Department:-

School of Computer Science & Engineering

CSE 518: Wireless Network

Submitted by: Name: Vijendra Singh Section: K2R36 Roll No: A-02 Reg.No: 11105375

Submitted to: Himanshi Ass. Professor

Q.1 Compare the Wireless LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN based on their performance, coverage area, standard and applications.
Ans-1 Wireless networks fall into several categories, depending on the size of the physical area that they are capable of covering. The following types of wireless networks satisfy diverse user requirements:

Wireless Personal-Area Network (PAN) Wireless Local-Area Network (LAN) Wireless Metropolitan-Area Network (MAN) Wireless Wide-Area Network (WAN)

Table 1-1 shows a brief comparison of these forms of wireless networks. Each type of wireless network has complementary attributes that satisfy different requirements. The subsequent sections briefly explore each wireless network. Table 1-1. Comparison of Wireless Network Types Type Wireless PAN Coverage Performance Standards Within reach of a person Wireless LAN Within building or campus Wireless MAN Within city a High Proprietary, IEEE Fixed wireless between a High IEEE 802.11, Wi- Mobile extension of wired networks Moderate Bluetooth, Applications IEEE Cable peripherals replacement for

802.15, and I RDA

Fi, and LAN

802.16, and WIMAX homes and businesses and the Internet

Wireless WAN

Worldwide

Low

CDPD and Cellular 2G, 2.5G, and 3G

Mobile access to the Internet from outdoor areas

Q.2 Explain following parts: a) How does modulation make it possible to transmit information through the air?
Ans a) Modulation creates a radio or light signal from the network data so that it is suitable for propagation through the air. This involves converting the digital signal contained within the computer into an analog signal.

As part of this process, modulation superimposes the information signal onto a carrier, which is a signal having a specific frequency. In effect, the information on top of the carrier. In order to represent the information, the modulation signal varies the carrier in a way that represents the information. This is done because it's generally not practical to transmit the information signal in its native form. For example, consider Brian, who wants to transmit his voice wirelessly from Dayton to Cincinnati, which is about 65 miles. One approach is for Brian to use a really high-powered audio amplifier system. The problem with this is that the intense volume would probably deafen everyone in Dayton. Instead, a better approach is to modulate Brian's voice with a radio frequency or light carrier signal that's out of range of human hearing and suitable for propagation through the air. The information signal can vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal, and amplification of the carrier will not bother humans because it's well beyond the hearing range. The latter is precisely what modulation does. A modulator mixes the source information signal, such as voice or data, with a carrier signal. The transceiver couples the resulting modulated and amplified signals to an antenna. The modulated signal departs the antenna and propagates through the air. The receiving station antenna couples the modulated signal into a demodulator, which derives the information signal from the radio signal carrier.

b) What are common features of wireless middleware?

Ans b) Common features of wireless middleware are: Optimization techniques Intelligent restarts Data bundling Screen shaping Reshaping End-system support.

Q. 3 Explain following parts: a) What is a light signal? Compare the pros and cons of a light signal.
Ans a)Light Signal :-A light signal is analog in form and has a very high frequency that's not regulated by the FCC. Most wireless networks that use light for wireless signaling purposes utilize infrared light, which has a wavelength of approximately 900 nanometers. This equates to 333,333 GHz, which is quite a bit higher than RF signals and falls just below the visual range of humans. Diffused and direct infrared are two main types of light transmission. Diffused laser light is normally reflected off a wall or ceiling, and direct laser is directly focused in a line-of-sight fashion. Most laser LANs utilize diffused infrared; inter-building modems and PDAs use the direct infrared technique.

Infrared light has very high bandwidth; however, the diffusing technique severely attenuates the signal and requires slow data transmissions (less than 1 Mbps) to avoid significant transmission errors. In addition, this technique limits wireless component spacing to around 40 feet, mainly because of the lower ceilings indoors and resulting signal path geometry. The advantage is relatively easy installation with inexpensive components. The direct infrared approach, commonly referred to as free-space optics, intensifies the light signal power similarly to a directive radio signal antenna. This increases the range of low-power laser systems to a mile or so at data rates up in the Gbps range. Light Signal Pros and Cons Table 3-2. Comparing the Pros and Cons of Light Signals Light Signal Pros Light Signal Cons

Extremely high throughput, up to the Variable, unreliable performance in the presence of significant smog, Gbps range fog, rain, snow, and other airborne particulate matter

High inherent security because of Relatively short-range (1 mile) capability narrow laser beam License-free operation Requirement for line-of-sight operation, free from obstructions such as buildings, trees, and telephone poles Extremely low potential for RF Issues dealing with alignment because of building swaying

interference from external systems

These characteristics make the use of light signals most effective for specialized applications where extremely high performance is necessary. For example, a company can install an infrared communications link between two nearby buildings in order to facilitate high-speed server backups over a wireless network.

b) Give the benefits of IrDA as compared to Bluetooth?

Ans b) Bluetooth many other technologies exist like IrDA, Home RF (SWAP) that provide similar or related services. A quick glance into their scope and properties would help putting all of these into perspective. Let look at the features of Bluetooth first (for the sake of comparison)

Operates in the 2.56 GHZ ISM band which is globally available

Uses FHSS Can support up to 8 devices in a piconet Omni-directional, non line of sight transmission through walls 10m to 100m range Low cost, $20 1mW power Extended range with external power amplifier (100 meters)

IrDA IrDA is an international organization that creates and promotes interoperable, low-cost infrared data interconnection standards. IrDA has a set of protocols covering all layers of data transfer and in addition has some network management and interoperability designs. IrDA protocols have IrDA DATA as the vehicle for data delivery and IrDA CONTROL for sending the control information. IrDA DATA defines a standard for an interoperable universal two way cordless infrared light transmission data port. Adapters now include the traditional upgrades to serial and parallel ports Features:

Range: From contact to at least 1metre. Can be extended to 2 meters. A low power version relaxes the range objective for operation from contact through at least 20 cm between low power devices and 30 cm between low power and standard power devices. This implementation affords 10 times less power consumption. These parameters are termed the required maximum ranges by certain classes of IrDA featured devices and sets the end user expectation for discovery, recognition and performance.

Bi-directional communication is the basis of all specifications Data transmission from 9600 b/s with primary speed/cost steps of 115 kb/s and maximum speed up to 4 Mb/s

Data packets are protected using a CRC (CRC-16 for speeds up to 1.152Mb/s and CRC-32 at 4 Mb/s). vs Bluetooth

IrDA

If you examine the benefits of each technology, you can see that Bluetooth and IrDA are both critical to the marketplace. Each technology has advantages and drawbacks and neither can meet all users' needs. Bluetooth's ability to penetrate solid objects and its capability for maximum mobility within the piconet allows for data exchange applications that are very difficult or impossible with IrDA. For example, with Bluetooth a person could synchronize their phone with a PC without taking the phone out of their pocket or purse (this is not possible with IrDA). The omni-directional capability of Bluetooth allows synchronization to start when the phone is brought into range of the PC. A quick glance comparison between these technologies is presented below.

Peak Data Rate Range IrDA Bluetooth 16 Mbps 1 Mbps < 2m < 10m

Relative Cost Voice network support Low Medium Via IP Via IP and cellular

Data support Via PPP Via PPP

network

Q.4 Explain following parts: a) A wireless NIC must convert the information into what type of signal before transmission through the air medium? Explain that mechanism.
Ans a) The base station, such as an access point, includes both a wireless and wired NIC, as well as software that interfaces the two networks. When a wireless user communicates with another wireless user, the base station might simply resend the data frame received from one user so that the other user is able to receive it. In this case, the base station is acting as a repeater. Alternatively, the base station might forward the data to the wired side of the base station if the destination is located somewhere on the wired side of the network. Upon receiving a data frame, the wireless NIC within the base station converts the analog radio wave or light signal into a digital signal and performs error detection to ensure that the resulting data frame does not have any bit errors. The error control mechanism will cause the sending wireless NIC to retransmit the data frame if errors are present. After taking care of erred frames, the wireless NIC within the base station will either resend the frame or forward the frame to the wired side of the base station. The wired NIC generally implements Ethernet, which interfaces directly with enterprise systems. The base station usually connects the wireless and wired networks at the physical layer and data link layer. Some base stations also include routing, which is a network layer function. When traversing wire, the information signal remains in digital form, but different types of systems might convert the digital signal to a form suitable for transmission over the particular medium in use. The signal might undergo conversion to an analog form again if transmission over another wireless link, such as satellite, is necessary to reach the destination.