Review for Final Exam Scientific Method 1. Given an experimental scenario be able to identify the a.

Independent variable-the factor that is changed in an experiment b. Dependent variable-the variable that is measured in an experiment c. Constant variables-something unchanged in an experiment. like sunlight or temperature d. Control-something that is compared to another and remains the same. like coffee in water vs. water 2. List and describe the components of an experiment

step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5 step 6 step 7 step 8 step 9

Ecology 1:

make observation think of question research the topic make a hypothesis plan experiment conduct experiment record data analyse data make conclusion

1. Food Webs, Food Chains, and Energy Pyramid a. Producers-Organisms who make food b. Primary Consumers-second in the food pyramid who eats the producers c. Secondary Consumers- third in food pyramid, they are usually carnivores d. Tertiary consumers-fourth in the food pyramid who eats everything below them, can be omnivores e. Quaternary consumers-top level consumer eats everything f. Decomposers-decomposes remains of animals or food g. Autotrophs-makes own food h. Heterotrophs-gets food from other organisms 2. What is a niche? a. a habitat supplying the factors necessary for the existence of an organism or species 3. ? 4. Define and give an example a. Commensalism-When one organisms benefits from another organism without hurting the other organisms. Small organism ride on the back of whales b. Mutualism-when both organisms benefit from each other. Bee and Flower

c. Competition-When who organisms compete for food or anything they want. Squirrels vs. Rats for food d. Predation-When one species hunts another species. Humans eat on other species e. Parasitism-when a parasite benefits from another organism and the parasite hurts the other organism. Tapeworm benefits from dogs. Ecology 2: 1. Biogeochemical Cycles: Nitrogen Cycle a. Plants take In Nitrate (NO3-) b. Humans and other animals take in nitrogen by eating plants. For humans, we eat animals that eat the plants. c. Bacteria change atmospheric nitrogen into usable nitrogen. d. 4 process that converts nitrogen into other forms a. Denitrification b. Amonification c. Nitrification d. Assimilation Carbon Cycle a. Carbon gets back into the atmosphere by mining +burning, combustion, respiration and more. b. Carbon gets back into the ground by fossilization and by plants and animals dying, and photosynthesis + carbon dissolving c. 4 organism that help recycle carbon a. Termites b. Dung beetles c. Fungi d. Bacteria d. Plants take in carbon by photosynthesis and animals take in carbon by eating the plants. Water Cycle a. Processes that are in the Water cycle are Transpiration, Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, and many more b. The important role of plants in the cycling of water through the ecosystem is that plants take in the water to grow, and then we eat the plants. A plant goes through transpiration and then the water goes into the air and it is condensation and then the water is released as rain which would be used for everything.

2. Population a. A predator prey cycle may developed in an ecosystem because when there are enough prey than the predator grows making the ecosystem bigger and when the ecosystem gets bigger than you have many new niches and more species there. And if there are less prey, than the predator gets smaller and then the prey will get bigger. It is like an um than down cycle. b. Look at book c. Essay 3. Limiting Factors a. When there are new species that invade a native species, the native species would die because of the limiting factors. The native species would die because of the competition of the new species and the new species would have better niches to survive compared to the old native species. There would be more competition for survival between both of the species b. The major limiting factor for the human population would have to be food, because there isnt that much food these days also water because our water supply is going down and we need water for everything. c. 4 density dependent limiting factors (greater impact when the population is greater) i. Prey ii. Producers iii. Water iv. Food d. 4 density independent factors (affects everyone equally) i. Humidity ii. Drought iii. Sunlight iv. Natural Disasters 4. Population Features e. Definitions i. Population Density- The amount of Organisms per unit area ii. Natality-Number of organisms born in a unit of time iii. Mortality-Number of organism dying in a unit of time iv. Immigration-the individual moving into a population v. Emigration- individuals leaving a population f. Look at Population Growth wksht g. r-strategists (max reproduction) i. Early maturation ii. Less parental care iii. Shorter life spans iv. Many young population v. Less competition for resources

vi. Rarely reaches carrying capacity h. K-strategists (carrying Capacity) i. Late maturation ii. More parental care iii. Longer life spans iv. Fewer, larger population v. Intense competition for resources i. 3 r-Strategists i. Barnacles, fish, invertebrates j. 3 K-Strategist i. Large mammals, rodent, human k. Graphs Life Tables and Survivorship l. Population age Structure graph 5. Succession m. Succession is the process by which one type of community replaces another community. Primary succession is when the development of plant and animal life is in an area without topsoil, and the development of biotic communities in a previously uninhabited and barren habitat with little or no soil. An example of primary succession is that it depends on the slow weathering of rock. Secondary succession is the series of community changes which happens in a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat. Examples include areas which have been cleared of existing vegetation and destructive events such as fires. 6. Biomes n. Look at Biome sheet Chemistry Review: 1. All organic molecules contain which of the following elements? a. CHO 2. Water a. _ b. Hydrogen Bond c. Properties of water i. Adhesion-molecules of different substances sticking together ii. Cohesion-attraction between molecules of the same substance iii. Surface tension-tension of the surface films of a liquid caused by the attraction of particles in the surface layer d. A buffer is a solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH. e. Properties of acids: React with most metals to form hydrogen gas Usually gases or liquids Properties of bases:

 Taste bitter (like baking soda) React with oils and greases( that's why they're used as drain and window cleaners) An acid has the pH under 7 and contain the cation H+; a base has a pH greater than 7 and contain the anion OH 3. Dehydration vs hydrolysis a. Dehydration(Condensation)-Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction b. Hydrolosis- breaking down polymers 4. ? 5. Proteins Carbohydrate lipids Nucleic acids Amino acids Monosaccharide 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol Nucleotide Nails hairs skin Glucose cellulose chitin Steroids and fats DNA RNA Helps creates structures and helps body Energy Stores fats Genetics

6. Buruets Benidicts test Iodine Paper bag Proteins Sugar Starch Fats Purple pink Green orange red Purple brown Gresey resadue

7. Enzymes a. Enzymes are very important proteins that help speed up chemical reaction in the body. They work when substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme and then they make it. b. Vocab i. Substate-the substance acted upon by an enzyme ii. Active site-A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction c. High Tems./Ph values may affect the shape of an enzyme molecule this process is called denature i. Denature is to change shape d. What happens when the temp is moved past optimal temp is that than the shape of the enzyme changes. e. ? f. ? g. Map