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Essay Questions answer every part, refer to at least 2 of
articles from class, FOLLOW DIRECTIONS
multiple choice, definitions (no written portion), 2 essay
Terminology:
abolition is the act of formally repealing an existing legal practice, either by making it
illegal, or simply no longer allowing it to exist in any form
Backlash groups that have been oppressed in a large framework of social construction,
when they make some progress the dominate society will try to put them back in their
old place.
Bakla A man who has relations with another man but is not considered gay
Binary(1) A system of likes and opposites. Binaries arrange people and things into
opposing categories: men/women, hetero/homo, masculine/feminine, black/white etc.
One side of the binary is often valued more than the other side, and the terms in the
binary are supposed to imply that the categories are mutally exclusive.
Bisexuality A person who is emotionally, spiritually, physically, and/or sexually attracted
to those of any sex or gender (although society only acknowledges two hence the "bi")
Commodification In Marxist political economy,[2] commodification takes place when
economic value is assigned to something not previously considered in economic terms;
for example, an idea, identity or gender. Human beings can be considered subject to
commodification in contexts such as genetic engineering, social engineering, cloning,
eugenics, social Darwinism, Fascism, mass marketing and employment
Consciousness Raising (CR) groups of women got together and talked about their
lives, beginning to understand you are not alone, and your personal situation is a
political issue
Discrimination Taking action on prejudices.
Drag Wearing the clothes of another gender, often exaggerating the stereotypical
characteristics of that gender. Not always done by someone who identifies as LGBT.
Effeminophobia(2) fear of men who are feminine; DSM III
Essentialism biological never to be changed, opposite gay identity has society influence
Eugenics ww2 holocaust, tests on homosexuals, doctors exploring, also the science of
genes explaining homosexuality
Family
Feminism Feminism is not monolithic and includes many different ideologies and
strategies aimed at bettering the lives of everyone (not just women).
Here are two common definitions:
1 : the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes
2 : organized activity on behalf of women's rights and interests.
Fundamentalism refers to a "deep and totalistic commitment" to a belief in, and strict
adherence to a set of basic principles (often religious in nature), a reaction to perceived
doctrinal compromises with modern social and political life
Gay Homosexual, male interest in other males
Gender Gender refers to the socially constructed roles ascribed to males and females
(as opposed to sex which denotes the biological distinction between males and
females). These roles, which are learned, change over time and vary widely within and
between cultures. Gender exists on a spectrum of masculinity and femininity.
Gender Identity disorder(1) Gender Identity is how you see yourself socially: man,
woman, or a combination of both. One may have a penis but prefer to relate socially as
a woman, or one may have a vagina but prefer to relate as a man. One might prefer to
be fluid, relating sometimes as a man and sometimes as a woman. Or one might not
identify as either one, relating androgynously.
Hegemony(3) Hegemony is a concept that has been used to describe the existence of
dominance of one social group over another, such that the ruling groupreferred to as a
hegemonacquires some degree of consent from the subordinate, as opposed to
dominance purely by force. It is used broadly to mean any kind of dominance.
Alternate definition: Invisible and/or unrecognized forces of power that oppress, restrict,
or limit.
Heteronormativity(4) apparatus that promotes heterosexuality
Heterosexism term that applies to attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of
oppositesex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that everyone is
heterosexual or that oppositesex attractions and relationships are the norm and
therefore superior.
Homonormativity (Assimilation) is a term to describe the marginalization of non
heterosexual lifestyles and the view that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation.
Homophobia Homophobia is the fear of or contempt for gay men and/or lesbians.
Homosexual dsm pathological term
Institutionalized Heterosexuality the assumption that women and men are innately
attracted to each other emotionally and sexually and that heterosexuality is normal and
universal. This institutionalization of heterosexuality in our society leads to an
institutionalized inequality of power not only between heterosexuals and non
heterosexuals, but also between men and women
intelligibility being understood
Internalized Homophobia used to describe a prejudice against one's own
homosexuality.
Intersectionality is a theory which seeks to examine the ways in which various socially
and culturally constructed categories interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves
as inequality in society.
Intersex Descibes people born multisexed (born with some combination of what we call
"male" and "female" sex organs). According to the Intersex Society of North America,
"Anatomic sex differentiation occurs on a male/female continuum, and there are several
dimensions." It is estimated that anywhere from 1 in 100 to 1 in 2,000 infants is born
intersexed.
Inversion(2) people who don't conform to gender roles
Kinsey Scale(3) 16 heterosexual to homosexual middle bisexual
Klein Sexual Orientation Grid As a person travels on the scale, they are determined to
be "Predominantly heterosexual, more than incidentally homosexual" at interval 2,
"Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual" at interval 5 and anywhere
in between. At the center, Interval 3 is "Equally Heterosexual and Homosexual".
Lesbian women's interest in other women
Liberalism(1) idea of the individual, nontraditional, opposite of conservative
McCarthyism describing the intense anticommunist suspicion in the United States in a
period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.
Normativity hegemonic idea, gender normative, accepted what's the norm., normative
way to be gay
Oppression
Outing
Pathology assumptions that something is out of wack, someone is sick, homosexual
behavior was labeled as a pathology
Prejudice
Privilege(2) what a dominate group receives froma system of oppression
Queer Sometimes used as an umbrella term for the LGBT community, which often
includes many ranges of possibility for selfidentification.
Someone who transgresses sex, sexual, and/or gender norms.
An insulting word used against the LGBT, etc. community that is now used by many
members as a positive word for selfidentification. Still controversial.
Racism
Rights
Sex and Sex Categories A determination made through the application of socially
agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females or males. Sex is
socially constructed, although it is based on biological characteristics. Instead of having
a range of "sexes" as they exist (see: Intersex), dominant U.S. society only really
acknowledges males and females.
Sexism 1: prejudice or discrimination based on sex; especially : discrimination against
women2: behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based
on sex
Sexism can refer also to any and all systemic differentiations based on the gender of a
person, not based on their individual merits. In some circumstances this type of sexism
may constitute sex discrimination, which in some forms is illegal in some countries.
Sexual Orientation v. Preference A contested term that refers to the "sex" to which
someone is erotically attracted. Related terms with different meanings are affectional
orientation, sexual preference and sexuality.
Preference(3): the gender one chooses, implies choice
Social Construction
Socialization
Stereotype(2)gender and class markers, physical characteristics of clothing and
appearance
Suffrage
Transexual A person whose gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned
at birth, so they take hormones or get sex reassigment surgery (SRS). Sexual
orientation varies. Transsexual is included under the umbrella of transgender, but not all
transgender people undertake physical changes of the body.
Transgender An umbrella term for all sorts of forms of gender transgression.
Transgender encompasses a range of people whose gender identity is different from the
sex (and accompanying gender roles) assigned to them at birth. Since gender and
sexuality are different categories, transgender people can be heterosexual, queer,
bisexual, omnisexual, etc. Sometimes transgender can be synonymous with
genderqueer or nongender normative.
2 spirt native american culture, higher up maybe, one masculine one feminine
People:
Alfred Kinsey(3) Kinsey's research on human sexuality profoundly influenced social and
cultural values in the United States and many other countries. he developed a scale
measuring sexual orientation, now known as the Kinsey Scale which ranges from 1 to 6,
1heterosexual, 3/4 bisexual, 6 homosexual
Matthew Shepard(1) young homosexual boy who was murdered
Joseph MacCarthy(1) Witch Hunts in Congress, went after communists and gays,
1950s
Fritz Klein
Sappho Classical Lesbian poetry
F. C. Martinez
Audre Lorde Lesbian poet and activist during 1950s
Bayard Rustin(5) Rustin was an advocate on behalf of gay and lesbian causes in the
latter part of his career; however his sexual orientation was a platform used by many
governmental as well as idealists groups to attack him. Advisor of Martin Luther King
Bill Clinton don't ask don't tell
Ellen Degeneres Open Lesbian in todays society
Harvey Milk was an American politician and the first openly gay man to be elected to
public office in California, as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.
Martin Luther King Bayard Rustin, social movements, civil rights
John Money Doctor of intersex children, though children would be better off not
knowing born intersex.
Cheryl Chase article, being an intersex person being angry at what was done to her
Fred Phelps God hates Fags/ America
Kate Bornstein is an American author, playwright, performance artist and gender
theorist. Wrote book Gender Outlaw
Ronald Reagan stating that he opposed the proposed ban on gay public school
teachers or anyone who supported gay rights. He opposed efforts to repeal the criminal
laws against homosexuality and generally opposed gay rights legislation as eroding
traditional moral values.
Simon LeVay(3) greatly strengthen the notion that the development of sexual
orientation, at least in men, is closely tied in with the prenatal sexual differentation of the
brain. Hypothalamus.
Sylvia Rivera An american Transgender acitivist. Part of Stonewall Riots.
Group/Organizations:
ACT Up attempt to end the AIDS crisis
American Psychiatric Association
Bi Net USA umbrella organizations for bisexuals trying to get visibility in community,
international and national.
Center for Disease Control AIDS in the gay community
Combahee River Collective was a Black feminist Lesbian organization active in Boston
from 1974 to 1980
Daughter of Bilitis(2) early lesbian support group, 1955
GLAAD a nonprofit organization of LGBT activism that is "dedicated to promoting and
ensuring fair, accurate and inclusive representation of people and events in the media
as a means of eliminating homophobia and discrimination based on gender identity and
sexual orientation
GMHC gay means health crisis
Human Rights Campaign is the largest lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)
lobbying group and political action committee in the United States, claiming over
725,000 members and supporters
IGLHRC The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) is
an international organisation addressing human rights violations against lesbians, gay
men, bisexuals, transgender people and people with HIV/AIDS.
INSA international
Log Cabin Republicans LGBT republicans supporting LGBT right, might not be on the
exam
Mattachine Society the earliest lasting homophile organization in the United States,
founded in 1950. The Society for Human Rights (1924) in Chicago predated the
Mattachine Society, but was shut down by the police after only a few months.
NGLTF The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (The Task Force) is an organization
working for the civil rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in
the United States. It was founded in 1973 in New York.
Queer Nation organization founded in March 1990 in New York City, USA by AIDS
activists from ACT UP.[1] The four founders were outraged at the escalation of antigay
and lesbian violence on the streets and prejudice in the arts and media. The group is
known for its confrontational tactics, its slogans, and for the practice of outing.
Radicalesbians Radical thinkers began alliances and published unprecedented lesbian
separatist literature. While all of these organizations, including the Lesbian Separatist
Movement, ONE, Radicalesbians. Essential to their beliefs is the perception of
ubiquitous oppression by the Heteropatriarchy. Furthermore, gender and sexuality are
constructs of the heterosexual malecontrolled society, and must be circumvented to
approach any semblance of equality for either homosexuals or women.
Stonewall Democrats is an LGBTrights group in the United States with seat in
Washington, D.C., affiliated with the Democratic Party. The word "Stonewall" refers to
the 1969 Stonewall riots.
Transgender Menace
United Nations
World Health Organizations
Laws and Policies:
Amendement 2 Floridas Marriage Amendment
Bowers v. Hardwick was a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the
constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law that criminalized oral and anal sex in private
between consenting adults 1986
Brown v. Board of Education landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court,
which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring
that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students
denied black children equal educational opportunities.
Defense of Marriage Act
Don't Ask Don't Tell
DSM III, DSM IV(2)diseases, 1973 change occurred, book for physiologists pathological
mental disorders, homosexuality was in dsm III, taken out in dsm IV
Eisenhower's E.O. gays and lesbians not allowed to be in government, iminestrative
law, because of McCarthy scare, Can't be higher than government, overturned and now
can be in government, federal funded jobs not included (teachers, etc.)
Federal Marriage Amendment federal law of the United States passed on September
21, 1996.
1. No state (or other political subdivision within the United States) need treat a
relationship between persons of the same sex as a marriage, even if the relationship is
considered a marriage in another state.
2. The Federal Government may not treat samesex relationships as marriages for any
purpose, even if concluded or recognized by one of the states.
Immigration Ban
Lawernce v. Texas the justices struck down the sodomy law in Texas. The court had
previously addressed the same issue in 1986 in Bowers v. Hardwick, where it upheld a
challenged Georgia statute, not finding a constitutional protection of sexual privacy.
Prop 102 Arizona's ban on gay marriage
Prop 8 California's ban on gay marriage
Romer v. Evans case dealing with civil rights and state laws. The Court gave its ruling
on May 20, 1996 against an amendment to the Colorado state constitution that would
have prevented any city, town or county in the state from taking any legislative,
executive, or judicial action to protect homosexual citizens from discrimination on the
basis of their sexual orientation.
Title IX law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall
on the basis of sex, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under
any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
ENDA employment
Movements:
AIDS Awareness/Activism
AntiWar Movements
Black Nationalism advocates a racial definition (or redefinition) of black national
identity, as opposed to multiculturalism. There are different black nationalist
philosophies but the principles of all black nationalist ideologies are 1) black pride, and
2) black economic, political, social and/or cultural independence from white society.
Marcus Garvey is considered to be the grandfather of black nationalism.
Christian Right
Civil Rights
Finnie's Balls gay club, in chicago, during 50's drag balls, great event, even though it
was during a heightened homophobia time
Gay Liberation(4) the name used to describe the radical lesbian, gay, bisexual and
transgender movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s in North America,
Western Europe, and Australia and New Zealand.
Homohop late 90's
Homophile an alternative to the word homosexual, preferred by some because it
emphasizes love ("phile" from Greek φιλία) over sex
Human Rights
Lesbian Feminism and Separation cultural movement and critical perspective, most
popular in the 1970s and early 1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe),
that questions the position of lesbians and women in society. "Lesbian feminism" is a
related movement that came together in the early 1970s out of dissatisfaction with
secondwave feminism and the gay liberation movement.
Marriage Equality
Stonewall Riots
Readings:
Essay Topics
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