2. Scientific principles involved in parenteral medication 1.

Anatomy & Physiology - The Integumentary System or most commonly known as the skin, plays a major role in parenteral medication because it contains numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. -Adequate knowledge of different landmarks of the injection sites to prevent incorrect and risky administering infection. -Skin layers: epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer).

2. Microbiology - This involves microorganisms that might get in contact with the nurse and the patient, and as we all know contamination of a needle is a major factor to what

causes infection. -In needle injections, many parts of the equipment are sterile such as hub, cannula or shaft, and bevel .

- This principle is also applied when the nurse cleans the site from inner to outer skin before injecting with the use of alcohol swabs to make sure that the area is not prone to microorganisms. 3. Chemistry - The solutions or medication to be administered to the patient contain chemical compounds. -The nurse also uses germicidal soaps during handwashing to destroy microorganisms that might unsterilize the equipments to be used by the nurse during preparation. 4. Pharmacology -it consists of detailed study of drugs its source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, pharmacodynamics (its mechanism of action), pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion), therapeutic and other uses of drugs. -The drugs can be administered by a variety of routes, either locally or administered orally and by injection. To produce local effects, drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes. The following is a list of common drugs given by needle injection classified according to their purpose:

PREVENTIVE ACTION 1. Antitoxins 2. Toxins 3. Vaccines 4. Antibiotics REMEDIAL ACTION 1. Antibiotics a. Penicillin b. Streptomycin

2. Specifics PALLIATIVE ACTI0N 1. Narcotics 2. Sedatives 3. Local Anesthetics 4. General Anesthetics

DIAGN0STIC AIDS

1. Dyes a. Kidney b. Gallbladder 2. Histamine SUBSTITUTI0N THERAPY 1. Hormones 2. Minerals 3. Vitamins

4. Fluids a. Salt Solution b. Glucose Solution c. Amino acids d. Blood e. Plasma

5. Physics -Pressure is a factor of concern in all needle injections like when you inject the drugs to the client and then you have to control the pressure to be exerted to prevent complications. -Chemical elements that tend to be unstable in the presence of air or another compound remain intact and keep their potency when stored in an ampule. Frequently, drug manufacturers will pull the air out of an ampule before sealing it to prevent the medication from degrading within the container. A vial is typically not hermetic and best contains stable compounds. - When a solution is drawn from an ampule into a syringe, the needle is put into the fluid and the plunger is pulled back, thus lowering the pressure in the syringe.

6. Psychology & Sociology - Having an injection is a source of fear and anxiety to the majority of patients. Listening to fears and concerns, correcting misapprehensions and explaining some of the techniques that you use to minimize discomfort will help the client to allay fear and anxiety. Discussing the therapeutic effects and side-effects will prepare the client for the sensations they will feel and in some cases, potentiate the effects of drugs.

7. Time & Energy - As a nurse we should always prepare materials ahead of time to save time and energy so that when we start the administration of drug, it will be continuous. 8. Mathematics - Since medications for needle dosage usually come prepared in vial or ampule form, the correct dosage can easily be computed. - The formula to be used is stock wanted x quantity = x stock on hand