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Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
English Sentence II
Clause
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses in English: independent clauses and dependent clauses.
English Sentence II
Complex Sentence
An independent clause has one SV pair and expresses a complete thought. Independent clause is just another name for a simple sentence. A dependent clause is an independent clause with a subordinating word, such as because, after, and when, added to the beginning of it. A dependent clause must be connected to an independent clause in order to make a complete sentence, which is called a complex sentence. A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 4
Complex Sentence
Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are not equal. Simple: My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go.
Adverb Clauses
Dependent adverb clauses tell why, when, or where or introduce an opposite idea. They begin with one of these subordinating conjunctions:
1. 2. 3. To tell why: because, since, as To tell when and where: when, whenever, since, while, as soon as, after, before, wherever To introduce an opposite idea: although, though, even though
Most dependent adverb clauses can come at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Veterinarians give the animals prompt medical attention whenever they are sick. Whenever the animals are sick, veterinarians give them prompt medical attention
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Complex Sentence
Match a clause from column B with a clause from column A to make a complex sentence. The clauses in column A are in the correct order. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. A The trip began badly It was almost noon As soon as I threw out my fishing line I spent most of the afternoon untangling my line After we had been fishing for a couple of hours We were totally wet When we got back home It will be a long, long time a. b. c. B before we could put on our rain jackets when we had a flat tire on the way to the lake until I go fishing with my brothers again I immediately took a hot shower while my brothers were catching fish after fish it got caught in some underwater weeds before we started fishing it started to rain
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d. e.
f. g. h.
Compound-Complex Sentence
Rather than joining two simple sentences together, a co-ordinating conjunction sometimes joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence. In this case, the sentence is called a compound-complex sentence. Example: The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
English Sentence II
Transition Signals
In addition to unity, every good paragraph in a composition must have coherence. It is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how various parts of the paragraph are connected. These connections can be made explicit by the use of different transition signals. Can you name a few examples of transition signals? 1. list of time order or order of importance 2. addition 3. opposite ideas 4. similar ideas 5. examples 6. cause and effect 7. conclusion 8. emphasis
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Using Articles
What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article. For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.
English Sentence II
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"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat. "I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.
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Using Articles
Fill each blank with a', an', the' or leave it blank. 1. He left _____ house without informing anyone. 2. There is _____ box of sweets on _____ table. 3. Do you need _____ degree in Economics or _____ degree in finance to be a better manager? 4. When we arrived, she went straight to _____ kitchen and started to prepare _____ meal for us. 5. He has _____ cut on his leg and _____ bruise on _____ chin. 6. _____ Mt. Everest is _____ highest mountain in _____ world. 7. Switch off _____ air-conditioner please. I have _____ cold. 8. Do you like _____ weather here? Isn't it too hot during _____ day but it is very cold at _____ night?
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Relative Pronouns
Fill each blank with who', whose, that', or which'. 1. Anya is the one ____ rescued the bird. 2. Mr Richards, ___ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. 3. I do not trust products ____ claim "all natural ingredients" because this phrase can mean almost anything. 4. The product claiming "all natural ingredients," ____ appeared in the Sunday newspaper, is on sale. 5. That is a decision ___ you must live with for the rest of your life. 6. I talked to the girl ___ car had broken down in front of the shop.