ELECTRIAL

SERVICES SYSTEM FACTS

Subject BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

Submitted by:-

AshutoshKumar M.B.E.M(2ndSem.) S.P.ANewDelhi

FUNDAMENTALS
1. Electricity can be generated using the kinetic energy of water, heat energy of the sun and coal, or from the nuclear energy released from the fission of nuclear fuel. 2. There are mainly following types of power plant for electrical current generation : Coal based thermal Power Plants PNG/CNG based thermal power plant Nuclear Power Plants Hydro Power Plants Solar Power Plants The Wind Power Plant, Tidal Power Plant Geothermal Power Plant Hydel power plants

3. Major Electrical Equipment used in Power Plant are Generation Equipment,

Transformers, Switch Gear, Protection of Electrical Systems.

4. At the generating plants the energy is produced at a relatively low voltage between about 2.3 kV and 30 kV, depending on the size of the unit. The generator terminal voltage is then stepped up by the power station transformer to 400kv supplied to Grid for transmission for whole country. 5. Transmitting electricity at high voltage reduces the fraction of energy lost to

resistance. For a given amount of power, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the resistive losses in the conductor.
6. There are following different range of standard voltage available for electrical

supply :- 12V, 24V, 110V, 220V, 400-440V, 660V, 1100V, 11000V, 22000V, 33KV, 66KV, 110KV, 220KV, 400KV, 600KV, 1000KV.
7. 12V & 24V are extra low voltage 110V called low voltage 220V- 1100V called

medium voltage and above that are High voltages. Up to 220 voltage Single phase and above that 3 phase voltage available. 8. In Overhead transmission line, suspension insulators contain a chain of several disks each rated about 22kv. By multiplying 22 by the number of disks we can get a good estimation of the voltage in the transmission line.

SUBSTATION & SWITCHYARD

9. Substation constitute of HT meter, HT panel, Step down transformer and LT switch board (which connects to LT Panel). 10. For supply of 11kv, 22kv and 33kv one substation required, but for larger projects where supply voltage is 66kv or 132 kv then two level of substation required. 11. Minimum size required for switchyard is 60mX40m with 6m road all around. The space can be reduced with the use of gas insulated circuit breaker. 12. The site selection criteria for switchyard should be:
a. As near the load center as possible. b. As far as possible rectangular or square in shape for ease of proper orientation of bus bars and feeders. c. Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach / termination of high voltage overhead transmission lines. d. Free from master plans / layouts or future development activities to have free line corridors for the present and in future. e. Easily accessible to the public road to facilitate transport of material. f. Preferably fairly leveled ground. This facilitates reduction in leveling expenditure. g. Above highest flood level (HFL) so that there is no water logging.

13. For control points we provide Automatic circuit breaker and manual Isolators. These are of three types. Oil filled type, Vacuum type and SF6 type. 14. Provision of adequate earthling system in a Sub Station is extremely important for the safety of the operating personnel as well as for proper system operation and performance of the protective devices. 15. Transportation and unloading of the sub-station material and equipment at the location shall be done in a safe manner so that they are not damaged or misplaced. And inspection required to avoid use of any damaged to insulator or other fragile equipment due to excessive swing. 16. There are two options available for substation in any building on ground with the any edge (preferably rear) of the site, or in the Basement. In case of basement only dry type appliance used in the substation. 17. Right arrangement of components in any substation is as follows :C.B Transformer Isolator L T panel DG sets

Meter room HT Panel

18. All door openings from substation, electrical rooms, etc should open towards outside. 19. The power supply control to any such substation or transformer (located at basement levels or upper floors) shall be from a location on ground floor/first basement level having direct access from outside so that in case of fire, the electrical supply can be easily disconnected. 20. The minimum height of high voltage switchgear room shall be 3.6 m below the soffit of the beam. 21. enclose any part of the substation, which is open to the air and contains live equipment which is not encased, with a fence or wall not less than 2.4 m in height to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, danger or unauthorised access. 22. Sufficient safety signs of such size and placed in such positions as are necessary to give due warning of such danger as is reasonably foreseeable in the circumstances. 23. In case of connected load of 100 kVA and above, the relative advantage of high voltage three-phase supply should be considered. Though the use of high voltage supply entails the provisions of space for the capital cost of providing suitable transformer substation. 24. These are the following advantages are gained by HT line: Advantage in tariff. more effective earth fault protection for heavy current circuits; Better control of voltage regulation and more constant supply voltage. 25. It shall be mandatory to provide power factor improvement capacitor at the substation bus. Necessary switchgear/feeder circuit breaker shall be provided for controlling of capacitor bank of desired capacity.

TRANSFORMER
26. There are two types of transformer available Oil filled type and Dry type. 27. General design objective while selecting the transformer(s) for a substation would be to provide at least two or more transformers, so that a certain amount of redundancy is built in, even if a standby system is provided. 28. Minimum separation between two transformers is 2.5m, if provided less than that they should be separated by firewall. 29. Transformers should be placed on slightly above to ensure no flooding generally 150mm above placed.

30. In case of oil filled type transformer base platform must have channel drain to ensure removal of leaking oil. 31. In case of transformer placed on ground surrounding area should be hard paving or covered by stone pebble to stop any vegetation and creeper. 32. General requirements for transformer (Tx) room Minimum headroom (for equipment & delivery) Fire services installation Space for maintenance/removal Next/Close to main switch room No expansion joint & other engineering services Independent ventilation Generally, no more than 3 Tx in one room 33. Additional requirements for plant room / Transformer room A separate & independent staircase to G/F Also a protected lobby Sum pit w/ sump pumps to extract water when flooding Hoist beam with pulley for 8,000 kg Damp proof course (prevent moisture) No dead ends in periphery of the transformer or panel. 34. Major equipment in Transformer rooms o Power transformer o Switchgear May be other equipment like o LV switchboard o LV capacitor bank o Battery & charger o Marshaling boxes o Meter panel 35. Minimum space around transformer should be 750 mm. 36. Single phase transformer comes in 5kvA, 10kvA, 25kvA and three phase transformer comes in 63kvA, 100 kvA, 125 kvA, 160 kvA, 200 kvA, 250 kvA, 320 kvA, 400 kvA, 500 kvA, .3200 kvA, 4000 kvA.

CABLES AND BUS DUCTS

37. Cable, Armoured A cable provided with a wrapping of metal (usually in the form of tape or wire) serving as a mechanical protection. It is used for ouside underground cabling. 38. Cable, Flexible A cable containing one or more cores, each formed of a group of wires, the diameters of the cores and of the wires being sufficiently small to afford flexibility.

39. The smalle size of the cable that shall b used, w depend upon the est be will method of laying cab permis f ble, ssible maxi imum temp perature it shall withs stand, voltage dro over the length of the cable, the prosp op e f pective sho ort-circuit c current to which th cable m be sub he may bjected. 40. The HV ca ables shall either be laid on the cable rack/built-up concrete e c trenches/tunnel/base ement or d directly buried in the g ground dep pending up the pon specific re equirement It is prefe t. erable to us four cor cables in place of three se re n and half co to mini ore imize heating of neut core du to harm tral ue monic conte in ent the supply system an also avoidance of overload failures. y nd f 41. HV bus ba system is used to reduce ene ar r ergy loss fo transporting powe or er between HV Genera H ators, trans sformers an the infeed main sw nd witchgear of the main HV s switchgear. 42. There are two types of bus duc availab air insul cts ble lated and sandwiched type, s sandwiche type is c ed costlier but compacte t ed. 43. In Shafts b both electrical and plumbing ne ever should be combined In cas of d se bigger size shaft bot should be separate by one brick thick wall. e th b ed k mains In shafts front r row of cable provided for lower floor then d 44. In rising m subsequen layers fo above flo nt or oor. For second flo oor Shaft fro baseme om ent For first floor r Fo ground fl or loor

45. Electrical cable tray should nev be run parallely below to plumbing pip . c ver b pes

HT PA ANEL AND D LT PAN NEL

46. Every panel should b installed on 150m raised p be d mm platform ab bove flood level. 47. In front of every panel there must be rubb mat of desirer rat ber ting min 1.1kv rated. 48. LT panel room is air r-conditioned and tem mperature maintained at 27c. d 49. Minimum clearance of panel w wall should be 75 c with 50mm, and between two d panels sho ould be 2000mm. and 1500mm from entr side wall. m ry 50. Lt Panels are air insu ulated and series of cable alley and bus b and in d y bar between th here are co onnections and distri s ibution.