Experiment # 1: Characteristics of Matter Francheska Biolena, Gabriel Neri

TAB1, Group #1, Professor Julius Nuez February 14, 2012

I. Abstract Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. It has two major classifications based on composition: pure substances, which are a kind of matter with a uniform and definite composition, under which are the elements and compounds, while mixtures, which consists of a blend of two or more substances and has a variable composition. In nature, a lot of substances occur, or can be found, in mixtures with other substances. For example, water in lakes and rivers are not pure; rather, they contain impurities from the environment, such as soil, dissolved minerals, and organic materials. To be able to make these freshwater sources potable, separation techniques are required to remove the impurities from the water. In this experiment, we explore the different methods on separating mixtures. Various separating techniques were employed in this experiment, namely filtration, adsorption, evaporation, sublimation and solvent extraction, the separation of a substance from one liquid phase to another liquid phase. The experiment also showed the various characteristics that distinguish metals from non-metals. To iron, magnesium ribbon, iodine crystals, and naphthalene, hydrochloric acid was added. Based on whether the substances reacted to the acid, we can tell if the substances were metallic or non-metallic. Another way of determining whether substances are metallic or non-metallic is by dissolving their oxides in water. In the last part of the experiment, we determined physical and chemical changes that happened to the mixture components in various tests. We look for certain signs to determine whether a chemical change or physical change has occurred. We also found out whether magnesium or iron was more reactive. These methods bring to light the physical and chemical characteristics of matter. II. Keywords: matter, mixtures, acid, base, physical change, chemical change. phase to another depending on the dissimilar solubility rates of the substance in the two liquid phases, and adsorption, or the adhesion of gas, liquid, ions, or Matter can be classified according to their dissolved solids to a medium typically with a high composition. They are either pure substances or surface area. mixtures. Naturally occurring substances rarely exist in their pure forms. Because of natural agents present in Metals and non-metals have different the environment, these substances come into contact characteristics. Both of them form oxides, but their with other substances, creating mixtures. When we try solutions differ in pH; that is, non-metal oxides, such as to extract these substances, we need to use physical SO2, form the acid H2SO3 when dissolved in water, while separation techniques to isolate the substances we metal oxides, like MgO form the base Mg(OH)2 in need, and discard the ones we do not need. The first aqueous solutions. Also, metals generally react to acids part of the experiment aims to demonstrate the different while non-metals do not. techniques in physically separating mixture components. Matter undergoes changes two kinds of which Physical separation does not alter the chemical are physical and chemical change. Physical change composition of the components of the mixture. It may involves phase change and other changes that do not change them into different states of matter, but their alter the composition of matter, while chemical changes composition remains the same. The different methods of rearrange atoms and are characterized by the evolution mixture separation used in the experiment were: using a of gas, formation of precipitate, etc. magnet, filtration, the passage of a fluid through a filtering medium such as filter paper, sublimation, the The study of these methods is important so that heating of a mixture to let substances that have a low we can know how different materials are separated. vapor pressure sublime, solvent extraction, the transfer Some impurities, such as the ones present in freshwater of a substance from one liquid sources, need to be separated because some impurities are harmful to the body. We need to know how to isolate III. Introduction Chemistry 14.1 Page 1 of 6

pure substances so that we can use them safely. In the laboratory, knowing which compounds are metallic and non-metallic is important so that unwanted chemical reactions can be avoided. And determining physical from chemical changes can help us identify the kinds of changes they occur during experiments. IV. Experimental Part A Separation Techniques First, we weighed 0.1 grams of Fe, crushed naphthalene, and NaCl, and mixed these in an evaporating dish along with 2 Mg ribbons and a pinch of food coloring. We then put the mixture onto a sheet of paper and separated the Fe filings first by using a magnet.

The next step was performed in the hood. We thrust the tip of a glass rod into an open flame, and then dipped the tip into sulfur powder. The powder stuck on the rod was heated, and the fumes were collected in a test tube. The tube was caulked with a cork. Then water was added into the test tube and we shook the test tube. Then, its acidity or basicity was tested. Part C Changes of the Mixture Components We placed a pinch of Fe, naphthalene, food color, NaCl, and 2 I2 crystals in separate 20 mL test tubes. The test tubes were heated and visible results were noted. After cooling, the sides of the test tubes were examined for evidence of change.

Then, HCl was added into two separate test tubes with Fe in one and Mg in the other. After that, Fe Next, the remaining mixture was mixed with 30 and Mg were placed in two other test tubes, and FeCl 3 mL of water in a 50 mL beaker, and the resulting mixture was added to each. The test tubes were left to stand for was filtered through filter paper. The Mg ribbons and 10 min. Observations were recorded. crushed napthalene were filtered out. The filtrate was set aside, while the residue was transferred to an Finally, the rest of the filtrate from part A was evaporating dish. A piece of perforated paper was set on evaporated to dryness, and the residue was noted. top of the dish, then placed on an iron stand to be heated. While being heated, an upside down funnel (plugged with cotton at the top) caught the fumes. V. Results Deposits formed on the sides of the funnel, which was then scraped off and saved for later. Part A 1. The physical properties of the reagents were The filtrate that was set aside was boiled. Then noted. we added activated charcoal to the boiling mixture and continued boiling until only 20 mL of the mixture SUBSTANCE COLOR TEXTURE remained. The mixture was passed through another Hard, granular, piece of filter paper and we noted what was filtered out. Iron (Fe) Filings Gray coarse To 2 mL of the filtrate, we added a crystal of I2 mothballs White Fine, powdery and we mixed it well. The rest of the filtrate was saved White Fine, granular for part C. Next, hexane was added, and was mixed with Table salt the filtrate. Then, a medicine dropper was used to Mg ribbon Gray Paper-like strips separate the hexane layer. The hexane layer was Blue Fine, powdery evaporated in the hood, and it left iodine residue on the Food coloring sides of the test tube. The aqueous layer was also Fig. 1. Physical Properties of Reagents evaporated, and salt was left behind. 2. Physical Separation. The methods of mixture Part B Analysis of Mixture Components separation used in part A were noted. The different We placed small amounts of Fe, Mg, I2, and naphthalene isolated in part A into different test tubes. mixtures should meed certain criteria for it to be HCl was added to each, and we observed for gas successfully separated by a certain method. evolution. Then, we tested the gas with a glowing splinter. METHOD OF TYPE OF PROPERTIES SEPARATION MIXTURE OF COMPOUND Next, we heated Mg ribbon until it burned. The NEEDED FOR ash was placed in a test tube and we added 5 mL water. SEPARATION We used litmus paper to determine whether it was acidic Filtration solid-liquid Size of particle or basic. Chemistry 14.1 Page 2 of 6

should be large enough Sublimation solid-solid One of the solids stays solid while other sublimes Naphthalene

-Reacted to glowing splinter No reaction Non-metallic Iodine (I2) No reaction Non-metallic Fig. 3. Reaction of Reagents to HCl

Solventextraction

solid-liquid

Adsorption

solid-liquid

Fig. 2. Separation Methods

Liquid used for extraction must be immiscible 2. The results showed that the MgO and water with other liquid mixture turned red litmus paper to blue, and is basic, Adsorbent must while the SO2 and water mixture turned blue litmus have a high paper to red, and is acidic. surface area OXIDE REACTION CLASSIFICATION WITH H2O Magnesium oxide (MgO) No visible reactoin Basic

The iron filings were separated using the magnet.

No visible Acidic The Mg ribbon and moth balls were separated through Sulfur dioxide (SO2) reaction filtration. Fig. 4. Reaction of Oxides with H2O After heating the residue (Mg, naphthalene), the 3. Based of the experimental results, we listed naphthalene sublimed, then deposited onto the sides of down the chemical properties that distinguish metals the upside-down funnel. from nonmetals. After boiling the filtrate with activated charcoal, and passing it through another filter, the food coloring and METAL NONMETAL charcoal were separated. Generally reactive to acids Generally non-reactive to acids The hexane layer was pink, and when it was evaporated, it left iodine residue in the test tube. Their oxides form bases in Their oxides form acids in aqueous solutions aqueous solutions. The aqueous layer was heated, and NaCl was left Fig. 5. Distinguishing Characteristics of Metals and behind. Nonmetals Part B Part C 1. We noted our observations on the reaction of the following reagents to hydrochloric acid. Fe and Mg 1. Upon heating, only the Mg ribbon went reacted and formed bubbles of H2 gas in the process. through a chemical change. The naphthalene and iodine crystals did not show any visible signs of change. SUBSTANCE SUBSTANCE REACTION WITH HCl -Chemical reaction present -Reacted to glowing splinter -Chemical reaction present CLASSIFICATION Iron (Fe) Food coloring Iodine (I2) Metallic Naphthalene OBSERVATION No visible change TYPE OF CHANGE None

Iron (Fe)

metallic

Some particles Physical change clumped together Turned to a purple gas Turned to gas Physical Change Physical Change None Page 3 of 6

Magnesium (Mg)

Table salt (NaCl) No visible

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perforated paper was placed on top. An upside-down funnel caught the fumes, and the naphthalene that Mg ribbon A bright white Chemical change sublimed deposited onto the walls of the funnel. The light evolved naphthalene sublimed because the intermolecular Fig. 6. Changes of Matter upon Heating forces between its molecules are weak enough to allow sublimation at room temperature (at sea level), while the 2. Based on the following results, Mg is more magnesium strips have stronger intermolecular forces reactive than Fe because it was able to chemically react so they don't sublime as easily as naphthalene. with both HCl and FeCl3. The filtrate containing water, food coloring, and NaCl was boiled in a beaker. While boiling, activated SUBSTANCE TYPE OF TYPE OF CHANGE with CHANGE with charcoal was added. The activated charcoal (a substance of extremely high surface area) was able to HCl FeCl3 adsorb the particles of food coloring in the mixture Iron (Fe) Chemical change None because the food coloring molecules are relatively large. Magnesium (Mg) Chemical change Chemical change The charcoal cannot capture the sodium and chlorine ions of salt because the ions are too small for the Fig. 7. Reaction of Metals with HCl and FeCl3 charcoal to adsorb. reaction After heating the rest of the filtrate, NaCl was recovered. VI. Discussion Part A Different mixtures require different methods to separate the different phases present. In the first part of the experiment, measured amounts of Fe, naphthalene, and NaCl were mixed in with 2 Mg ribbon strips and food coloring. The mixture was put onto a sheet of paper and a magnet was passed through to separate the Fe filing from the mixture. Fe is a metal and was attracted to the magnet, but note that Mg, also a metal was not attracted to the magnet. The explanation for this is iron's paramagnetism. Iron's electron configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2 and the 3d sublevel is not completely filled, meaning there are unpaired electrons. In magnesium, the electron configuration of which is [Ne] 3s2, all electrons are paired, making it diamagnetic. Diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled by an external magnetic field, while paramagnetic substances show a relatively strong attraction to an external magnetic field. In addition, iron, along with nickel and cobalt are ferromagnetic, which is stronger than paramagnetism. This property allows them to create permanent magnets. After filtering the mixture once more, only NaCl was left in the mixture. 2 mL of the filtrate will be used in the next step. The next step was adding a crystal of I 2 to 2 mL of the filtrate. I2 is a non-polar substance, meaning it is insoluble in water. Then, hexane was added. Hexane (C6H14) is also a non-polar substance, so the I2 crystals can be dissolved in it, but since hexane and water are non-polar and polar respectively, the two solvents are immiscible and would create two distinct layers a hexane layer (with I2 dissolved) and an aqueous layer. This process is known as solvent extraction. After the hexane dissolved the I2 crystals, it turned pink, and the hexane layer was evaporated slowly in the hood. What was left behind was the iodine. The aqueous layer was also evaporated to dryness, and NaCl was left behind. Part B Substances can be classified as metallic or nonmetallic depending on what elements constitute their composition. In the second part of the experiment, we determined whether the following substances, Fe, Mg ribbon, naphthalene, and I2 crystals, were metallic or non-metallic substances depending on their reaction to 0.1 M HCl. Metals usually react to HCl, while non-metals do not. This is because metals tend to lose electrons, forming positively charged ions or cations. The H+ ions present in the HCl solution capture these electrons and form diatomic molecules of H2 gas, causing the bubbles to form.

Next step, the remaining mixture was placed in a beaker with 30 mL of water. The substances were mixed, and the mixture was filtered. Since the magnesium ribbon and crushed naphthalene were too large to go through the filter paper, it was left behind on Both metals and non-metals form oxides, and the paper as residue. Note that naphthalene doesn't we can tell if these substances are metallic or nondissolve in water because it is a non-polar molecule. This residue was placed in an evaporating dish, and metallic based on the solution they form in water. In this experiment, we put Mg ribbon and sulfur powder under Chemistry 14.1 Page 4 of 6

an open flame and produced MgO and SO2, SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3 respectively. When placed in water, MgO forms Mg(OH)2, and is basic because of the presence of Questions (Part C): hydroxide ions. SO2, when dissolved in water, forms 1. Based on the reaction in Fig. 7, which is the sulfurous acid, or H2SO3. It is acidic because of the more active metal? presence of H+ ions in solution. Mg is the more active metal because it was able to react with both HCl and FeCl3. Part C 2. What is the composition of the filtrate in A #3b? The last part of the experiment involved the The filtrate contains water and identification of physical and chemical changes to the NaCl. mixture components. There are numerous signs that 3. Complete and balance the following reactions chemical change has taken place. Some of them include below: color change, emission of light, temperature change, formation of precipitate, bubble formation, and change in 2Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 smell or taste. Chemical change involves an alteration of Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 the chemical composition of substances, so phase 3Mg + 2FeCl3 3MgCl2 + 2Fe change is not a chemical change. Some substances change chemically upon heating. We put Fe, food coloring, I2 crystals, naphthalene, NaCl, and Mg ribbon in separate test tubes and heated them to see if the different substances had undergone chemical change. Although I2 and naphthalene both vaporized under heat, they did not undergo chemical change, because the substances only changed in phase; their composition was unaltered. The food coloring clumped together after heating, and showed no signs of chemical change. The NaCl and Fe filings showed no indications of change at all. Only Mg chemically changed under heat, as indicated by the emission of white light. After that, we tested Fe and Mg ribbon for their reactions to HCl and FeCl3 to see which of the two metals are more reactive. In the activity series, Mg is more reactive than Fe, which shows in this experiment, since Mg reacted to both HCl and FeCl3 while Fe only reacted to HCl. Finally, salt solution was heated to dryness to separate the NaCl from the water. The experiment is done. VII. Guide Questions & Answers VIII. Conclusions and Recommendations Therefore, mixtures can be separated physically depending on the unique characteristics of the components involved. The experiment could be further improved if more types of physical separation and more types of mixtures be handled by the students so that their knowledge in mixtures would be more extensive. Metals and non-metals can be distinguished by the way they react to hydrochloric acid or other substances. Metals usually react with acids and produce hydrogen gas in the process by donating electrons to free protons in aqueous solutions while non-metals usually do not react with HCl. Both metals and non-metals form oxides, but metal oxides form bases in solutions while non-metal oxides form acids in solutions. Chemical change occurs when the following are observed: evolution of gas, emission of light, change of color, formation of precipitate, change of smell or taste, the temperature changes, or other similar observations. IX. References Metals in Hydrochloric Acid. (2007) Teachers' Domain. Retrieved on Feb. 12 2012, from

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ls

Questions (Part B): ps07.sci. phys.matter.metalshcl/ 1. Among those classified as metals, which is the most reactive with 0.1 M HCl? Ten signs of chemical change. (n.d.). Retrieved on Feb. Mg was more reactive than Fe. 13, 2012, from 2. Complete and balance the following equations 01/index.shtml below: MgO(s) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2 Testing Water & Soil. (2008). Retrieved on Feb. 13,

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/1

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2012, from

http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107La b/index.html
Wilbraham, A. C., Staley, D. D., & Matta, M. S. (1997). Chemistry (4th ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

I hereby certify that I have given substantial contribution to this report. Signed: _________________________________ Gabriel Luis Neri _________________________________ Francheska Biolena

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