Ashley Kester 16 January 2012 Chapter 27 Notes The Second World War: At Home and Abroad (1941-1945)

Winning the Second World War Europe first formula, then Japan Second-front Controversy o FDR, Stalin, and Churchill disagreed on opening of western front in Europe Ger invaded USSR in 1941 and Russians suffered millions of casualties Stalin wanted Brit-US landing on western coast to draw Ger away, but Churchill disagreed Focused on getting Lend-Lease supplies and air-attacks on Ger o FDR was afraid that USSR would be knocked out of war and Ger would invade UK (1942) FDR told USSR that Allies would cross English Channel into Fr Churchill wanted to attack in Mediterranean instead o (November 1942) Invaded North Africa In Battle of Stalingrad (Sept 1942-Jan1943) Red Army defeated Ger FDR declared another delay in launch of second front Angered Stalin, despite invasion of Italy (1943) Italy surrendered Sept 1943, but w/no USSR officers present Teheran Conference o FDR wanted reconciliation of Allies 3 leaders met in Teheran, Iran (Dec 1943) FDR and Stalin rejected Churchills delay of 2nd front Agreed to launch Operation Overlord Cross-Channel invasion of France (early 1944) USSR would aid Allies against Jpn after Ger defeat D-Day (June 6, 1944) o Largest amphibious landing (200,000 Allies) Commanded by Eisenhower in Normandy, Fr o Liberated Fr, Belgium Entered Ger in Sept Ger counterattacks Ardenne Forest in Belgium in Dec to stop Allied supplies through Belgium Battle of the Bulge Allies push Ger back

USSR goes through Poland to Berlin US crosses Rhine (Mar 1945), Austria and Czechoslovakia to meet up w/USSR FDR dies April 12 Truman becomes president Ger surrenders May 8, 1945 The War in the Pacific o Mostly US (mid 1942) Jpn has Philippines, Guam, Wake, Hong Kong, Sinagapore, Malaya, and Dutch East Indies Bataan Death March in Philippines (1942) Battle of Midway o (April 1942) Us bombs Tokyo (May 1942) Battle of Coral Sea: US stops Jpn from getting to Australia (June 1942) Battle of Midway: US sinks 4 Jpn aircraft carriers Operation MAGIC deciphered Jpn code Weakened Jpn greatly o US island-hopped to Jpn Skipped fortified islands and took weaker ones to cut supply chain to troops First US offensive in Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands (mid 1942) (1943-1944) attacked Jpn on Gilbert, Marshall and Mariana islands (Oct 1944) MacArthur retakes Philippines Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa o (Feb 1945)heavy losses for Jpn and US at Iwo Jima US trying to get to Mount Suribachi US finally won (6821 American casualties, 20,800 Jpn) o (Mar 1945)US lands in Okinawa 100,000 Jpn military casualties, 80,000 civilian casualties, 7,374 US casualties Kamikaze attacks killed 5,000 o Jpn refused to surrender (May 23, 1945)US bombs Tokyo and kills 83,000 The Atomic Bomb o US was planning fall invasion, but atomic bomb was successfully developed (August 1942)Manhattan Project starts First successful bomb tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico (July 16, 1945) (August 6, 1945) Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima 130,000 killed o US threatened to bomb more cities unless Jpn surrendered (August 9, 1945) bomb dropped on Nagasaki Killed 60,000 Jpn formally surrendered (Sept 2, 1945) on the Missouri The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb

Most Americans agreed that bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was necessary Other plans wouldve taken too long and wouldnt have convinced Jpn to surrender US wanted to display power

Mobilizing the American Home Front Four essential human freedoms: freedom of speech, worship, want, and fear (FDR) Why We Fight o (1942) FDR establishes Office of War Information (OWI) to create war propaganda Frank Capra produces series of films called Why We Fight Office of Price Administration (OPA)(1942) o Controlled inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and controlling rent in defense area Point rationing programs (1943) used stamps o 5,525 War Price and Rationing Boards allocated coupons for families Price ceilings caused opposition from businesses Meat consumption increased from 127-150 lbs per capita War Production Board and War manpower Commission o WPB converted economy from civilian to military production War Manpower Commission (WMC) recruited new workers for factories o Saving deposits increased from $32.4 billion (1942) to $51.4 billion (1945) Corporations doubled net profits Employees wages rose 135% Govt used deficit spending and borrowing instead of increasing taxes $49 billion debt (1941) to $259 billion (1945) o Production of durable goods tripled Military aircraft production increased 14x to 85,000 in 1943 Female workforce in aircraft industry increased 77.5x to 310,000 in 1943 o Establishment of new industries (synthetic rubber) Japanese captured 90% of crude rubber supply w/South Pacific US govt created natl speed limit and gasoline rationing $700 million to create synthetic rubber industry and became largest exporter of rubber worldwide Government Incentives in Business o Cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts, tax write-offs and exemptions from anti-trust policy guaranteed profits (1940-1944) $175 billion in contracts University Research and Weapons Development o MIT received $117 billion, as well as CIT, Harvard and Columbia Most research contracts for development of devices of warfare

Manhatten Project financed research at University of Chicago (1942): worlds first sustained nuclear chain reaction Berkeley tested atomic bomb in Los Alamos, NM o Survival rate for injured soldiers was 90%, compared to 10% in WWI Penicillin became used in 1942 Polio vaccine research advanced, but vaccination not approved till 1955 Unions and Wartime Labor Strikes o Union membership increased from 8.5 million (1940) to 14.75 million (1945) White House labor-management conference agreed to no-strike/no lockout pledge (1942) FDR creates National War Labor Board (NWLB) Workers not required to join unions o (1943) NWLB attempts to limit wage increase to cost-of-living pay hikes Result: Workers strikes were 3x the amt of lost labor time of 1942 Coal fields War Labor Disputes (Smith-Connally) Act (June 1943) President could seize and operate any strike-bound plant necessary to natl security and 30-day cooling off period before new strikes NWLB had legal authority to settle labor disputes during war o Wartime Changes in Agriculture Transition from family-owned farms to large-scale farms Better able to pay for machinery (1940-1945) farm machinery doubled from $3.1 billion to $6.5 billion, while farm population fell from 30.5 million to 24.4 million Growth in Federal Govt o (1940-1945) federal bureaucracy expanded from 1.1 million to 3.4 million Executive branch mobilized armed forces and industrial production, pacified labor and management, managed labor supply and controlled inflation

The Military Life Military personnel increased from 1.8 million (1941) to 16.3 million (1945) o 405,000 deaths o Avg. 16 mos. Deployment The Ordeal of Combat o Many military personnel became homesick and developed post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD symptoms: nightmares, flashbacks to battlefield, depression and anger, and widespread alcoholism Homosexuals on Active Duty (damn right) o Homosexuals could act on attractions for the first time ever 9000 court-martialed and discharged due to homosexuality

Postwar Ambitions o Broadened horizons and fostered ambitions Soldiers developed new skills from military technical schools GI Bill of Rights (1944) provided funding for college degrees o Many soldiers surprised to find that civilian life had changed and US women were not grateful enough to give them sexual favors (no bjs for veterans )

Enemy Aliens, Conscientious Objectors, and Japanese American Internees Alien Registration (Smith) Act (1940) made it unlawful to advocate overthrow of govt by force/violence or join any revolutionary organization o During WWII, interned 14,426 Europeans in Enemy Alien Camps Prohibited 10,000 Italian-Americans from living/working in restricted zones along Pacific coast Quakers, Mennonites, and Church of Brethren objected to war o Conscientious objectors (COs) had to have religious reason for refusing military service 12,000 COs sent to civilian public service camps instead 5,500, mainly Jehovahs Witnesses, imprisoned for refusing to participate An Enemy Race o Interned 120,000 Jpn-Americans during WWII 77,000 Nisei (native-born US citizens) General John L. DeWitt, chief of Western Defense Command agreed w/ internment o Jpnese were stereotyped as sneaky and evil Most Jpn-Americans from Hawaii not interned Jpn-American 442nd Regimental Combat Team was most decorated unit in the armed forces 1 Congressional Medal of Honor, 47 Distinguished Service Crosses, 350 Silver Stars, 3,600 Purple Hearts o No charges of criminal behavior ever given to a Jpn-American during WWII (1942) all Japn-Americans in California, Oregon and Washington interned Life in the Internment Camps o Sent to Relocation, Arkansas; Wyoming; western Arizona o Hirabayashi v. US (1943) ruled that govt was justified in interning Jap-Americans Korematsu v. US (1944) ruled that Nisei could be removed Justice Frank Murphy disagreed o Commission on Wartime relocation and Internment Civilians compensated each internee w/$20,000 and a public apology (1988)

Jobs and Racism on the Homefront Selective Service System and War Deparment drafted AAs in proportion to population (10%) o 700,000 AA military troops and 187,000 AA navy/Coast Guard/Marine Corps

African Americans in Combat o Still in segregated units War Department allowed training of AAs as pilots at Tuskegee Institute, AL 99th Pursuit Squadron won 80 Distinguished Flying Crosses (1940) Colonel Benjamin O. Davis is first AA to be promoted to brigadier general o Race riots broke out on military bases and white civilians harassed AA soldiers (July 17, 1944) explosion killing 320 due to untrained AA sailors loading explosives on to vessels When 50 AAs refused to handle the explosives again, they were found guilty of mutiny and sentenced to 15 yrs hard labor Civil Rights Movement o Red Cross separated blood donations due to race of donor NAACP believed war was an opportunity to enlighten whites attitudes towards AAs Double V campaign (50,000 in NAACP in 1940, 450,000 members in 1946) (1942) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded African American War Workers o Executive Order No. 8802 (1941) required employers in defense industries to make jobs available without discrimination b/c of race, creed, color, or natl origin 1.5 million AAs migrated to North and West during 1940s settled in urban areas of CA, IL, MI, NY, OH, PA 500,000 joined CIO unions Race Riots of 1943 o White hostility to migrant AAs in urban areas (1942) of northern whites believed that AAs should have segregated schools and neighborhoods (1943) 250 racial conflicts in 47 cities (June, 1943) riot in Detroit killed 25 AAs and 9 whites o Most govt officials put war first instead of racial tension Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson blamed riots on AA leaders Bracero Program o (1942) Mex-Americans admitted to US on short-term work contracts 17,000 Mex-Americans found shipyard jobs in LA o (1943) zoot-suit riot where whites attacked Mex-Americans Mex-American streets gangs (pachucos) LA passed ordinance making it a crime to wear a zoot suit

Women and Children in the War Effort

Womens Army Corps (WAC) enlisted 140,000 women, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) enlisted 100,000, and Marine Corps and Coast Guard enlisted 39,000 o 75,000 served in army and navys Nursing Corps o Women Air Service Pilots (WASP) 6 million women entered labor force during WWII Women in War Production o Early during the war, employers thought women were not suited for industrial jobs Mary Anderson = head of Womens Bureau of the Department of Labor Labor shortages caused opinions to change o Number of working women increased 57% 2 million in clerical jobs, 2.5 million in manufacturing Labor-force participation rates increased most for women over 45 (married) o 400,000 AA women quit domestic servant jobs to take industrial employment 7 million women moved to war-production areas (e.g. Williow Run, MI and south CA) o Rosie the Riveter encouraged women to do war work Mainly seen as a temporary response to natl emergency though 80% of women workers wanted to remain in jobs though Discrimination Against Women o Still received lower pay than men (1945) earned 65% of a mans pay Most jobs still seen as gender-defined Women mainly worked in all-female shops Public opposition to women leaving their children to work Childcare in Wartime o Lanham Act (1940) provided federal aid to communities that had to absorb large warrelated populance Provided funding for childcare centers, hospitals, sewer systems, and police and firefighter forces Number of children in Lanham Act childcare centers increased from 60,000 to 130,000 in 1943 Extended School Services offered care for children before/after school (1943) cared for 320,000 children Govt support for programs ended after war o Children bought war bonds and recycled newspapers, rubber and tin Number of teens in workforce increased from 900,000 to 3 million from 1940 to 1944 Many dropped out of high school and caused a back-to-school drive in 1944 Increase in Marriage, Divorce and Birth Rates

# of marriages rose from 7.3% to 9.3% from 1939 to 1942 Married for military deferments # of divorces increased from 25,000 to 359,000 to 485,000 from 1939 to 1943 to 1945 Birth rate increased from 2.4 million to 3.1 million from 1939 to 1943 good-bye babies women workers were self-sufficient w/o husbands many women workers pushed out of jobs for returning veterans and forced into lower-paying jobs

The DecLine of Liberalism and the Election of 1944 (1942) Republicans won 46 new seats in House, 9 in senate, and defeated Dem gov. in NY, CA and MI o Due to stability, citizens were more critical of New Deal legislation Wartime Liberalism o liberal pledge to secure full employment FDRs Economic Bill of Rights (1944) declared every American to have the right to a decent job, sufficient food, shelter, clothing, and financial security in unemployment, illness and old age Roosevelt and Truman o FDR not expected to survive 4th term Chose Senator Harry S. Truman of MS as VP Inexperienced in internatl affairs, but acceptable to southerners and party bosses, as well as liberals o NY gov. Thomas E. Dewey nominated as Republican candidate was moderate on foreign policy and the New Deal Roosevelts Fourth-term Victory o 53.5% popular vote and 432 electoral votes v. 99 Urban vote from migration was important o depression psychosis from fear of economic hardship once war was over caused many to vote for FDR for New Deal relief programs

Planning for Peace US wanted a peace that would end economic depression, totalitarianism and war o Open Door policy, lower tariffs, self-determination, avoidance of debt-reparations, expansion of US sphere of influence, decolonization, and management of world affairs by Four Policemen: USSR, China, GB and US Allied Disagreement over Eastern Europe o USSR wanted to maintain previous boundaries Part of Poland would become USSR territory

(1944)Churchill and Stalin agreed that USSR would have Romania and Bulgaria as spheres of influence, GB would have Greece, and they would share influence in Yugoslavia and Hungary o (1943)USSR broke off diplomatic relations w/Polish govt in London Poland asked Internatl Red Cross to investigate Ger rumors that USSR massacred thousands of Polish officers in Katyn Forest (1940) Angered USSR (Stalin = NOT A PERSON TO ANGER) Uprising in Warsaw (1944): USSR let Ger massacre 166,000 civilians Set up pro-Communist govt in Lublin Creation of the United Nations o (1943, Teheran, Iran) FDR called for institution controlled by 4 Policemen US, UK, USSR and Chinese representatives conferred on details in Washington D.C. (1944) Supreme Security Council (5 permanent members w/veto power)and weak General Assembly Jewish Refugees o 6 million Jews killed in concentration camps 250,000 gypsies and 60,000 gay men also killed (many current Republican leaders have the same beliefs about homosexuals as the Nazis!) US and other nations refused to relax immigration laws during Depression for Jews escaping persecution (1933-1945) less than 40% of German-Austrian immigration quota filled in US o St. Louis (1939) left Hamburg and was denied entrance into Havana and US, and had to return to Europe The Holocaust o (1943)UK and US leaders met in Bermuda to discuss Hitlers intended extermination of Jews Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau helped convince FDR to establish War Refugee Board (1944) The Yalta Conference o (Feb 1945)UK, US and USSR meet at Yalta in Russian Crimea to discuss war end