Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Political Cartoons Hungerford. "He Sat Down On The Wrong Seat." Cartoon. [Hershey] 9 Apr. 1937. Print. This political cartoon showed comedic representation of the farmers, the strikers, and the citizens.

"Another 'Sit-Down'" Cartoon. Brooklyn Daily Eagle [New York] 9 Apr. 1937. Print. This political cartoon image gave a witty representation of the farmers vs. the strikers and who overall dominated each other.

Letters McFarland, J. Horace. Letter to Mr. Hershey. 7 Apr. 1937. MS. Hershey Community Archives, Hershey, PA. This letter helped us learn that the press really did know everything and J. Horace McFarland was actually giving Mr. Hershey ideas on how he could improve his business. He was also talking about the check-off proposition that the company was thinking about doing. Magazines "Nightmare in Dream Town." [Philadelphia] 9 Apr. 1937. Print. This article told us that the Governor was putting the blame on the county Sheriff for most of the bloodshed of the strike. The Sheriff said that it was not worth it for the State Police went because it was not worth loosing blood over.

Fey, Harold E. "Chocolate Paradise Lost." The Christian Century 28 Apr. 1937: 547-48. Web. This magazine article helped us find out how the mob started attacking the farmers. It also told us that the farmers used weapons to beat the workers. A lot of blood was shed on this strike.

Newsletters Barclay, Hartley W. Civil War in Hersheytown (May 1937). Print. This newsletter helped us understand why the farmers were so upset that the strike happened. Each of the farmers lost ten thousand dollars daily because the Hershey Corporation was shut down. Since they were shut down, they did not need to buy milk.

Newspapers "$10,000 Daily Loss." Harrisburg Telegraph [Harrisburg] 7 Apr. 1937, Final ed. Print. This newspaper article provided information on how much profits were lost due to the strike.

"450 Injured As Farmers Club Hershey Strikers From Plant." Harrisburg Telegraph [Hershey] 7 Apr. 1937, Extra ed.: 26. Print. The newspaper provided an estimate of how many strikers got injured by farmers and how severe the strike was.

"Angry Farmers Rout Sit-Down Force in Riot." Harrisburg Telegraph [Harrisburg] 7 Apr. 1937, Final ed. Print. This newspaper provided information of the strike from the perspective of the of the Loyalists. "Hershey Factory Hit By Sit-Down." Reading Eagle [Reading] 2 Apr. 1937: 1. Print. This newspaper provided information of Mr. William Murrie's reaction to the strike.

"Hershey CO. Resumes Purchasing Milk." The Sun [New York] 8 Apr. 1937. Print. This newspaper article told us that the farmers took charge to end the strike because they wanted their ten thousand dollars each day. They evicted the strikers from the building and if the workers did not cooperate, the beat them.

"Hershey Strikers Still Hold Plant." The New York Sun 3 Apr. 1937. Print. This newspaper taught us that there was a five-hour conference which was used to tell the striking workers that since negotiations were not made, they were going to have to leave the factory. After this, the striking workers sat on the roof of the factory waving picket signs. New York Times, ed. "CHOCOLATE WORKERS END SIT-DOWN STRIKE: Agreement to Evacuate Hershey Plant Is Reached at Unexpected Conference." CHOCOLATE WORKERS END SIT-DOWN STRIKE: Agreement to Evacuate Hershey Plant Is Reached at Unexpected Conference [New York] 4 Apr. 1937: 38. Print.

This newspaper article provided information on how after the violence, the strike ended with an agreement to evacuate the factory.

New York Times, ed. "M.S.HERSHEY DEAD; CHOCOLATE KING, 88: Founder of Corporation and Model Community Donated Millions to Charity MADE ARMY 'D' RATION Established Industrial School for Orphans-Won Success After Three Failures Town of 4,000 People Gase Fortune to Philanthropy Once Printer's Devil How Model Community Came Unaware of Depression Defeat of Sit-Down Strike." [New York] 14 Oct. 1945: 44. Print. This newspaper provided information of how the strike affect Milton Hershey. Milton Hershey was not responsible for denying the workers wages, William Murrie was, but citizens blamed Milton Hershey. Due to the stress Milton Hershey died at the age 88.

New York Times, ed. "SIT-ON-ROOF STRIKE SHUTS HERSHEY PLANT: Parley Breaks Up as Concern Demands Evacuation Before Treating With Union." SIT-ON-ROOF STRIKE SHUTS HERSHEY PLANT: Parley Breaks Up as Concern Demands Evacuation Before Treating With Union [New York] 3 Apr. 1937: 4. Print. This newspaper provided information on how the strikers sitting on the roof caused the Hershey Corporation to shut down.

"'Plain People' Bar Hershey Plant Sit-Down Strike." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 12 Apr. 1937: 1-2. Print. This newspaper provided gave us a more in depth look from the perspective of the farmers which included information of the meetings held to gather strikers.

"President of Hershey Explains Riots." Harrisburg Telegraph [Harrisburg] 7 Apr. 1937, Extra ed. Print. This newspaper article provided information on William Murrie's explanation to the strike to the public. . "Scores Are Injured in Hershey Rioting: Farmers Club Strikers From Plant." Harrisburg Telegraph [Harrisburg] 7 Apr. 1937, Final ed. Print. This newspaper provided information on how the strike went out of control with violence between the farmers and the strikers.

Personal Accounts Black, Bert. Interview by Clarence Speicher. Personal interview. 17 Nov. 1956. This interview provided us with the causes of the strike. It also told us about the employees and their demands.

Castelli, Dionisio. Interview by Natalie Dekle. Http://media.hersheyarchives.org/. Hershey Community Archives, 14 Feb. 1990. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. <http://media.hersheyarchives.org/oralhistory/Castelli_89OH27.pdf>. This interview provided rumors and stories about the corporation that the workers told.

DiMagno, Saverio. Interview by Eleanor Schneider. Http://media.hersheyarchives.org/. Hershey Community Archives, 7 July 1999. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. <http://media.hersheyarchives.org/oralhistory/DiMagno_99OH07.pdf>. This interview provided many quotes and information on what the strike really was about.

Elmi, Angelo. Interview by Matthew Loser. Http://media.hersheyarchives.org/. Hershey Community Archives, 20 Feb. 1998. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. <http://media.hersheyarchives.org/oralhistory/Elmi_98OH01.pdf>. This interview provided information of a witness's account of the strike.

Lehman, Clayton. Interview by Alexander Stoddart. Personal interview. 6 Mar. 1954. This interview provided us with the information about the pay raise.

Murrie, William. Interview by Alexander Stoddart. Personal interview. 7 Apr. 1937. This interview provided us quotes to publish on our website. It was also significant because it was said by the president of the company, Mr. Murrie.

Schiavoni, Mario. Interview by Eleanor Schneider. Http://media.hersheyarchives.org/. Hershey Community Archives, 22 Apr. 1999. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. <http://media.hersheyarchives.org/oralhistory/Schiavoni_99OH04.pdf>. This interview provided specific names on who initially started the strike. It also provided information on what the workers felt they deserved.

Zoll, John. Interview by A. W. Personal interview. 22 Mar. 1955. This interview provided all kinds of information of the strike and the reactions from inside the Hershey Plant. Photographs 4 Views of Hershey Evictions. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided images of the Hershey strikers being escorted by the farmers and the Loyalists.

Before They Routed Strikers in Pennsylvania Chocolate Plant. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Community Archives, Hershey. This photograph showed us that the farmers were gathering with the Loyalists after they evicted the Hershey Plant of five hundred strikers. A Closeup of a Casualty. With Blood Streaming down His Face, the Striker Walks through Two Grim Lines of Farmers. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided information on how violent the strike was and how the strikers surrendered. The "escort" Finds It Funny as He Escorts a Striker from the Building. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided information on how strikers were escorted from the building. Farmers Break Windows to Force Entrance into the Plant. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided information on how outraged the farmers were and because they were so outraged they broke windows and resulted to violence. Farmers Break Windows to Force Entrance into the Plant. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided information on how outraged the farmers were and because they were so outraged they broke windows and resulted to violence. Farmers Join Hershey Loyal Workers Against CIO. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. The photograph showed how many Loyalists, farmers, and strikers met to either defend Mr. Hershey, get the strikers, or fight or wages. The First Group of Farmers Break into the Plant and Start a Search for the Strikers. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided information on the farmers who wanted to search for the farmers. Hemmed in Closely on All Sides, the Strikers Come Out, but Few Escaped Damaging Blows. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. The photograph provided information on how when the strikers surrendered and left the building, the farmers still beat them.

Hershey "Sit-Downers" Move in Again as Loyal Workers Parade. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Community Archives, Hershey. These pictures helped us understand that the workers that were striking were of all ages. The Loyal Workers Parade was when the people who did not think they deserved a raise still agreed to work for Milton Hershey. They marched through the streets and the striking workers filled the sidewalks and held up picket signs.

Milling about outside Just before the Battle Got under Way. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided an estimation on how large the strike was and it showed the two sides, the Loyalists and Workers. Police Are Shown Escorting Sit-down Strikers from the Hershey Chocolate Company's Plant and Hershey. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided information on how police enforcements were called to stop violence between the farmers and the strikers. "Raiding" Squads of Farmers Crowd into One Entrance in Their Eagerness to Get in the Plant and "at" the Strikers. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided a visual showing about how many groups of farmers entered the factory at once to get strikers. Running the Gauntlet. Strikers Were Forced to Run between Two Lanes of Farmers Who Trumped Lustily as the Victums Passed. Upraised Arms Meant Nothing. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph showed how ruthless the farmers were. The farmers beat the strikers and a surrender meant nothing The Start of the Riot. It Began outside the Plant. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph enabled us to get an idea of how large the strike was and how the strikers all lined up outside the plant before officially striking.

Walking through a Pool of Blood! Holding His Coat for a Little Protection, Miles Sweeney, CIO Organizer, Is Escorted Out. He Was so Badly Beaten Later That He Is in a Serious Condition in Hershey Hospital. 1937. Photograph. Hershey Archives, Hershey. This photograph provided information on how violent the strike got. The strike got so violent, the CIO was escorted out badly beaten and holding his coat for protection.

Secondary Sources

Books Brenner, Aaron, Benjamin Day, and Immanuel Ness. The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2009. Print. This book helped us learn about strikes and some that were related to the Hershey Corporation.

The Emperors of Chocolate: Inside the Secret World of Hershey and Mars. New York: Random House, 1999. Print. This book helped us understand what machinery was used and how it was set at an inhumane speed and unhealthy for workers. This is why the workers were upset because they got tired very easily.

D'Antonio, Michael. "The End of Innocence." Hershey: Milton S. Hershey's Extraordinary Life of Wealth, Empire, and Utopian Dreams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. 219-20. Print. This book helped us find out that the sit-down strike of 1937 altered the whole Hershey corporation's reputation. Everything good that Milton Hershey had done for the world was now associated with the strike.

Houts, Mary Davidoff, and Pamela Cassidy Whitenack. "The Great Depression: 1929-1938." Hershey. Cumberland, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2000. 84-85. Print. This book helped us find out how long the strike lasted. It also helped us write our thesis statement.

McMahon, James D. Built on Chocolate: The Story of the Hershey Chocolate Company. Santa Monica, CA: General Pub. Group, 1998. Print. This book helped us learn about the Hershey Chocolate Corporation and how this strike affected the company in years to come.

Websites "Behind the Marker." ExplorePAHistory.com. 2011. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-320>.This website gave us the backstory of the Hershey sit-down strike. It told us about Milton Hershey's life and what he did to help the town of Hershey.

"Hershey Foods Corporation -- Company History." Find Funding with Banks, Investors, and Other Funding Sources | FundingUniverse. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/hershey-foods-corporation -company-history.html>.This website told us the whole history of the Hershey Corporation. It gave us very interesting facts about Milton Hershey and what he did to make Hershey a dream town.

"Hershey's History." thehersheycompany.com/about-hershey/our-story/hersheys-history.aspx. Web. 15 Dec. 2011.This Hershey's official website so it gave us needed information to make our project able to compare the new business with the old business.

Http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hershey_Foods_Corp.aspx. Web. 15 Dec. 2011.This website told us the entire history of the Hershey Corporation and how the strike had a great impact on Milton Hershey's death.

Sherman, Paul. "Hershey Chocolate Workers Strike in Pennsylvania." World Socialist Web Site. 25 May 2002. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/may2002/hers -m25.shtml>.This website was beneficial to our project because it told us how the sit -down strike of 1937 was related to other strikes in future years.