Chapter 2

PATTERNS AND ALGEBRA
Algebra is a shorthand way of writing many mathematical and scientic ideas. It describes these ideas,
and the rules that apply to them, by using letters to represent numbers. Algebra is used by software
engineers who design computer programs and video games; civil engineers who design roads, railways
and bridges; tradespeople who work on building sites; and many others.
1234
123
48901
4567890123 8901234
012
4567890123 890
0123456789
7890123 8901234
2345678
89
45678901234567890123
345
12345678901234
456
234567890123 456789
9012
567890123
456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
5
5678
7890123456789012
3456789012345678
90123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
56789012345678901234567890
12345678901234
456
5678
234567890123 45678901234
0123456789
890
234
234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
7890123456789012 2345678901
345678
9012345 67890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
34
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
34
6789
901
345678
9012345 67890123456789012345678
90123456789012345678901234567890123456
7890123456789012
3456789012
234
901234567890123
01234567890
123456789012345678901234
5678
012345678901234
56789012345678901234567
789
4567890 1234567890123456789 012345678901234567
890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
45678901234567890123456
789012345678901234567 8901234
678901234567890
2345678901 23456789012
45678901234
6789012345678901
34567890123456789012345678901234567
01234567890123456789012345675678
890
5678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
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234
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
4567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123456
678
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
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012
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
456
789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
67890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
456
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
890
5678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
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234
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
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678
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
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012
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
02 CO NCM8_4 SB TXT.indd Ch02:34
19/9/08 12:40:43 PM
0123456789
901
1234
0123456789
0123456789
567890123
4567890123 8901234
0123456789
01234
890
4567890123 8901234
0123456789
7890123
8901234
5678
89
23456789
123
345
56789012345678
4567890123456789012345
56789012345678
234
456789
5678
1234567890123456789
5678
789
901234
234567890123 45678901234
0123456789
0123456789
456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
56789012
5
56789012
7890123456789012
3456789012345678
901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
9012345678
In this chapter
you will:
Wordbank
567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
56789012345678901234567890
1234567890123456789
456789
234
5678
234567890123 45678901234
901234
0123456789
translate between words and algebraic
symbols,
algebraic expressions expressions that
678
8901
901
23456789012345678901234567890123456
7890123456789012
345678901
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
56789012 9012345 and
between algebraic symbols and words
describe a quantity, using variables and numerals,
789
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
substitute
such
as 3x + 4y 8
012
2345678
345678 into algebraic expressions
9012345 67890123456789012345678
90123456789012345678901234567890123456
78901234567890
567
78901234567890123
901234567890123
123456789012345678901234
5678
generate
a number pattern01234567890
from an algebraic
algebraic terms the parts
of an algebraic012345678901234 567890
23
4567890 1234567890123456789 012345678901234567
89012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
expression 45678901234567890123456
such as678901234567890
3x
789012345678901234567expression,
8901234
2345678901 2345
678
89012345678901234
45678901234
012345678901234
add
and subtract6789012345678901
like terms to simplify algebraic
34567890123456789012345678901234567
evaluate to nd the value of an algebraic
0123456789012345678956789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
expressions
expression after substitution
56789012345678901234
01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
012
23456789012345678 567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345
simplify
algebraic expressions that involve
expand to rewrite an expression such as
45678901234567890123
90123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
90123456789012345678
45678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
multiplication
and division
4(2k + 4) without grouping symbols
456
67890123456789012 9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789
simplify
algebraic expressions that involve adding
factorise the opposite of expand; to rewrite
89012345678901234567
34567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
34567890123456789012
89012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
and
subtracting algebraic fractions
an expression, such as 8k + 16, with grouping
890
01234567890123456 34567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123
(Stage
5) simplify algebraic expressions that
symbols
2345678901234567890178901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
78901234567890123456
23456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
involve
multiplying and dividing algebraic fractions
like terms terms with exactly the same
234
45678901234567890 789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
expand
algebraic expressions by removing
variables, such as 5p and 2p
67890123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
234
45678901234567890
67890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
grouping
symbols
substitution replacing a variable with a number
678
89012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
factorise
algebraic terms and expressions
variables letters of the alphabet used to
01234567890123456789
56789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
56789012345678901234
01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
(Stage
5)
apply
the
index
laws
to
simplify
stand for a number, also called pronumerals or
012
23456789012345678 56789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
algebraic
expressions
unknowns
45678901234567890123
90123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
9012345678901234567845678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
456
67890123456789012 901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
8901234567890123456734567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
3456789012345678901289012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
890
01234567890123456 3456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
2345678901234567890178901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
7890123456789012345623456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
02 CO NCM8_4 SB TXT.indd Ch02:35
567890123
19/9/08 12:41:13 PM
02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 36 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM
Worksheet
2-01
Start up
Brainstarters 2
1 Write each of these in the simplest way:

Skillsheet
2-01
Algebraic expressions
a 7p
b ab
c kk
d nnn
e 2pm
f pkd
g y6
h t3q
i 1g
j q+q+q
k a+a+a+a
l 1x
2 If x = 8 and y = 2, evaluate:
a x+y
b 3x
c xy
d 5y
e xy
f 9y
g x + 17
h 2x + 4
i 3y 2
j xy
k 5x y
l 4x + 5y
3 Find:
a 34
b -5 + 9
c -8 2
d -3 6
e -12 (-4)
f -12 4 10
4 Find:
3 1
a --- + --8 8
1 1
b --- --2 4
3 2
c ------ + --10 5
2 1
d --- --3 5
3 4
e --- --4 9
3 3
f --- --4 8
2-01 From words to algebraic expressions

Worksheet
2-02
Whats the
expression?
In algebra, a variable (or pronumeral) is a letter of the alphabet used to stand for a number.
It is called a variable because its value can vary (change). In this section, you will improve
your ability to translate between words and algebraic symbols, and between algebraic
symbols and words.
Example 1
If N is a variable representing any number, write an algebraic expression for:
a six times the number
b the number divided by three
Solution
a 6 N = 6N
36
NEW CENTURY MATHS 8 STAGE 4
N
b N 3 or ---3
ISBN: 9780170136952
Example 2
Think of a number, L, multiply it by two and add seven.
Write an algebraic expression for the nal answer.
Solution
L 2 + 7 = 2L + 7
Exercise 2-01
1 Let N represent any number. Write expressions for:
Ex 1
a four times the number
b the number plus three
c the number divided by M
d the number that comes after N
e half the number
f seven times the number
g the sum of the number and 15
h twelve minus the number
i the number that comes before N
j double the number
k the number divided by 4
l twice the number plus seven
m the product of the number and 10
n seven times the number minus twelve
2 If p, q and r represent any three numbers, write expressions for:

a the sum of p, q and r
b the product of p and q
c the difference between r and q, where r is greater than q
d the product of p and r, minus q
e three times q, plus p
f q divided by r
g seven more than (p times r)
h p times q divided by r
i four times p, plus q multiplied by r
j the product of p, q and r, decreased by seven times p
3 Write an algebraic expression for the answer to each of the following.
Ex 2
a Think of a number (L), multiply it by 5 and add 2.

b Think of a number (t), multiply it by 3 and then subtract 9.
c Think of a number (w), multiply it by 2 and then add 17.
d Think of a number (k), multiply it by 1.5 and take away 4.2.
e Think of a number (x), then divide it by 5 and add 3.
f Think of a number (A), halve it and then take away 12.
g Think of a number (R), divide it by 3 and then add 6.5.
h Think of a number (y), multiply it by 5 and then divide it by 3.
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
37
4 Describe each of the following algebraic expressions in words:
Worksheet
2-03
a x+y+z
b 3N + Z
c xy 5
e 4x 2
f xyz
g 5N + 12
N
d ---4
h 47 2N
2-02 Substitution
Tables of values 1
Worksheet
2-04
Example 3
Formula 1 game
If m = 5 and n = 12, evaluate:

a 2m + n
b mn 4
Solution
a 2m + n = 2 5 + 12
= 22
b mn 4 = 5 12 4
= 15
Exercise 2-02
1 If m = 4 and n = 7, which of the following is the value of 2m n? Select A, B, C or D.
A 17
Ex 3
B1
C -6
D 15
2 If a = 4, b = 7 and c = 2, evaluate each of the following:

a a+b
b 3a
e bc
f 4b 2
i 20 b
j ab +
c2
c a2
d a+b+c
g c+ab
h 7a 2b
k bc
l 3a c
3 If j = 10, k = -3 and l = 5, evaluate each of the following:

a jkl
b j2
c k2
d jl
e jk 6
f k2 + l 2
j
j --- 2k
2
g 5k
h 3j + 2k l
j+l
l --------3
i j+lk
k 6jk
4 Complete these tables using the given rules.

a m = 6e
e
b j=c+4
0
23
11
32
x
d y = --- + 8
7
11
32
38
c g = 3w + 10
w
14
28
84
ISBN: 9780170136952
02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 39 Monday, September 29, 2008 1:01 AM
m
f n = ---- 1
2
e y = 2x 4
x
10
12
16
21
25
1
--2
3
--4
1
1 --2
g y = 4x 3
x
20
-4
h n = 2m + 1
-1
m
y
Using technology
Substitution using spreadsheets

1 Enter the values shown on the right into
a spreadsheet.
This means
m = 10.
2 Use the given values to create spreadsheet

formulas for the algebraic expressions following.
a In cell D1, enter the formula for p u (as shown below).
b In cell D2, enter the formula for m + n (as shown

on the right).
c In cell D3, enter the formula for p q.
d In cell D4, enter the formula for t u s.
e In cell D5, enter the formula for n + t m.
f In cell D6, enter the formula for n m u.
nm
g In cell D7, enter the formula for -------------.
u
h In cell D8, enter the formula for s p m.
i In cell D9, enter the formula for p2.
j In cell D10, enter the formula for (s + n) (p + r).
k In cell D11, enter the formula for t + p q + s.
l In cell D12, enter the formula for (s u)3.
m In cell D13, enter the formula for m n p q r s t u.
n In cell D14, enter the formula for the average of m, n, p and q.
n+p+t
o In cell D15, enter the formula for v -------------------- .
mq
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
39
n + p.
p In cell D16, enter the formula for

q In cell D17, enter the formula for
s2
3.
r In cell D18, enter the formula for 2n2 + r3.

3 Think of some different values for column B and use column E to create at least
10 different algebraic expressions using the symbols practised so far. Check if your
answers are as you expected or if you need to insert grouping symbols to make them
mathematically correct.
Worksheet
2-05
Collecting like terms
2-03 Adding and subtracting algebraic terms

Only like terms can be added or subtracted. Like terms are terms that have exactly the same
variables (pronumerals). This means 2m and 5m are like terms. So are 4ab and 2ba. But 2d
and 5m are not like terms. Nor are 3x and 5x2.
Example 4
Simplify:
a 8m + 2n + 3m + n
c 6xy +
7x2
3yx
b 6m 8p + 3m + 6p
12x2
Solution
a
8m + 2n + 3m + n
= 8m + 3m + 2n + n
= 11m + 3n
b 6m 8p + 3m + 6p
= 6m + 3m 8p + 6p
= 9m 2p
Finding like terms.

Remember: The sign goes with the term that follows it.
6xy + 7x2 3yx 12x2
= 6xy 3yx + 7x2 12x2

= 3xy 5x2
Exercise 2-03
1 Select the like terms each time:
a 4x, 2y, 2x, 5z, x
b m, m2, n, 3m2, mn
d vw, 2v, 4v, w, v2, v
e p, 6pq, 2qp, 3pq, 7q
c 2ab, 4a, 6ab, 3b, 5

f 2c, 5, 3c2, 7, 9, 3d, 2
2 Simplify:
a 6m 2m
d 12mn 4mn
g 4cd + 10cd 3cd
j 2x2 + 3x2 + x2
c
f
i
l
40
b
e
h
k
3ab + 7ab
7xy 5xy
m + 4m m
8p 5p + 12p
p+p+p
8k 3k 4k
12y 2y 4y
17rs 12rs 2rs
ISBN: 9780170136952
3 Which of the following is 2k + 4j 5k 2j simplied? Select A, B, C or D.

B 7k + 6j
A -kj
C -3k + 2j
D 13kj
4 Simplify:
a 5k 2j + 6j
c
12m2
5m2
b 10ab + 2 ab
+ 2m
e 4mn + 7mn mn
g
y2
2y2
y2
d 12s2 7st 2s2

f 14k + 3l 5k
h 9d 4e + 3d
i 7 2x 3
j 15gh 8gh + gh
k 4p 2q + 5q
l 5a + 6c 4c
5 Simplify each of the following:

a 4x y x 2y
c
4k2
x2
5k2+
+3+
Ex 4
b 7ab + 2mn 3ab + mn

8
d 4bc 8a + 2bc a
6x x + 7
f p2 + q2 + 3p2 q2
g 3 + 4y + 8 + 7y
h 11r 3s 4r + 6s
i 7g + 8h h g
j 6x2 4x 9x + 6
k 20a + 11m + 32a + 19m
l 3q 7 8q + 12
m 7x + 2y + 8x 4y
n r2 + 4s2 + 12r2 s2
2-04 Multiplying and dividing algebraic terms
Worksheet
2-06
When multiplying or dividing algebraic terms, we multiply or divide the numbers rst and
then the variables.
Perimeter and area
Worksheet
2-07
Simplifying algebraic
expressions
Example 5
Skillsheet
2-02
Simplify:
a 7m 3m 2
Algebra using
diagrams
b 45m (-9)
Solution
a 7m 3m 2 = 7 3 2 m m
= 42m2
45m
b 45m (-9) = -----------9
= -5m
Example 6
Simplify by expressing in index form:
a qqq
b jjjjjj
Solution
a q q q = q3
b j j j j j j = j6
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
41
Exercise 2-04
1 Which of the following is 3k 7kj simplied? Select A, B, C or D.
A 21kj
Ex 5
B 10k2j
C 10kj
D 21k2j

a 4 3y
b 8 7m
c 2k q
d 4q 7
e 3f5
f 3p 7q
g 12p 2m
h 5a 6c
i 2y 4y
j 10 3m 6n
k 2x 3x 9
l 2r 2 2r
55m 2 n
3 Which of the following is ----------------- simplied? Select A, B, C or D.
5m
A 11mn
B 11m2n
C 50mn
D 11m

a 24m 6
c 55k 11
90s
e -------6
g 25f 5f
i 14q 2q
20mn
k -------------4
b 36d 9
72a
d --------9
12k
f --------k
h 10d d
63n
j --------7n
32ef
l ---------8
Ex 6
a -4b 2d
b 6m (-4m)
c -2 5k 9l
d -16a 4
e 49k (-7)
f -35b (-5b)
g 3m mn 4n
h 6abc 2ab
i 5r (-2r) (-4)
j 9d 4e 6d
k 8x 9x 12
l 108m2 12m 2n
6 Simplify:
42
a yyyy
b aaa
c 2cc
d ttttt
e qqq7
f kkkll
g mmmnn
h ppppkkk
i 3yyy
j ddeef
k qqrrrr4
l mnmp
ISBN: 9780170136952
Working mathematically
Applying strategies and reasoning
Equivalent expressions
1 Determine whether each statement below is true or false by substituting a number
(of your own choice) for the variable and checking whether the left-hand side equals
the right-hand side.
a 6 + 4m + 4 = 10 + 4m
b 5x + 3x = 8x2
c 4k 7k = 3k
d 7g + 8h h g = 7h + 6g
e 3 + 7n + 13 + 2n = 25n
f 3p 7q = 21pq
g 21m 3m = 7m
h 2y 4y = 24y
-16a
i ------------ = -4a
4
j 2r 2 2r = 8r2
2 Explain why each of the false statements in Question 1 is incorrect (say what mistake
has been made), and provide a correct statement.
2-05 Adding and subtracting algebraic

fractions
Algebraic fractions follow the same rules as numerical fractions.
To add or subtract algebraic fractions, convert the denominators so that they are the same.
Example 7
Simplify:
m 2m
a ---- + -------5
5
Solution
m 2m m + 2m
a ---- + -------- = ------------------5
5
5
3m
= -------5
ISBN: 9780170136952
7k 3k
b ------ -----10 10
7k 3k 7k 3k
b ------ ------ = -----------------10
10 10
4k
= -----10
2k
= -----5
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
43
Example 8
Simplify:
f f
a --- + --4 8
Solution
a Method 1:
Common denominator = 4 8 = 32
f 4- ----4f
f f 8 8f
--f- = ------------- = ------------ = ------ ,
= 8 8 4 32
4 4 8 32
f f 8f 4f
--- + --- = ------ + -----4 8 32 32
12f
= -------32
3f
= ----8
b Method 1:
Common denominator = 6 10 = 60
50t 3t 3t 6 18t
5t
10 ----------- = 5t
----------------= - , ------ = --------------- = -------60 10 10 6 60
6
6 10
5t
3t
50t
----- ------ = -------- 18t
-------6 10 60 60
32t
= -------60
8t
= -----15
5t 3t
b ----- -----6 10
Method 2:
LCM of 4 and 8 = 8
f 2- 2f
--f- = ----------= ----4 42 8
f f 2f f
--- + --- = ----- + --4 8 8 8
3f
= ----8
Method 2:
LCM of 6 and 10 = 30
5t
5- 25t
3t 3t 3 9t
----- = 5t
------------= -------- , ------ = --------------- = -----6
65
30 10 10 3 30
5t
3t- = 25t
9t----- ------------ ----6 10 30 30
16t
= -------30
8t
= -----15
Exercise 2-05
Ex 7
Ex 8
1 Simplify:
m m
a ---- + ---2 2
7n 3n
b ------ -----10 10
2k k
c ------ + --3 3
2x x
d ------ --3 3
3d d
e ------ --5 5
5f 7f
f ----- + ----8 8
3c 4c
g ------ + -----10 10
5x x
h ------ --8 8
7m 11m
i -------- + ----------20
20
r 3r
j --- + ----4 4
7a 3a
k ------ -----2
2
4k 8k
l ------ + -----3
3
2q q
b ------ + --3 5
3l l
c ----- --4 2
5e e
d ----- --9 2
7k k
e ------ + --8 3
4m 3m
f -------- -------5
4
9h 3h
g ------ -----10 5
5n 3n
h ------ + -----6
8
k 2k
i ------ + -----12 3
7d 3d
j ------ -----8
4
2t t
k ----- --3 6
11m 5m
l ----------- + -------10
4
2 Simplify:
f f
a --- + --2 3
44
ISBN: 9780170136952
2-06 Multiplying and dividing

algebraic fractions
Stage 5
You will recall from working with numerical fractions in Chapter 1:

when multiplying fractions, we multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators
when dividing by a fraction, we multiply by its reciprocal
in both cases, we cancel any common factors before calculating the answer.
These same rules apply to algebraic fractions.
Example 9
6 5k
Simplify --- ------ .
k 12
Solution
6 5k
--- ------ =
k 12
6 5k
----- --------1k 12 2
Cancelling common factors in the numerator and denominator.
5
= --2
1
= 2 --2
Example 10
pq 7p
Simplify ------ ------ .
36 12
Solution
pq- ----7p
---- -=
36 12
pq
-------- 12
-------36
7p 1
3
7p
Multiplying by the reciprocal of ------- .
12
q
= -----21
Exercise 2-06
a c
m n
a --- --b ---- --7 4
4 6
Ex 9
3 9
c --- --x y
7 q
d --- --p 4
2a
3
e ------ --------5 11k
5 y
f --- -----x 10
a 4
g --- --9 a
p q
h -- -q r
t 7
i --- --7 t
4 3m
j ---- -------m
6
5k
8
k ------ --------4 15k
km 2n
l ------- -----4n m
36d 21d
m --------- --------7
12
2 10x
n ------ --------5x
3
77j 35k
o --------- --------20k 11j
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
45
Stage 5
Ex 10

m m
a 7
a ---- ---b --- -----2 7
4 12
3 9
c --- --4 x
15 5
d ------ --k 2
m p
e ---- -n q
6 5
f --- --n n
3
1
g ------ -----2x 3x
cd d
h ----- -----5 10
t t
i --- --5 5
mn n
j -------- ------p
mp
d ad
k --- ----2 6
k
3k
l ------ -------7j 14j
10x 5x
m --------- -----3y 6y
4ab 2a
n --------- -----7
21
3
o 6 -----2a
2-07 Mixed problems
Remember:
only like terms can be added or subtracted
when multiplying or dividing, do the numbers rst, then the variables
when substituting, replace the variable (letter) with the number and evaluate the answer
when adding or subtracting algebraic fractions, convert them to fractions with the same
denominator rst.
Exercise 2-07
1 Simplify:
a x + y + x + 2y
b 4p + 7 + p + 3
c 4a + 3b 2a b
d 8m + 4n 3m + 6n
x2
+y+
4x2
f 7m2 + 3n 2m2 + 6n
+ 3y
g 5fg 2mk 5fg + 4mk
h 8ab 6b + 2ab 2b
i 4m2 + 3m + 2m2 m
j 4x y x 2y y
5a2
3a +
4a2
3a
l -12 + 2q 8 + 5q + 4
2 Simplify:
46
a 4a 2
b 16x 8
c 9 3m
d 22k 2
e 7 3p
f 2c c
g 4k k
h 12y 2y
i 7n n
j 15f 3f
k 3r 5s
l 4fg f
m 3a 5b c
n 16pqr 16q
o 9m 3n 4
14mn
p -------------2m
12a 2bc
q ----------------------8ac
8a 3ak
r ---------------------6k 2a
ISBN: 9780170136952
3 If m = 9, n = -3 and p = 6, nd:
a m+n+p
b mn p
n2
c 6m + 2p
p2
d mn
g 5p n
h 10m p
i mnp
j mp 30
k (m + n) p
l (p n m) 7
7k 2k
b ------ -----10 10
5a 3a
c ------ + -----8
8
y y
d --- + --3 4
w w
e ---- ---3 7
5k 5k
f ------ -----6 12
l 3l
g --- + ----2 4
x 3x
h --- + -----6 8
3n n
i ------ --4 6
4 Simplify:
m 2m
a ---- + -------4
4
f mnp
2-08 Expanding algebraic expressions
Worksheet
2-08
Algebraic expressions involving grouping symbols (brackets) can be rewritten without

grouping symbols. This is called expanding the expression.
The quick way to do this is to multiply every term inside the grouping symbols by the term
outside the grouping symbols.
Expandominoes
Example 11
Expand:
a 7(p + 4)
b -3(l 2)
Solution
a 7(p + 4) = 7 p + 7 4
= 7p + 28
b -3(l 2) = -3 l 3 (-2)
= -3l + 6
Example 12
Expand and simplify:
a 4(x + 7) + 2(x 4)
b 5p (p + 2)
Solution
a 4(x + 7) + 2 (x 4) = 4 x + 4 7 + 2 x + 2 (-4)
= 4x + 28 + 2x 8
= 6x + 20
b 5p (p + 2) = 5p 1(p + 2)
= 5p 1 p 1 2
= 5p p 2
= 4p 2
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
47
Skillsheet
2-02
Algebra using
diagrams
Exercise 2-08
Ex 11
1 Expand:
a 5(a + 2)
b 6(m 3)
c 2(j + 9)
d 4(x + y)
e 9(p q)
f 11(m 4)
g 7(2k + 5)
h 3(5m 2)
2 Expand:
a -3(k + 4)
b -4(m 1)
c -7(r + 3)
d -2(d + e)
e -5(g h)
f -2(c + 3)
g -9(5 + 2x)
h -8(3f + 2)
3 Expand:
a x(y + 3)
b p(q 7)
c d(d + 4)
d h(2h 1)
e a(a + 3c)
f 2l(3m + 2n)
g 5k(3k 2)
h 7j(3j + 5k)
4 When expanded, 3x(x 4) is which of the following? Select A, B, C or D.

A 3x + 12
B 3x2 7x
C 3x2 12x
D 3x + 7
5 Expand:
a x(4x + y)
b -2(4p 3q)
c k(k 12)
d -5(4 m)
e 4n(2n + 5m)
f 2x(1 7x)
g -f (2f + 4)
h -(5 + 7k)
6 Explain the difference between 2a + 1 and 2(a + 1).

Ex 12
7 Expand and simplify:

a 7(a + 2) + 12
b 6k + 5(k + 3)
c 3(q 2m) + 3m
d 9 + 6(p 3)
e 18 (3y + 14)
f 21 6(t + 2)
g 6(2p 1) + 13
h 4y 4(3y 2)
8 Check that 8(2a 3) = 16a 24 by substituting any value for a and showing that the
answers to both sides are equal.
9 Expand and simplify:
48
a 5(a + 4) + 2(a + 1)
b 2(x + 2) + 4(x 1)
c 7(4 + j) + 5(2j 2)
d 5(2t + 1) + 3(4t + 2)
e 3(n + 5) 2(n + 4)
f 10(w + 2) 6(w + 3)
g 8(3c + 1) 5(2c 3)
h 3(p 2) 3(p 4)
i m(m + 1) + 3(m + 1)
j 4(d + e) + 3(d e)
k 3f(5f + 2) 4(2f 1)
l 4e(1 2e) e(3e + 4)
ISBN: 9780170136952
10 Jill says that, to nd the perimeter of a rectangle, you double its length, double its
breadth, and add the answers together. Thomas says that you add the length and
breadth rst, then double the answer. Who is correct? Can you write each of their
answers algebraically?
2-09 Factorising algebraic terms

The factors of a number are those numbers that divide into it evenly. For example, the
factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.
The highest common factor (HCF) of two numbers is the largest number that divides into
both numbers evenly. For example, the HCF of 18 and 30 is 6.
Example 13
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 48 and 20.
Solution
Write the factors of each number.
The factors of 48 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48.
The factors of 20 are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20.
The common factors of 48 and 20 are: 1, 2 and 4.
The highest common factor is 4.
Algebraic terms also have factors. Some of the factors of 10xy are 1, 2, 5, x, 2y and 10xy.
Often there are too many to list them all.
Example 14
List four factors of 40a2b.
Solution
There are many ways of multiplying terms to get 40a2b, such as:
85aab
4 10 a2 b
40 a ab
So four factors of 40a2b are: 4, 10, a and ab. (Note: It is impractical to list them all.)
To nd the highest common factor (HCF) of two or more algebraic terms:

nd the HCF of the numbers
nd the HCF of the variables
multiply them together to make the highest common algebraic factor.
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
!
49
Example 15
Find the highest common factor of 16x and 40xy.
Solution
First, nd the HCF of the numbers:
The factors of 16 are: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
The factors of 40 are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40.
The HCF of 16 and 40 is 8.
Then nd the HCF of the variables:
The HCF of x and xy is x.
The HCF of 16x and 40xy is 8 x = 8x.
Exercise 2-09
1 What are the factors of each of these?
Ex 13
a 9
b 8
c 15
d 25
e 6
f 30
g 42
h 36
i 55
j 24
k 16
l 27
2 Find the highest common factor of each of these pairs of numbers:

a 9 and 6
b 6 and 14
c 8 and 12
d 15 and 10
e 18 and 24
f 16 and 12
g 33 and 22
h 15 and 25
i 9 and 21
3 Which of the following is not a factor of 36m2n? Select A, B, C or D.
A 4m
Ex 14
Ex 15
B 9n
D 12m2n
C 8mn
4 List four factors of each of these terms:

a 5m
b 7pq
c 10x
d 18d
4k2
f 21bc
11x2y
h 8ab
5 Find the highest common factor for each pair of terms below:
50
a 3x and 12x
b 64j and 24j
c 6x and 4ax
d 21kj and 14k
e 5pq and 10p
f 16m and 12mn
g 48cd and 32bc
h 20mn and 15np
i 9x and 12x2
ISBN: 9780170136952
Mental skills 2
Maths without calculators
Simplifying multiplication by factorising

Sometimes, one big multiplication may be made into many simpler little multiplications if
we break one or both terms into two easier factors. Then we use the property that
numbers can be multiplied in any order.
1 Examine these examples:
a 15 6 = 3 5 6
Look for pairs of numbers you can multiply easily.
= 3 30
= 90
b 30 22 = 10 3 22
= 10 66
= 660
Note: For each question, there are many different possible ways of arriving at the
correct result.
2 Now nd these products by factorising rst:
a 30 24
b 18 27
c 25 33
d 16 8
e 28 20
f 12 18
g 21 9
h 36 12
i 16 35
j 22 28
k 9 15
l 27 25
Algebra is included as a muse in this Vatican artwork. Some of the

other muses included are Medicina (Medicine), Jurisprudentia
(Justice), Historia (History), Poesis (Poetry) and Musica (Music).
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
51
Skillsheet
2-02
Algebra using
diagrams
2-10 Factorising algebraic expressions

Factorising is the opposite of expanding. To factorise an algebraic expression, such as
3x + 18, divide each term by a common factor and insert brackets.
Skillsheet
2-03
Factorising using
diagrams
Factorising an expression
Find the HCF of the terms and write it outside the brackets.
Divide each term by the HCF and write them inside the brackets.
ab + ac = a(b + c)
ab ac = a(b c)
To check that the factorised answer is correct, expand it.
expanding
3(x + 6) = 3x + 18
factorising
Example 16
Factorise each of the following expressions:
a 3x + 6
b 4 4x
Solution
a 3x + 6 = 3 x + 3 2
= 3(x + 2)
b 4 4x = 4 1 4 x
= 4(1 x)
The highest common factor of 3x and 6 is 3.

3x 3 = x
63=2
Check by expanding: 3(x + 2) = 3x + 6
4 is the highest common factor of 4 and 4x.
44=1
4x 4 = x
Example 17
b x2 + 7x
a 2ab + 5b
Solution
a 2ab + 5b = b 2a + b 5
= b(2a + 5)
b x2 + 7x = x x + 7 x
= x(x + 7)
52
b is the highest common factor.

2ab b = 2a
5b b = 5
Check by expanding: b(2a + 5) = 2ab + 5b
x is the highest common factor.
x2 x = x
7x x = 7
ISBN: 9780170136952
Exercise 2-10
1 Copy and complete:
a 2x + 4 = 2 (____)
b 4p 16 = 4 (____)
c 12k 15 = 3 (____)
d 5j 20k = 5 (____)
3x2
3y2
= 3 (____)
f 5x 15 = ____ (x 3)
g 12x 6 = ____ (2x 1)
h 2a + 8b = ____ (a + 4b)
i 4pq + 10 = ____ (2pq + 5)
j 5 + 15x = 5 (____)

a xy + xz = x (____)
b ab ac = a (____)
c pq p = p (____)
d cd + bc = c (____)
e a2 + 2a = a (____)
f 5hk 8h = ____ (5k 8)
g 24mn + 11n = ____ (24m + 11)
h xy + y2 = ____ (x + y)
i 3k2 + 4jk = ____ (3k + 4j)
j ef 2f 2 = ____ (e 2f )
3 Factorise each of the following expressions by nding the highest common factor:
a 4x + 8
b 3m + 6
c 5a 10
d 15m 10a
e 8x 4y
f 12m 16w
g hk h
h 2xy xm
i 12p + 5pr
j x2 + 5x
k 4m m2
l y2 11y
Ex 16
4 Which of the following is 16k2 + 18k factorised completely? Select A, B, C or D.

A 2(8k2 + 9k)
B k(16k + 18)
C 2k(8k + 9)
D 4k(4k + 9)
a 2am + 2an = 2a(____)
b 6xy 3x = 3x(____)
c 4ap + 2a = 2a(____)
d 5mn 5mp = 5m(____)
e 3xy 12x = 3x(____)
f 2pq + 2pr = 2p(____)
g 14x 2xy = 2x(____)
h 20kj + 5j = 5j(____)
i 9xy 12yz = 3y(____)

6 Factorise these:
Ex 17
a 7ab + 14a
b 2x 6xy
c 3m 9mw
d 10xy 25xw
e 8am 12mp
f 9xy + 6my
g 3x + 9xy
h ab + abc
i xyz + xya
j 18m 24mn
k 2ac + 3abc
l pqr + mpq
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
53
7 Factorise:
a rs + 7r
b 4s2 + 16
c p2 2p
d 6k3 2k
e 3j + j 2
f 7n n2
g 7e + 21e2
h 6q 12q2
i a4 + a2
j x2y + xy2
k 3m2n + 9m
l 12a2b2c2 + 3abc
2-11 Factorising with negative terms

Worksheet
2-08
Expandominoes
Worksheet
2-09
When factorising an algebraic expression where the rst term is negative, include the
negative sign in the highest common factor.
Example 18
Factorising puzzle
Worksheet
2-10

a -4x 8
b -pq + q2
Algebra review
Skillsheet
2-02
Solution
a -4x 8 = -4 x + (-4) 2
Algebra using
diagrams
Skillsheet
2-03
= -4(x + 2)
b -pq + q2 = -q p + (-q) (-q)
Factorising using
diagrams
= -q(p q)
-4 is the highest common factor.

-4x (-4) = x
-8 (-4) = 2
Check by expanding: -4(x + 2) = -4x 8
-q is the highest common factor.
-pq (-q) = p
q 2 (-q) = -q
Exercise 2-11
Ex 18

a -4k 24 = -4 (_________)
b -mn mp = -m (_________)
c -5r + 25 = -5 (_________)
d -9k + 27 = -9 (_________)
e -ap + aq = ____ (p q)
f -x2 7x = ____ (x + 7)
g -12y 18 = ____ (2y + 3)
h -4f + f 2 = ____ (4 f )
2 Factorise each of the following expressions:
54
a -4x + 8
b -3m 6
c -5x + 10
d -15x + 10m
e -6x 8m
f -5x 10
g -a ab
h -3xyz + 6abc
i -16 + 4x
j -ax ay
k -2m + 5mp
l -24x 16y
ISBN: 9780170136952
02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 55 Monday, September 29, 2008 1:05 AM
3 Factorise each of these:

a -16xy 24xk
b -16x + 12xy
c -8mw + 12m
d -5x 15xy
e -ab abc
f -xya + xyw
g -12k 18kw
h -4rt + 7rst
i -20fg + 4g
j -19ap 38a
k -abc + abcd
l -abc abcd
2-12 Index laws: Multiplication and division

Remember:
x5
Stage 5
power or
index
base
Consider these examples:

p3 p4 = (p p p) (p p p p)
= p7
5
m m = (m m m m m) m
Note: m = m1
= m6
A shorter way to do this is to add the powers:
p3 p4 = p3+4 = p7
m5 m = m5+1 = m6
When multiplying powers with the same base, add the powers.
am an amn

p6 p p p p p p
p6 p2 = ----- = ----------------------------------------------pp
p2
=pppp
= p4
k3 k k k
k3 k = ----- = --------------------Note: k = k1
k
k
=kk
= k2
A shorter way to do this is to subtract the powers:
k3 k = k31 = k2
p6 p2 = p62 = p4
When dividing powers with the same base, subtract the powers.
m
-------- amn
am an a
n
a
ISBN: 9780170136952
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
55
Stage 5
Example 19
Simplify:
a p6 p2
b 3m2n 7m3n5
Solution
a p6 p2 = p6+2
= p8
b 3m2n 7m3n5 = 3 m2 n1 7 m3 n5
= 3 7 m2+3 n1+5
= 21m5n6
Example 20
Simplify:
a p12 p4
k6
b ----k
42y 6
c ----------7y 2
k6
b ----- = k61
k
42y 6 42
c ----------- = ------ y62
7
7y 2
= 6y4
Solution
a p12 p4 = p124
= p8
= k5
Exercise 2-12
Ex 19

a m2 m4
b p5 p2
c k k9
d y4 y6
e k2 k
f x7 x2
g h5 h5
h n2 n6
i q4 q2
j t11 t10
k d4 d10 d2
l s4 s8 s12
m m2 m3 m4
n k9 k2 k
o p7 p2 p5
2 Which of the following is a2b a4b3 simplied? Select A, B, C or D.

A a8b3
B a8b4
C a6b3
D a6b4
56
a 3x2 4
b 5 2p2
c 11m4 3
d 6k2 7k2
e 2y3 4y
f u4 2u2
g 8e3 5e
h a2b ab3
i m4n2 m3n5
j k2l kl4
k f 5g4 f 3g7
l 2p2q 3p2q
m 5c4d3 5c2d
n 12uv3 4u3v
o 10x8y5 8x7y9
ISBN: 9780170136952
Stage 5
q5
a y6 y4
b m4 m2
c k2 k
e n9 n
f x7 x2
j 11
g -----j9
h e5 e3
i p3 p3
j r8 r7
k m10 m4 m2
l k12 k8 k
m q2 q3 q4
c5 c2
n --------------c3
d4 d3
o ----------------d2
a5
p ----a5
Ex 20
d ----q2

a 16k5 8
b 40a4 10
25l 7
c ---------5
24r
d --------12
e 20g4 5g2
f 18p6 3p3
g 48v4 8v3
54n 5
h -----------9n
i e8f 4 e2f 3
s9 t7
j --------s3 t2
m 12 n 16
k -----------------m5 n9
l 66x4y2 11xy
80k 7l 5
m ---------------20k 3 l
n 42g5h6 6gh2
o 32p5q4 4p4q3
18d 2 e
p -------------21de 2
2-13 Index laws: Raising a power to a power
Worksheet
2-11
Index laws
Worksheet
2-12
(p6)2 = p6 p6
(d 2)3 = d 2 d 2 d 2
6+6
=p
= d 2+2+2
= p12
= d6
A shorter way to do this is to multiply the powers.
(p6)2 = p62 = p12
(d2)3 = d23 = d6
Indices puzzle
When raising a term with a power to another power, multiply the powers.
(am)n amn
Example 21
Simplify:
a (p2)5
Solution
a (p2)5 = p2 5
= p10
ISBN: 9780170136952
b (d5)4
c (5m2)3
d (2n2p3)4
b (d 5)4 = d 5 4
= d 20
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
57
Stage 5
c (5m2)3 = 5m2 5m2 5m2

= 53 m23
= 125m6
d (2n2p3)4 = 24 n24 p34

= 16n8p12
Exercise 2-13
Ex 21

a (n9)2
b (k2)3
c (y4)5
d (x2)7
e (j8)3
f (b6)3
g (k7)2
h (v5)2
i (t10)2
j (a7)2
2 Which of the following is (a4b2)3 simplied? Select A, B, C or D.

A a7b5
B a12b6
C a12b5
D a7b6

a (2k)2
b (5m2)3
c (ab)3
d (p2q)5
e (3g4)4
f (m4n)5
g (2kj)3
h (4c2d)2
i (10r4s2)4
j (5x4y9)3
k (2m4p2)7
l (x2y3z5)6
Just for the record
Alan Turing (19131954)

Alan Turing was an English mathematician
who was born in London and died at an early
age from potassium cyanide poisoning during
an electrolysis experiment.
He was one of the pioneers of computer
theory. During World War II he worked at the
Government Code and Cipher School and,
in 1945, was involved in designing and
constructing a large automatic computer
called ACE (Automatic Computing Engine).
In 1949 he became deputy director of the
laboratory where the largest memorycapacity computer in the world was built. The
computer was called MADAM (Manchester
Automatic Digital Machine). Turing put
forward the idea that a computer could be
built which could think like a human.
Find out what Turing achieved at the Code and Cipher School.
58
ISBN: 9780170136952
Power plus
1 Factorise each of the following:
a
b
c
d
e
f
9pq + 5p 2p2
44k 33l 11m
2x 7x2 + 3xy
x(y + 2) + 3 (y + 2)
a(b 3) 7 (b 3)
4(k + 1) j (k + 1)
2 For each of these shapes, nd an algebraic expression for:

i the perimeter
ii the area.
(Give your answer in simplest form.)
x+3
c
16
x
p

4 2
a --- + --x x
3
1
b --------- -----10x 5x
7 5
c --- + --a b
4 Find out how to expand:
a (x + 3)(x + 2)
b (2 + x)(x 7)
5 Find out the meaning given to a number raised to the power zero.
For example, x0 means ________ and 50 means ________.
Explain why this is so and give more examples.
6 Find out the meaning given to negative powers.
For example, x-1 means ________ and 10-2 means ________.
Explain and give four examples.
7 Find out the meaning given to powers that are fractions.
1
--x2
For example,
means ________ and
Explain and give four examples.
ISBN: 9780170136952
1
--64 3
means ________.
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
59
02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 60 Friday, September 19, 2008 1:00 PM
Chapter 2 review
Worksheet
2-13
Algebra nd-a-word
Language of maths
algebraic expression
evaluate
formula
index laws
pronumeral
substitution
algebraic term
expand
grouping symbols
like terms
rule
variable
base
difference
factor
factorise
highest common factor (HCF)
pattern
product
simplify
substitute
1 Why does the word variable have that name? Look up its meaning in the dictionary.
2 What are unlike terms?
3 How do you expand an algebraic expression?
4 What is the name given to a number that divides evenly into another number or
algebraic term?
5 What is the opposite of expanding an algebraic expression?
6 Look up some non-mathematical meanings of the word factor. Use factor in a
sentence to show one of these meanings.
Worksheet
2-10
Algebra review
Topic overview
What parts of algebra did you remember from Year 7? What new rules have you learned?
Are there parts of this chapter that you still do not understand? Talk to your teacher.
Give two examples of jobs where algebra is needed.
Copy and complete this chapter summary. Highlight what you often get wrong.
ALGEBRA
Words to
algebra
Add/subtract
like terms
Expanding
60
Substitution
Multiplication
and division
2(x + y)
Algebraic
fractions
2x + 2y
Factorising
ISBN: 9780170136952
02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 61 Friday, September 19, 2008 1:00 PM
Chapter revision
Topic test
Chapter 2
1 Write each of these as an algebraic expression:

a three more than N
b seven times A minus three
2 If x = 4 and y = -3, nd the values of:
a x+y
b xy
c 3x 2y
c M divided by N
Exercise 2-02
y2
e 6x y

a 6k + 7k
b 19d 2d
d 17m 3m + 6m
e 3pq + 4pq 2pq
g 4a + 2b + 3a + 7b
h 5r + 9s + 11r + 2s
a 4 2x
b 3b 7c
32rs
f 25j 5
g ----------4
Exercise 2-01
x2
y2
Exercise 2-03
c 4p + 18p 7p
f 6cd + 7cd 3cd
i 13f + 6g 5f + g
Exercise 2-04
c 12m 5
15p
h --------3p

7ma --k- + 2k
b 11m
---------------- ------6 6
8
8
d 4p 8q
e 2 3a 4a
i pppp
Exercise 2-05
c 3d
------ --d4 4

m n
4m
2
a ---- ---b -------- ----------n m
5
12m
d --f- + 3f
----4 5
e 5s
----- 3s
----6 4
Exercise 2-06
12 2x
c ------ -----x
7
7 Expand each of the following:

a 4(a + 7)
b 6(2k + 1)
18 9
e ------ --a a
k k
d --- --4 7
Exercise 2-08
c -2(n + 4)
8 Expand each of the following:

a m(n + 4)
b a(2a + 3b)
d -8(4 + v)
Exercise 2-08
c 7j(2j 3)
9 Expand and simplify each of these:

a 12 + 2(n + 4)
b 12v 3(v + 9)
Exercise 2-08
c 3(y + 1) + 5(y + 4)
10 Find the highest common factor of each of these pairs of terms:

a 3a and 9
b 4p2 and 8p
c 2t and 6
Exercise 2-09
11 Factorise each of these expressions:

a 3x + 9
b 5N 25
e xy + xyz
f ab + abc
Exercise 2-10
c 6a + 9ab
g y2 + 7y
d 8N 12NM
h 8kj + 12j2
12 Factorise each of these expressions:

a -2 8q
e -16x 24xy
13 Simplify:
a x2 x4
14 Simplify:
a
n9
n3
15 Simplify:
a (d 4)2
ISBN: 9780170136952
b -16r 4
f
-k2
4k
m3
m2
Exercise 2-11
c -12 + 15t
g
-s2
2p4
16l 4
(2m2)3
+ 7s
d -pq + p
h -m2n mn2
Exercise 2-12
p3
2pq2
4p2q2
Exercise 2-12
v5
b ----v2
b
(pq)4
l2
48r 4
d ----------8r 3
d
Exercise 2-13
(k4l 3)6
CHAPTER 2 ALGEBRA
61

Chapter 2

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PATTERNS AND ALGEBRA

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 36 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

1 Write each of these in the simplest way:

2-01 From words to algebraic expressions

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8 STAGE 4

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 37 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

a four times the number

b the number plus three

c the number divided by M

d the number that comes after N

e half the number

f seven times the number

g the sum of the number and 15

h twelve minus the number

i the number that comes before N

j double the number

k the number divided by 4

l twice the number plus seven

m the product of the number and 10

n seven times the number minus twelve

2 If p, q and r represent any three numbers, write expressions for:

a Think of a number (L), multiply it by 5 and add 2.

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 38 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

4 Describe each of the following algebraic expressions in words:

If m = 5 and n = 12, evaluate:

2 If a = 4, b = 7 and c = 2, evaluate each of the following:

3 If j = 10, k = -3 and l = 5, evaluate each of the following:

4 Complete these tables using the given rules.

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8 STAGE 4

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 39 Monday, September 29, 2008 1:01 AM

Substitution using spreadsheets

2 Use the given values to create spreadsheet

b In cell D2, enter the formula for m + n (as shown

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 40 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

p In cell D16, enter the formula for

r In cell D18, enter the formula for 2n2 + r3.

2-03 Adding and subtracting algebraic terms

Finding like terms.

6xy + 7x2 3yx 12x2

= 6xy 3yx + 7x2 12x2

c 2ab, 4a, 6ab, 3b, 5

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8 STAGE 4

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 41 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

3 Which of the following is 2k + 4j 5k 2j simplied? Select A, B, C or D.

d 12s2 7st 2s2

5 Simplify each of the following:

b 7ab + 2mn 3ab + mn

k 20a + 11m + 32a + 19m

2-04 Multiplying and dividing algebraic terms

Perimeter and area

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 42 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

2 Simplify each of the following:

4 Simplify each of the following:

5 Simplify each of the following:

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8 STAGE 4

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 43 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

Applying strategies and reasoning

2-05 Adding and subtracting algebraic

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 44 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8 STAGE 4

02 NCM8_4 SB TXT.fm Page 45 Friday, September 19, 2008 10:54 AM

2-06 Multiplying and dividing

You will recall from working with numerical fractions in Chapter 1: