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A Design & Implementation of Collision Avoidance System (CAS) for Automobiles using Embedded System
Rajarajan.R1 , Abdul Rahuman.S2, Harish Bharath.M.A3
1,2,3
Abstract: The industry strategy for automotive safety systems has been evolving over the last 20 years.
Initially, individual passive devices and features such as seatbelts, airbags, knee bolsters, crush zones, etc. was developed for saving lives and minimizing injuries when an accident occurs. Later, preventive measures such as improving visibility, headlights, windshield wipers, tire traction, etc. were deployed to reduce the probability of getting into an accident. Now we are at the stage of actively avoiding accidents as well as providing maximum protection to the vehicle occupants and even pedestrians. Systems that are on the threshold of being deployed or under intense development include collision avoidance systems. In this dissertation, advanced ideas such as pre-crash sensing, ultrasonic sensor is used to sense the object in front of the vehicle and gives the signal to the micro controller unit. Based on the signal received from the ultrasonic sensor, the micro controller unit sends a signal to the braking unit for applying the brake automatically as per braking & throttle control logic fed in to the micro controller unit. To avoid the collision between the vehicles during the period of running conditions and automatically applying the brake by means of actuators, Distance measuring sensors & Electronic control module.
1. Introduction
Despite all the advances made, the overriding vision of zero-accident motoring still remains a vision of unachieved. We need to reduce further the number of accident victims, and the use of new driver assistance systems will enable us to make significant progress in this field. Such systems represent the second revolution in active safety after Electronic Stability Program (ESP). Our new electronic assistance will be systems that can see and therefore provide active operating support for drivers. The systems will also be able to see farther and take in a wider spectrum than any human ever could. The goal we have defined is to make vehicles of tomorrow capable of communicating with one another, and hence able to issue warnings to drivers concerning any imminent dangers. As a consequence for the medium term, driver assistance and communication systems will both be featured as integrated vehicle modules to reduce traffic accidents significantly. The top model in our range, the phaeton, is already available with the option of Automatic Distance Control (ADC), which is geared to maintain automatically a minimum distance from the vehicle ahead through system-initiated braking and acceleration. It is well known that driver errors are the main cause for to increased severity, of most accidents. An increasing amount of automotive systems, such as brakes, steering system and suspension, is controllable by means of electronics and software. The expanded use of electronics, micro controllers, sensors, actuators, etc. in the automotive industry will have a major impact on the architecture of future safety systems.
CPU that has not been designed with any particular computation in mind. These chips are usually the foundation of personal computers and high-end workstations. The most common microprocessors are members of Motorolas 68k-found in older Macintosh computer and the ubiquitous 80 x 86 families. A microcontroller is very much like a microprocessor, except that it has been designed specifically for use in embedded systems. Microcontroller typically includes a CPU, memory and other peripherals in the integrated circuit. Common examples are the 8051, Intels 80196 and Motorolas 68HCxx series. PIC 16F876, PIC 18C84.
3. Project Overview
The development of this system is strongly technology driven. So far, traffic safety performance improvements depend strongly on the systems specific operating characteristics and on the actual traffic conditions such as flow density, speed, the mix between manual and instrumented vehicles.
for both thr rottle and bra control. S ake Stepper moto can be rot as steps so that we can achieve similar to the or tate e normal oper ration of the throttle and brake pedals s.
1: ping" distanc (in mete under op ces ers) ptimal photo onic conditio and nonons Table 1 "Thinking" and "stopp optimal nig ght-time cond ditions for di ifferent vehicle speeds. The addition distance is the calcula T nal ated increase e in overall st topping dista ance under ni ight-time con nditions. Not that 4 m is the length o an average vehicle. te s of e Factors, which affec the stoppin distance o the vehicle are, the ma of the car will affect the stopping ct ng of ass r g to s crease as the mass of the car increase Therefore es. e distance of the car due t the effects of friction that will inc g f he eases. the stopping distance of the car will shorten as th mass incre 6. Sp peed of the c affects th stopping d car he distance beca ause it has m more energy to carry it fu urther and to o ov vercome fric ctional force therefore gre eater speed should mean greater stopp s ping distance e. 7. A Aerodynamics will affect the stoppin distance because the m t ng b more aerody ynamic the object in this o s ca the car h less drag or air resis ase, has g stance will be produced t therefore a g greater stopp ping distance e will w be achiev ved. 8. T surface on which the car is to stop on will affe the stoppi distance. Because, fo example if The p ect ing . or f th road surfa is texture it will req he ace ed, quire more en nergy from t car to overcome friction from the the e ro ough surface therefore th car will no travel as fa as on a no his ot ar on-textured o smooth sur or rface.
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9. Also all other frictional forces will affect the car like the surface area of the tires on the car, the friction between the axle and the chassis. Also the amount of friction will increases with temperature of the surface and the tires. 10. Gravity, although it is unable to vary this in my experiment, it would affect the friction between the car and the road therefore would increase the stopping distance of the car if you could decrease the gravitational pull on the car.
6. Conclusion
Collision avoidance systems are especially useful in bad weather conditions. The sensors in the car would be capable of detecting the poor conditions and would inform the driver on how to drive in them. For example, because fog affects visibility, the sensors would recognize this and alert the driver of any dangers that lie ahead, like a windy turn or another car, giving the driver enough time to slow down, allowing him to escape from what could have been a bad accident.
7. References
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