ring tells you that the measured dose of radiation is beyond the limiting value you set before. 29. Green Organization 30. Hallucinations A hallucination, in the broadest sense of the word, is a perception in the absence of a stimulus. In a stricter sense, hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. The latter definition distinguishes hallucinations from the related phenomena of dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is under voluntary control; and pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, but is not under voluntary control.[1] Hallucinations also differ from "delusional perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e. a real perception) is given some additional (and typically bizarre) significance. Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and c hronoceptive. A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in any of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises and/or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in paranoid schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the patient good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the patient etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard like people talking about the patient behind their back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of their visual counterpart can also be behind the patient's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being lookedstared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the patient together. Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. 31. Holistic Education Holistic education is a philosophy of education based on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in life through connections to the community, to the natural world, and to humanitarian values such as compassion and peace. Holistic education aims to call forth from people an intrinsic reverence for life and a passionate love of learning. This is the definition given by Ron Miller, founder of the journal Holistic Education Review (now entitled Encounter: Education for Meaning and Social Justice). The term holistic education is often used to refer to the more democratic and humanistic types of alternative education. Robin Ann Martin (2003) describes this further by stating, At its most general level, what distinguishes holistic education from

other forms of education are its goals, its attention to experiential learning, and the significance that it places on relationships and primary human values within the learning environment. (Paths of Learning) The concept of holism refers to the idea that all the properties of a given system in any field of study cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its component parts. Instead, the system as a whole determines how its parts behave. A holistic way of thinking tries to encompass and integrate multiple layers of meaning and experience rather than defining human possibilities narrowly. 32. Income Inequality Income distribution refers to the spread of a country's income percentage throughout its population and yields a ratio between income of the richest in a country to the poorest. When income is not proportionally distributed, it is called income inequality. While many would argue it is a very much necessary part of natural economics, as in many other countries, Indias increasing income inequalities continues to pose a significant threat. In most cases, income inequality plays a big role in the amount of crime a country has because "as the rich get richer and the poor get poorer" it promotes unhappiness. A great portion of India's population is a victim of rising monetary deficits, most of which has crossed well under the poverty threshold. While the top 10% of Indias population enjoys 31.1% of the countrys income, the lowest 10% suffers with merely 3.6%.[1] The following data portrays how Indias Inequality measures ratio compares to that of other countries: India........................8.6 United Kingdom.......13.8 United States..........15.9 Sierra Leone............87.2 Austria....................6.9 Slovenia..................5.9 33. India & Olympics 2012 India is scheduled to compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom from 27 July to 12 August 2012. Indian government has allocated a sum of Rs 60.85 million to train 22 sports persons of different individual disciplines to ensure that India is able to get maximum possible medals in this event. HOCKEY BOXING ATHELETICS ARCHERY 35. Job Enrichment Job enrichment is an attempt to motivate employees by giving them the opportunity to use the range of their abilities. It is an idea that was developed by the American psychologist Frederick Herzberg in the 1950s. It can be contrasted to job enlargement which simply increases the number of tasks without changing the challenge. As such job enrichment has been described as 'vertical loading' of a job, while job enlargement is 'horizontal loading'. An enriched job should ideally contain: A range of tasks and challenges of varying difficulties (Physical or Mental) A complete unit of work - a meaningful task Feedback, encouragement and communication

36. Kinesiology Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics is the scientific study of human movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms. Applications of kinesiology to human health include: biomechanics and orthopedics, rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy, as well as sport and exercise.[1] Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments.[2] Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems, electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques .[3][4] Kinesiology as described above should not be confused with applied kinesiology, a controversial[5][6][7] chiropractic diagnostic method.[8] The word comes from the Greek words kinesis (movement) and kinein (to move).

Kinesiology is the study of human and animal movement, performance, and function by applying the sciences of biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience. Applications of kinesiology in human health include the rehabilitation professions, such as physical and occupational therapy, as well as applications in the sport and exercise industries. Kinesiology is a field of scientific study, and does not prepare individuals for clinical practice. A bachelor's degree in kinesiology can provide strong preparation for graduate study in biomedical research, as well as in professional programs, such as allied health and medicine. 37. Lean Organization The core idea is to maximize customer value while minimizing waste. Simply, lean means creating more value for customers with fewer resources. A lean organization understands customer value and focuses its key processes to continuously increase it. The ultimate goal is to provide perfect value to the customer through a perfect value creation process that has zero waste. To accomplish this, lean thinking changes the focus of management from optimizing separate technologies, assets, and vertical departments to optimizing the flow of products and services through entire value streams that flow horizontally across technologies, assets, and departments to customers. Eliminating waste along entire value streams, instead of at isolated points, creates processes that need less human effort, less space, less capital, and less time to make products and services at far less costs and with much fewer defects, compared with traditional business systems. Companies are able to respond to changing customer desires with high variety, high quality, low cost, and with very fast throughput times. Also, information management becomes much simpler and more accurate. Lean for Production and Services A popular misconception is that lean is suited only for manufacturing. Not true. Lean applies in every business and every process. It is not a tactic or a cost reduction program, but a way of thinking and acting for an entire organization. Businesses in all industries and services, including healthcare and governments, are using lean principles as the way they think and do. Many organizations choose not to use the word lean, but to label what they do as their own system, such as the Toyota Production System or the Danaher Business System. Why? To drive home the point that lean is not a program or short term cost reduction program, but the way the company operates. The word transformation or lean transformation is often used to characterize a company moving from an old way of thinking to lean thinking. It requires a complete transformation on how a company conducts business. This takes a long-term perspective and perseverance. The term "lean" was coined to describe Toyota's business during the late 1980s by a research team headed by Jim Womack, Ph.D., at MIT's International Motor Vehicle Program. The characteristics of a lean organization and supply chain are described in Lean Thinking, by Womack and Dan Jones, founders of the Lean Enterprise Institute and the Lean Enterprise Academy (UK), respectively. While there are many very good books about lean techniques, Lean Thinking remains one of the best resources for understanding "what is lean" because it describes the thought process, the overarching key principles that must guide your actions when applying lean techniques and tools. Purpose, Process, People Womack and Jones recommend that managers and executives embarked on lean transformations think about three fundamental business issues that should guide the transformation of the entire organization: - Purpose: What customer problems will the enterprise solve to achieve its own purpose of prospering? - Process: How will the organization assess each major value stream to make sure each step is valuable, capable, available, adequate, flexible, and that all the steps are linked by flow, pull, and leveling? - People: How can the organization insure that every important process has someone responsible for continually evaluating that value stream in terms of business purpose and lean process? How can everyone touching the value stream be actively engaged in operating it correctly and continually improving it? "Just as a carpenter needs a vision of what to build in order to get the full benefit of a hammer, Lean Thinkers need a vision before picking up our lean tools," said Womack. "Thinking deeply about purpose, process, people is the key to doing this."

38. Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) consists of a suite of rating systems for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and spearheaded by LEED founding chairman Robert K. Watson, LEED is intended to provide building owners and operators a concise framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions. Since its inception in 1998, the U.S. Green Building Council[4] has grown to encompass more than 7,000 projects in the United States and 30 countries covering over 1.501 billion square feet (140 km) of development area.[5] The hallmark of LEED is that it is an open and transparent process where the technical criteria proposed by USGBC members are publicly reviewed for approval by the almost 20,000 member organizations that currently constitute the USGBC. The Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) was established by USGBC to provide a series of exams to allow individuals to become accredited for their knowledge of the LEED rating system. This is recognized through either the LEED Accredited Professional (LEED AP) or LEED Green Associate[6] (LEED Green Assoc.) designation. GBCI also provides third-party certification for projects pursuing LEED. 39.Management Research in India Management research has been steadily gaining increased prominence as a field of study in management institutions across India. This could be due to more and more career avenues emerging not only in the steadily increasing management institutions but also in the ever-growing corporate sector characterized by the entry of growing number of TNCs both in the manufacturing and service sectors, year by year, in the country. Today management research students in India identify and pursue research in diverse issues covering not just the four functional areas of finance, human resources, marketing, production and systems, and economics but allied as well as emerging areas such as energy and environment, intellectual property and policy issues. These research activities would not only provide solutions to the growing management challenges in the competitive environment confronted by corporate leaders as well as policy-makers but also expand the frontiers of management related knowledge in the Indian context. More significantly, it would give the much-needed upward thrust to the quality of management education and training in the country. It is to identify, address and deliberate upon the core management research issues in the country that the Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Science (USc), Bangalore formed the Consortium of Students in Management Research (COSMAR) in 2001 and organized the first COSMAR Conference. Since then the COSMAR Conference has become an annual event. COSMAR Conference is unique in India as it brings together management research students from diverse institutions across the country. COSMAR Conference has been providing a forum for: * Interaction for management research students to discuss current research issues in management and allied disciplines. * Professional networking among management research students, academicians and practitioners. * Evolving a credible thought center for management theorists and practitioners. The steadily growing capital market in Indian economy has been attracting more and more financial researchers to focus on various issues concerning the capital market as a research area. The effect of the introduction of options on the volatility of the underlying stocks is relatively an un-probed issue in the context of Indian equity market. This could be partly attributed to the nascent stage of development of the derivatives market in the country. Studies conducted with reference to developed markets have so far come out with contradictory findings. Joshi has perhaps made the maiden attempt in the Indian context to investigate the change, if any, in the marginal Volatility of stocks due to the introduction of options. She concludes that the introduction of options has not led to any significant change in the volatility of the underlying spot market of individual stocks. Considering this, the study has policy implications for devising appropriate trading mechanisms. The other issue of importance is the Impact of Growth Option Value (GOV) on the market value of firms. Dhayanithy has probed this problem by defining and estimating GOV (in terms of a growth abandonment swapping option structure at the firm level) for a cross section of Indian firms. He finds that GOV is a significant explanatory variable of market capitalization of firms in India. This finding has significance not only for managers but also for financial analysts of emerging markets. Indian industry, Small Scale Industry (SSI) occupies a place of strategic importance due to its significant contribution to industrial production, employment and exports, among others. The current issue of primary concern for SSI is how to enhance its competitiveness for its long-term development in the competitive environment. Nagesha addresses this issue from the point of view of energy consumption and efficiency in SSI.

He identifies the relevant barriers to energy efficiency in the context of three energy intensive SSI clusters in south India, viz., Foundry, Textile Dyeing and Bricks and tiles. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) he analyzes and ranks the barriers to energy efficiency in the SSI clusters. He concludes that the Financial and Economic Barrier (FEB) and the Behavioral and Personal Barrier (BPB) are the two top obstacles, which need to be addressed on priority for energy efficiency improvement in SSI. The rapid emergence and spread of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and knowledge intensive industries since the early 1990s and particularly after the mid-1990s has led to the growth of Intellectual Property Management as a new discipline of research. Bhaduri, while recognizing the importance of developing patent externalization potential in organizations, probes the competitive intelligence gathering practices in organizations. She identifies the relevant practices, which need to be incorporated within organizations for ensuring better patent externalization potential. 40. Mass Market The mass market is a general business term describing the largest group of consumers for a specified industry product. It is the opposite extreme of the term niche market. The mass market is the group of consumers who occupy the overwhelming mass of a bell curve for common household products, i.e. they could be tagged as being "average". Yet, this group consists of such a wide variety of people, their desires towards a certain product may be totally different from each other. Often competition to supply the large market is fierce, but relatively easy to enter because of the mass amount of consumer park available. Although similar sounding, the mass market is the most unwieldy to harness by mass marketing because of the sheer number of consumers and the myriad of needs. It is difficult to target each and every customer in the mass market, therefore, marketeers must divide the market into smaller groups with similar wants. 41. Mental Hygiene Mental health describes a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of a mental disorder.[1][2] From the perspective of 'positive psychology' or 'holism', mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life, and create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.[1] Mental health can also be defined as an expression of emotions, and as signifying a successful adaptation to a range of demands. The World Health Organization defines mental health as "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community".[3] It was previously stated that there was no one "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined.[4] There are different types of mental health problems, some of which are common, such as depression and anxiety disorders, and some not so common, such as schizophrenia and Bipolar disorder.[5] Most recently, the field of Global Mental Health has emerged, which has been defined as 'the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide'.[6] Evidence from the World Health Organization suggests that nearly half the world's population are affected by mental illness with an impact on their self-esteem, relationships and ability to function in everyday life.[11] An individual's emotional health can also impact physical health and poor mental health can lead to problems such as substance abuse.[12] The importance of maintaining good mental health is crucial to living a long and healthy life. Good mental health can enhance ones life, while poor mental health can prevent someone from living a normal life. According to Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke (2010) There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are associated with prosocial behaviors such as stress management and physical health (2010). It was also concluded in their research that people who lack emotional expression lead to misfit behaviors. These behaviors are a direct reflection of their mental health. Self-destructive acts may take place to suppress emotions. Some of these acts include drug and alcohol abuse, physical fights or vandalism.[13]

42. Micro Credit Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to poor borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit history. It is designed to spur entrepreneurship, increase incomes, alleviate poverty and often also to empower women. Microcredit is a part of microfinance, which is the provision of a wider range of financial services, in particular savings, to the poor.[1] As of 2009 it was estimated that there were 74 million recipients of microcredits with a total of $38 billion in outstanding loans.[2] Modern microcredit is generally considered to have originated with the Grameen Bank founded in Bangladesh in 1983s. Many traditional banks subsequently introduced microcredit, even though they had earlier on discounted its likelihood of success. As of 2012, microcredit is widely used in developing countries and it is presented as having "enormous potential as a tool for poverty alleviation."[3] The United Nations had declared 2005 the International Year of Microcredit. Critics argue, however, that microcredit has not had a positive impact on gender relationships, did not alleviate poverty, has led many borrowers into a debt trap and constitutes a "privatization of welfare".[4] Professor Dean Karlanfrom Yale University says that whilst microcredit generated benefits it isn't the panacea that it has been purported to be. He advocates also giving the poor access to rudimentary and cheap savings accounts.[5] The first randomized evaluation of microcredit, conducted by Esther Duflo and others, showed mixed results: there was no effect on household expenditure, gender equity, education or health, but the number of new businesses increased by one third compared to a control group.[6] 43. Mind Over Matter Mind over matter is a phrase popularized during the 1960s and 1970s that was originally used in reference to paranormal phenomena, especially psychokinesis.[1] However, it has also been used in reference to mindcentricspiritual and philosophic doctrines such as responsibility assumption. It is the belief that the mind is more powerful than the body. Specifically, mind over matter refers to controlling pain that one may or may not be experiencing, such as holding one's hand under extremely hot water and feeling no pain. Also, "self-help" personalities such as Tony Robbins claim that, through the power of concentration and "positive thinking", people can walk on hot coalswithout getting burned. This claim is made despite the fact that there are solid, scientific explanations for firewalking.[2] A scientific study (http://psiphen.colorado.edu/Pubs/ModdelSSE07.pdf), referenced in the May 2009 edition of Wired and performed by Professor Garret Moddel of the University of Colorado at Boulder, performed an experiment that supports the concept of 'mind over matter': in 2007, Professor Moddel aimed a beam of light at a glass slide and asked his test-subjects to mentally increase the amount of reflected light. With a baseline of 8 percent, the subjects were able to successfully increase the reflection of the beam by .05 percent, and showed a similar success when asked to mentally decrease the amount of reflected light. Started in 2007, the Dutch artist Iebele Abel used scientific methods to create artworks and music related to mind-matter correspondence.[3] "Mind over matter" was also Mao Zedong's idea that rural peasants could be "proletarianized" so they could lead the revolution and China could move from feudalism to socialism.[citation needed] It departs from Leninism in that the revolutionaries are peasants, instead of the urban proletariat. 44. Mobile Number Portability Mobile number portability (MNP) enables mobile telephone users to retain their mobile telephone numbers when changing from one mobile network operator to another.MNP is implemented in different ways across the globe. The international and European standard is for a customer wishing to port his/her number to contact the new provider (Recipient) who will then arrange necessary process with the old provider (Donor). This is also known as 'Recipient-Led' porting. The United Kingdom did not implement a Recipient-Led system, where a customer wishing to port his/her number is required to contact the Donor to obtain a Porting Authorisation Code (PAC) which he/she then has to give to the Recipient. Once having received the PAC the Recipient continues the port process by contacting the Donor. This form of porting is also known as 'Donor-Led' and has been criticised by some industry analysts as being inefficient. It has also been observed that it may act as a customer deterrent as well as allowing the Donor an opportunity of 'winning-back' the customer. This might lead to distortion of competition, especially in the markets with new entrants that are yet to achieve scalability of operation. In India, MNP has been launched recently, which is Donor Led. Only the terminology is changed from PAC to UPC (Unique Porting Code).

47. Network Organization A network-centric organization is a network governance pattern emerging in many progressive 21st century enterprises. This implies new ways of working, with consequences for the enterprises infrastructure, processes, people and culture. With a network-centric configuration, knowledge workers are able to create and leverage information to increase competitive advantage through the collaboration of small and agile self-directed teams. For this, the organizational culture needs to change from one solely determined by a single form of organizing (e.g., hierarchy) to an adaptive hybrid enabling multiple forms of organizing within the same organization. The nature of the work, in an area, determines best the way its conduct is organized and the networked mediation of work activities affords interoperability among differentially-organized areas of work. [1] A network-centric organization is both a sensible response to a complex environment and an enactor of sensibility on that environment. The business climate of the new millennium is characterized by profound and continuous changes due to globalization, exponential leaps in technological capabilities, and other market forces. Rapid developments of ICT are driving and supporting the change from the industrial to the information age. In this world of rapid change and uncertainty, organizations need to continually renew, reinvent and reinvigorate themselves in order to respond creatively. The network-centric approach aims to tap into the hidden resources of knowledge workers supported and enabled by ICT, in particular the social technologies associated with Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0. Essentially though, a network-centric organization is more about people and culture than technology. [2] A useful survey of network organization theory appears in Van Alstyne (1997)[3] 49. Open Source in Technology In production and development, open source is a philosophy,[1][not in citation given][2][not in citation given] or pragmatic methodology[2][not in citation given] that promotes free redistribution and access to an end product's design and implementation details.[3] Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet, and the attendant need for massive retooling of the computing source code.[citation needed] Opening the source code enabled a self-enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths, and interactive communities.[4] The open-source software movement was born to describe the environment that the new copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues created.[citation needed] The open-source model includes the concept of concurrent yet different agendas and differing approaches in production, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial software companies.[5] A main principle and practice of open-source software development is peer production by bartering and collaboration, with the end-product, source-material, "blueprints", and documentation available at no cost to the public. This is increasingly being applied in other fields of endeavor, such as biotechnology.[6] LINUX, ANDROID 51. Probiotic Vs Antibiotic Recently, there has been much said about the functional food, a food that have positive impact on our health. Thanks to the TV, almost everyone knows that the probiotic food helps to preserve the intestinal bacterial microflora and boosts the natural defense of the organism. No less often we are told that the antibiotics treatment is often unnecessary. The scientists are trying to do their best to alert the physicians about the potential negative effects, and the physicians take the whole issue more responsible than it used to be. In order to the campaign against antibiotics overuse being effective, it is necessary to ensure that the antibiotics do not enter the system from eating animal-originated food. The solution is again probiotics. In the development of probiotics, there are participating also several biotechnological experts from Czech Republic. The Neverending War of Bacteria The words "probiotics" and "antibiotics" originate from Greek, and the mere translation of their meaning - "for life" and "against life" clearly denote the crucial difference in their effect. Whereas the antibiotics suppress and kill the harmful bacteria (and along with them the helpful ones), probiotics are living organisms that are capable of colonizing the intestines after being ingested, with a positive effect on human health. Mostly, these bacteria are bacteria of lactic fermentation (bifidobacteria, lactobacilles), but also some cocci (Enterococus faecium,

Streptococus termophilus), and several species of yeast capable of stimulating the immunity mechanisms, producing antimicrobial substances and affect the metabolism in positive way - among others the production of vitamins, digestion process efficiency or lactose procession. A healthy man's body is inhabited by a large number of microorganisms. The most of them can be found in the colon, as the so-called intestinal microflora. The total weight of these bacteria in an adult human is more than 1 kg, even though one gram of the microflora contains more bacteria than the number of humans on Earth. There are several hundreds of species, either helpful or potentially harmful, that can cause diarrhoea, abundance of rotting processes or production of toxic or cancerogenous substances. Probiotics - Necessity or a Marketing Trick? By eating probiotic food supplements, we are reinforcing the position of the helpful microorganisms, that are permanenty fighting the harmful ones for the control over the colon membrane. The importance of probiotics supplements is even higher in case of undergoing a diarrhoea or an antibiotics treatment. The balance can, however be upset and the harmful bacteria can prevail also as a result of bad eating habits and lack of fibre in the food. This has usually leads to immunity mechanisms failing. Functional food that contain probiotics can therefore be recommended to all people, excluding only those eith cow milk allergy. The probiotic bacteria definitely cannot harm the body and fermented milj products are valuable source ot calcium and proteins. The beneficial effects of yoghurts and kefirs are known for centuries - it's just the current advertising industry that creates the image of a probiotics as a health lifestyle blockbuster, a hot discovery you cannot live without. In fact, the most expensive products with the highest probiotic bacteria content are really needed only in a case when the bacterial microflora was greatly harmed, e.g in case of antibiotics treatment. Otherwise, according to the experts, any yoghurts or fermented milk products are sufficient, especially those without sugar, sweeteners or artificial colors. They are recommended especially to the elder people, whose lack of probiotic strains in the microflora comes naturally with old age. The probiotics are one of the longevity factors, but they are not self-redeemable, of course. In order to ensure their efficiency, we have to change our eating habits - increase the ratio of food and vegetables in our food, eat more fibre, decrease the ratio of animal fats, avoid trans-fatty acids, etc. In concert, one must remember to practise physical activities, to keep his or her weight, not to smoke, not to drink alcohol in more than small doses, to manage stress and to know to relax. Human Health through Better Livestock Nutrition The lack of natural defense of the organism and related health complications are still more and more frequent in the population. The same problems are suffered by the animals as well, especially in the great animal farms, whose desires of reaching as high profit as possible result in the animals being exposed to extraordinary microbial stress. The deteriorating health of the livestock, namely the increase of gastrointestinal infections led in the past to precautionary antibiotics treatments. This gave birth to antibiocoresistent strains of bacteria, that were transferred to human organisms by ingestion of meat and other animal products. The European Union (contrary to USA) prohibited the usage of antibiotics as food supplements. The European fodder industry is seeking an alternative that could help to suppress the pathogenic bacteria and help to modulate the natural intestinal microflora in to favour the microorganisms that enable better fodder utilization. A possible precautionary measure against the stable diseases could be supporting the natural defense abilities of the animal organisms by biologically pure substances, either chosen microbial cultures (probiotics) or other bioproducts (immunoglobulines). It has been confirmed that probiotics are able of acting as substitute for the growth-enhancer effect of the so-called fodder antibiotics, especially in youths. The important fact is that aside increasing the rentability of agricultural production, it can also have beneficial effects on the quality and biological value of the final products - the food, The effect of probiotics is based on the principle of using the natural bioregulation systems for protection of the human food chain and the natural ecosystems against the intrusion and contamination of alien, hamful substances. Modern bio-preparates are produced also in the Czech Republic, the company Medipharm CZ, Ltd. cooperates in their development with many research facilities and universities both local and abroad. However, this "bio" alternative has a pretty difficult position, facing the competition of other preparates and non-antibiotic growth stimulants that are backed by powerful lobby of producers of pharmaceutical and chemical fodder additions. The way towards biological and nutritionally rich food is neither a simple, nor an inexpensive one.

52. Public Interest Litigation In Indian law, Public Interest Litigation (PIL) OR means litigation for the protection of the public interest. It is litti introduced in a court of law, not by the aggrieved party but by the court itself or by any other private party. It is not necessary, for the exercise of the court's jurisdiction, that the person who is the victim of the violation of his or her right should personally approach the court. In Public Interest Litigation, the power to file a suit is given to a member of the public by the courts etc through judicially conscious judicial activism.That member of the public can be a NGO, Institution or an individual.In India, Supreme Court, rejecting the criticism of judicial activism, has said the judiciary has stepped in to give directions only because of executive inaction what with laws enacted by Parliament and the State legislatures in the last 63 years for the poor not being implemented properly. 53. Quality Assurance Vs Quality Control Today, almost every organization has a QA department that is responsible for testing software applications to discover and eliminate bugs. However, there is a fundamental flaw in this definition of the role of QA in an organization. Most executives that I have talked to, fail to understand the difference between Quality Assurance and Testing, and oftentimes use these terms alternatively. So, what is the difference between QA and testing, or rather QA and Quality Control (QC)? Before we talk about QA vs testing, lets try to understand what exactly quality control is and why I brought it up! Quality control is a set of activities that need to be performed in order to detect problems during production and before the product goes live. These activities ensure that final deliverable meets the specifications and quality standards set by the organization. QC often includes peer reviews, testing, code reviews etc. In theory, quality control can be achieved with minimal testing. For example, a thorough review of source code and checks for known previously problems can reduce the possibility of defects and might be enough to meet the quality standards set by the organization. However still, in most cases, testing is the most important activity for quality control, but it is not the only activity. Quality control is extremely important for ensuring that applications are bug free and meet the specifications and requirements, but QC might not always be the most efficient ways of ensuring quality. This is where Quality Assurance plays its role. But it is a concept that is often misunderstood by even the most experienced professions. To put it in simple words, Quality assurance is about engineering processesthat assure quality. Now lets try to understand it better! The keyword to pay attention to is processes. QA extends far beyond what we call the software testing team. The goal is to develop high quality products in the most efficient way, and it cannot be achieved by testing alone. Defects occur because something somewhere did not happen the way it needed to. Testing might help in detecting those defects, but not in avoiding them. A defect once fixed cannot ensure that it wont occur again, even if the root cause is found. The process or the system that allowed that defect to occur is what needs to be re-engineered, and this is what we call quality assurance. Everyone who is involved in the end to end development process, including analysts, developers, testers, managers etc., is an important player in assuring quality. In fact,QA might not involve testing at all. It might go against the typical notion that many professionals have about QA. But imagine this: If a company wanted to bring down its defects per million ratios, would testing alone be able to help achieve this goal? The answer is no, because in practice, not every defect can be found and fixed. However, if the processes that go into developing a product were reviewed and best practices were implemented, the load on testing team is likely to reduce. It is for this reason a lot of auditors focus on the processes were followed rather than focusing on the amount of testing an organization does. To summarize, Quality assurance is a set of processes that help avoid defects and assure quality. While Quality Control is a set of activities that help detect defects and quality issues before the products reach the hands of end customers. Testing is one of the ways of detecting those defects. In order to deliver high quality products, organizations should focus on QA rather than merely scaling up their quality control efforts.

55. Right to Food Act The Union governments draft Right to Food (Guarantee of Safety and Security) Act insists on the physical, economic and social right of all citizens to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with an adequate diet necessary to lead an active and healthy life with dignity The proposed law offers a quantity of cereal at a modest cost each month to a broad range of beneficiaries: in principle, all those living under the poverty line and a range of others. Imbalance The recognition of a right to food (and therefore to freedom from undernourishment and hunger) is a landmark measure and deserves great credit. However, there is an imbalance between the expansive vision expressed by the Act in principle and the narrow means it seeks to achieve it in practice; reflected, for instance, in its focus only on calories from foodgrains and on direct distribution rather than on the provision of means for commanding food and on complementary policies. It appears that the Act may not add much to the existing Public Distribution System or State and Central programmes to provide subsidised cereals. It appears very important to address the poor functioning of the existing system, and to remedy both the apparent discrepancies across States and the general non-transparency in the definition of the beneficiaries (in particular, the ambiguities in the understanding of what is a Below Poverty Line household). It is also unclear how the Act will be truly rights-based, in the sense that an individual may make a binding demand for the satisfaction of the right. A contrast can be drawn between an approach to further economic and social rights which centres on the direct provision of essential goods and one which ensures access to such goods through the creation of an economy and society which produces and distributes these adequately in the normal course. It is possible to fulfill such basic rights even at a relatively low per-capita income by employing public action, but there are advantages to combining both means in order to fulfill them in a sustained way. An approach focussed on the provision of subsidised resources can play a vital role in protecting the poor and the vulnerable from catastrophic outcomes, and can contribute to the establishment of a more productive and healthy population that is capable of bringing about a higher level of national development. It can serve ends which are both intrinsically and instrumentally important. However, such an approach is, in isolation, likely to be more costly, less effective and face more political challenges to its maintenance, than one which is supported by a larger programme to generate remunerative livelihoods and inclusive growth. A trajectory of national development which brings about a widening circle of prosperity will both help ensure that the right to food is fulfilled, and make it easier to provide direct support wherever required. The recent renewal of the governments focus on investment in agriculture and rural development can be helpful in this regard, though much more is required if there is to be a departure from the overly concentrated pattern of recent economic growth which has centred precipitously on a few islands of relative prosperity. Growth must occur in a variety of sectors of production as well as geographical areas in order to be socially inclusive. Inclusive growth may require broad-based investment in human capabilities, public goods, productive infrastructure and policies to broaden access to productive resources such as land and credit. A related distinction is between legislation seeking to promote or protect a basic right and the strategy of doing so. The proposed Act will help further the fulfilment of the right but will not by itself achieve it, and it is unlikely that any one piece of legislation would do so. Already, diverse pieces of legislation, including the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), contribute in different and important ways toward that end. It should be ensured that these diverse measures together constitute a layered social security system which protects various groups of vulnerable people, going beyond the able-bodied poor to include the elderly, the handicapped and children. As Amartya Sen has famously underlined, starvation results from insufficient command over food and not usually from inadequate food availability as such. Since command over food is achieved in a diversity of ways, through the market mechanism and otherwise, it can also fail in a variety of ways.

The generation of adequate purchasing power is, however, a crucial means to ensure food security in a market economy, which India increasingly is. As such, in addition to protective measures such as the NREGA, a broader strategy of inclusive growth a generalised increase in opportunity across the society is the essential means to secure the fulfilment of the right to food. Such a strategy is the product of a range of government actions and cannot be fully enshrined in legislation, however important such legislation may be. The framers of the Indian Constitution recognised this in laying out the Directive Principles, which have an intermediate role in the sense that they recommend a direction to the use of sovereign power while declining to restrict it. India continues to be a primarily agrarian society. The majority of the people derive their livelihood directly or indirectly from agriculture, even as the share of economic output generated by agriculture has sharply diminished. It is important to observe that agriculture, unique among sectors of production, plays the dual role of providing an enormously important source of livelihood and of producing the means of life. This dual role requires that it receive special consideration. Keeping pace with demand India has traditionally espoused this view in global debates on trade policy, and should place a similar perspective at the heart of domestic public policy. Despite the relative stagnation of agricultural productivity in recent years and evidence of continued widespread undernourishment, as Indian society has become more urbanised and more oriented toward non-agricultural activities, Indian agriculture has largely kept pace with the growing domestic market demand for food. Indias largest contribution to the fulfilment of the right to food outside its borders may be that it has succeeded in doing so and thus avoided competing with food-importing countries. Its largest contribution to the fulfilment of the right to food within its borders will be its embarking on a path of development which reaches the mass of its people, thus making the Right to Food Act an essential means but an ultimate irrelevance. 57. Rupee Value The past two weeks have been disastrous for the rupee value against dollar currency. The same time last month (22-Aug-2011), rupee value against dollar was 44.5 45.0 range, at this time of writing this article it is hovered to the range of 49.0 50.0. It is expected to raise further which would result in weakening the rupee value against the dollar currency. This kind of increase would have the drastic impact on the macro economy of the country like heavy raise in the import cost where countries like India heavily depends on the importing on Oil and other crucial raw materials needs for the industries. We are not going deep dive into economic terms to understand the currency value fluctuation. There are many factors to decide the currencies values but that could be very difficult for the common man to understand the theory. Here I will put it in the simple words why the currency value is often fluctuated. A currency will tend to become more valuable when its demand is higher than supply. A currency will tend to become less valuable when its demand is less than supply. It is the basic theory. We need to understand in the global economy terms, when the currency will have more demand and when it will have less demand. Remember that exchange rates are expressed as a comparison of two currencies. It is always relative and can be measured between two countries. Interest rates, Inflation and exchange rates are highly related. Reserve bank change the interest rates to control the Inflation and exchange rates. We can take our real time example of stock market investment to understand the above principle. As we know that, our stock market is dominated by the overseas investors (outside India), because of the our growing economy and industrial development. When our economy is doing well and market is performing better than other countries, overseas investors would invest heavily on our market. How they would put it in our market?. They will sell or convert to our currency and invest in India. It is clear that when more investors coming to India, the demand for the currency will be very high. Our rupee value will be increased against dollar. In the same way, when they are pulling out of market, demand for the rupee will be decreased and value is depreciated. Here I am talking only about the dollar, because it is the global currency and most of the countries trading using the dollar as trade reserve currency. The above example is given to explain it in simple words, the demand for a currency would come in the different way. When we are importing from other countries, we should have the currency of that country to pay for the trade. The value for the currency is fluctuated on real time. If a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change

almost constantly on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (CNY, ) was pegged to the United States dollar at 8.2768 to $1. 59. Slum Tourism Slum tourism is a type of tourism that involves visiting impoverished areas, which has become increasingly prominent in several developing countries like India, Brazil, Kenya, and Indonesia [1] The concept began in poor sections of London and by 1884 had started in Manhattan. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first use of the word "slumming" to 1884. In London, people visited "slum" neighborhoods such as Whitechapel or Shoreditch in order to observe life in this situation. In 1884 the concept moved to New York City to the Bowery and the Five Points area of the Lower East Side where people visited to see "how the other half lives." [3] In the 1980s in South Africa "township tours" were organised to educate local governments on how the black population lived. It then attracted international tourists that wanted to learn more about apartheid.[4] In the mid-1990s, however, international tours began to be organized in the most disadvantaged areas of developing nations, often known as slums. They have grown in popularity, and are now often run and advertised by professional companies. In Cape Town, South Africa, for example, upwards of 300,000 tourists visit the city each year for such purposes.[5] Prior to the release of Slumdog Millionaire in 2008, Mumbai was a slum tourist destination for slumming. [6] The concept of slum tourism has recently started to gain more attention from media and academia alike. In December 2010 the first international conference on slum tourism was held in Bristol,[7] while a social network of people working in or with slum tourism has been set up as well.[8] 60. Social Network Marketing Social media marketing refers to the process of gaining website traffic or attention through social media sites.[1] Social media marketing programs usually center on efforts to create content that attracts attention and encourages readers to share it with their social networks. A corporate message spreads from user to user and presumably resonates because it appears to come from a trusted, third-party source, as opposed to the brand or company itself.[citation needed]Hence, this form of marketing is driven by word-of-mouth, meaning it results in earned media rather than paid media.[citation needed] Social media has become a platform that is easily accessible to anyone with internet access. Increased communication for organizations fosters brand awareness and often, improved customer service. Additionally, social media serves as a relatively inexpensive platform for organizations to implement marketing campaigns. twitter, Facebook, Google+, YouTube, blogs Social networking websites allow individuals to interact with one another and build relationships. When products or companies join those sites, people can interact with the product or company. That interaction feels personal to users because of their previous experiences with social networking site interactions.[citation needed] Social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, Google Plus, YouTube, Pinterest and blogs allow individual followers to retweet or repost comments made by the product being promoted. By repeating the message, all of the users connections are able to see the message, therefore reaching more people. Social networking sites act as word of mouth.[2] Because the information about the product is being put out there and is getting repeated, more traffic is brought to the product/company.[2] Through social networking sites, products/companies can have conversations and interactions with individual followers. This personal interaction can instill a feeling of loyalty into followers and potential customers.[2] Also, by choosing whom to follow on these sites, products can reach a very narrow target audience.[2] [edit]Cell phones Cell phone usage has also become a benefit for social media marketing. Today, many cell phones have social networking capabilities: individuals are notified of any happenings on social networking sites through their cell phones, in real-time. This constant connection to social networking sites means products and companies can constantly remind and update followers about their capabilities, uses, importance, etc. Because cell phones are connected to social networking sites, advertisements are always in sight. Also many companies are now putting

QR codes along with products for individuals to access the companies website or online services with their smart-phones. 61. Spiritual Quotient Spiritual quotient (SQ) is described as a measure that looks at a person's spiritual intelligence in the same way as intelligence quotient (IQ) looks at cognitive intelligence. The concept encapsulates 6 types of personality: social, investigative, artistic, realist, contractor and conventional. Comparison between SQ, EQ and IQ is to be found in the book "SQ: Spiritual Quotient" by Dr. Muhammed Bozda. The distinction made is that IQ and EQ explain extraordinary events by the terms "coincidence, chance, accident", which are thought as spontaneous chaos. SQ, on the other hand, sees these kinds of events as requiring a more subtle degree of attention, assuming that they are planned by an infinite consciousness. According to standard theory on emotion, emotions of creatures are natural; they are genetic, hormonal or instinctive in nature. Spiritual Quotient theory posits instead that emotions are derived from thousands of spiritual inspiration channels, and aims to encourage people to find ways of sensing channels of inspiration floating in the universe. Theories of SQ have been criticized for being pseudo-scientific, wishy-washy attempts to define a concept into existence, lacking any real coherence and mixing terms and concepts. They have also been criticized for their suggestion that SQ is something that can be developed and increased, which renders comparison with IQ and EQ (a comparison implicit in the use of the acronym SQ) tenuous and suggests it is simply a term coined to lend credence to those who hold the wishy-washy beliefs that underlie the relevant theory. 62. Sports Tourism Sports, or more correctly, Sport Tourism refers to travel which involves either viewing or participating in a sporting event[1] staying apart from their usual environment. Sport Tourism is the fastest growing sector in the global travel industry and equates to $600 Billion a year. There are several classifications on sport tourism. Gammon and Robinsom suggested that the sports tourism are defined as Hard Sports Tourism and Soft Sports Tourism,[2] while Gibson suggested that there are three types of sports tourism included Sports Event Tourism, Celebrity and Nostalgia Sport Tourism and Active Sport Tourism.[ Hard definition of sport tourism refers to the quantity of people participating at a competitive sport events. Normally these kinds of events are the motivation that attract visitors visits the events. Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, F1Grand Prix and regional events such as NASCAR Sprint Cup Series could be described as Hard Sports Tourism. Soft definition are relatively the tourists travel for participating on recreational sporting, or signing up for an leisure interests. Hiking, Skiing and Canoeing can be described as the Soft Sports Tourism. 63. Sustainable Development Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come (sometimes taught as ELF-Environment, Local people, Future[citation needed]). The term sustainable development was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."[1][2] Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s "sustainability" was employed to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems."[3] Ecologists have pointed to The Limits to Growth,[4] and presented the alternative of a "steady state economy"[5] in order to address environmental concerns. The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopoliticalsustainability. "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."[8]