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Unlevelness(due to dyeing conditions) Ending problems Cloudy dyeing Pale areas Unlevelness(due to material) i. Barriness Unlevelness(due to other reasons) i. Skitterness ii. Listing iii. Pale areas after dyeing Reproducibility i. Deviation of shade ii. Dyeing too pale iii. Precipitates in the dyebath iv. Change of shade Fastness properties i. Unexpectedly poor light fastness ii. Unexpectedly poor wet and rub fastness Spots, marks i. Precipitates in the dyebath ii. Singeing droplets iii. Change of shade (e.g. blue spots in brilliant red shades) iv. Dark spots v. Specks vi. Dirt spots Appearance of the goods i. Dimensional stability (shrinkage) ii. Creasing iii. Chafe marks iv. Stitch distortion (knits) v. Moire effects (on beam) vi. Lustre vii. Handle viii. Pilling (staple fibres) Other problems i. Difficulty with heavy shades on fine denier yarn ii. Soiling of machine iii. Frosting on goods iv. Poor running of material in subsequent processing Thermosol dyeing problems i. Listing ii. Two-sidedness iii. Dark or pale selvedges iv. Barry dyeings v. Spots, specks vi. Ending vii. Pale points of intersection viii. Foam formation ix. Frosting

i. ii. iii.

1. Unlevelness(due to dyeing conditions)

1. Ending Problems

| Unlevelness (Dyeing condition) | All List

2. Unlevelness(due to material)

1. Barriness

| Unlevelness (Material) | All List

Causes - variations in temperature during fibre manufacture(texturizing), draft differences - variations in the density of the material (weaving, knitting)

Countermeasures - adapt dye selection - select higher dyeing temperature - select suitable carriers and chemicals - possibly set fibres at a higher temperature (Caution!) - relax material thoroughly

3. Unlevelness(due to other reasons)

1. Skitterness

| Unlevelness (Other) | All List

Causes - inadequate pretreatment (e.g. desizing) - fibres of different origins in the material - inadequate penetration (paler points of intersection) - poorer solidity on both components of fibre blends - irregular thread tension during weaving or warp knitting 2. Listing

Countermeasures - pay attention to perfect pretreatment - pay particular attention to the appropriate dyeing process and programme

| Unlevelness (Other) | All List

Causes - inconsistent setting temperature

Countermeasures - select special dyes (small-moleculed)

- irregular tension in the material due to - relax material thoroughly weaving or warp knitting - poorly wound material - rolled in selvedges due to irregular tension in the material (weaving, warp knitting) 3. Pale areas after dyeing - pay particular attention to winding - set the goods - size the selvedges - check the weaving or knitting machine | Unlevelness (Other) | All List

Causes - effect of aggressive vapours (e.g. acid, chlorite, formaldehyde)

Countermeasures - efficient ventilation of vapours and gases - avoid contact with dangerous substances

4. Reproducibility

1. Deviation of shade

| Reproducibility | All List

Causes - dye sensitivity to hydrolysis, reduction, electrolyte - dye sensitivity to metal ions in the dyebath

Countermeasures - select dyes carefully, control pH exactly (buffer system) - pay attention to stability of dye to electrolytes - use suitable sequestering agent

- dyes of different chemical constitution - pay particular attention to selection of dyes and affect each ocher (rare) chemicals - dye buildup affected by chemicals (retarding effect) - different dyeing programmes - different liquor ratios - dye shows differences in standard conformity - unsuitable dye combination - sedimentation of liquid dyes - bath exhaustion affected by reserve of adjacent fibre 2. Dyeing too pale - check supplies - pay attention to behaviour of individual elements - stir before removal from container - adapt dye selection and process - carry out lab tests - pay attention to consistent dyeing conditions

| Reproducibility | All List

Causes - different buildup of dye on different materials 3. Precipitates in the dyebath

Countermeasures - carry out preliminary tests with material

| Reproducibility | All List

Causes - chemicals affect each other's action - dyeing produced at too low temperature - dyeing time too short - unstable chemicals 4. Change of shade

Countermeasures - pay attention to chemical selection - check and adjust dyeing conditions

- pay attention to chemical selection | Reproducibility | All List

5. Fastness properties

1. Unexpectedly poor light fastness

| Fastness Properties | All List

Causes - carrier residues on fabric (inadequate thermofixation) - stained adjacent fibre

Countermeasures - repeat thermofixation (at higher temperature) - adapt dyeing process, select appropriate dyes

- catalytic fading due to unsuitable dye - adjust dye selection combination 2. Unexpectedly poor wet and rub fastness | Fastness Properties | All List

Causes - thermomigration due to finishing and softening chemicals - inadequate dye fixation due to too short dyeing time or too low fixation temperature - stained adjacent fibre

Countermeasures - adjust dye and chemical selection - optimize dyeing process, reduction clear

- improve dyeing process

6. Spots, marks

1. Precipitates in the dyebath

| Spots, marks | All List

Causes

Countermeasures

- dye precipitates due to poordispersion - pay special attention to dispersing instructions or dyes with poor dispersion stability - pay attention to dye selection (dispersion stability) - use dispersants - dye crystallization due to variations in - pay attention to perfect liquor circulation temperature in the dyebath - coloured spots due to dye deposits on - pay attention to cleanness in the machine the machine - use of volatile carriers - silicones in the dyebath - unstable chemicals - oil and spinning preparations - oligomers in the dyebath - select suitable carriers, use overhead heating in the machine - use silicone-free defoamers - select suitable chemicals - thorough pretreatment - drop dyebath hot, shorter dyeing time, use special chemicals | Spots, marks | All List

2. Singeing droplets

Causes

Countermeasures

- as a result of singeing before dyeing, - singe after dyeing fibre tips exhibit higher affinity for dyes 3. Change of shade (e.g. blue spots in brilliant red shades) | Spots, marks | All List

Causes - dye is sensitive to metal ions - alkali residues - finishing chemicals 4. Dark spots

Countermeasures - use a sequestering agent - neutralize the goods - scour and select finishing chemicals carefully | Spots, marks | All List

Causes - solvent residues from pretreatment 5. Specks

Countermeasures - complete removal of solvents | Spots, marks | All List

7. Appearance of the goods

1. Dimensional stability (shrinkage)

| Appearance of the goods | All List

Causes - insufficient relaxation during pretreatment - inadequate setting of material - lengthwise disortion caused by dyeing machine 2. Creasing

Countermeasures - adapt relaxation and setting to material in question

- adjust dyeing machine to material

| Appearance of the goods | All List

Causes - inadequate pretreatment (scouring, relaxation, setting)

Countermeasures - select optimum pretreatment conditions

- due to quality of goods (structure, e.g. - adjust dyeing machine to material, select correct tightly woven fabric, weight) setting temperature, adjust stenter correctly - poor suitability of dyeing machine - too heavy batch of fabric - incorrect loading of machine - dyeing process (heating, cooling) - adjust temperature programme, add a lubricant, e.g. lmacol brand | Appearance of the goods | All List - select more suitable dyeing machine - add a lubricant, e.g. lmacol brand

3. Chafe marks

Causes - rough patches in the machine - stationary material in the running machine (knots) - too high machine speed 4. Stitch distortion (knits)

Countermeasures

-mechanical friction due to overloading - add a lubricant e.g. lmacol brand

| Appearance of the goods | All List

Causes - inadequate pretreatment (relaxation, setting) - mechanical effects, e.g. passage of goods in machine, squint seams

Countermeasures - selection optimum pretreatment conditions - straight seams along weft and stitches

8. Other problems

1. Difficulty with heavy shades on fine denier yarn

| Other | All List

Causes - fibre surface

Countermeasures - select suitable dyes | Other | All List | Other | All List | Other | All List

2. Soiling of machine 3. Frosting on goods 4. Poor running of material in subsequent processing

Causes - oligomers

Countermeasures

9.Thermosol dyeing problems

1. Listing

| Thermosol problems | All List

Causes - one-sided liquor feed into the trough - different nip roller pressure - unlevel migration in intermediate drying

Countermeasures - check injection pipe or mount a distribution plate - check rollers (pickup) regularly - check temperature and air current over the entire width in the drier - avoid migration by using lowest possible pickup and a suitable migration inhibitor. Select dyes with little tendency to migrate. - check fixation units regularly with thermopaper or temperature sensors - use more reliable dyes with as little sensitivity as possible to temperature deviations | Thermosol problems | All List

- uneven thermosolling or fixation of dyes due to temperature differences

2. Two-sidedness

Causes - deflecting roller touched on one side only - deflecting roller stationary - pad rollers not the same - uneven drying from side to side 3. Dark or pale selvedges

Countermeasures - check entry of goods, if necessary replace roller -set roller in motion - check Shore hardness, if necessary re-cover rollers - check temperature and air current in drying machine | Thermosol problems | All List

Causes - one-sided liquor feed into the trough

Countermeasures - check liquor feed

- narrow goods impregnated on a wide - move to a suitable machine padder - worn rollers, rollers bend due to over compensation - varying drying conditions over the width of the goods - alkali residues in the goods 4. Barry dyeings - check the nip pressure, reduce pressure if necessary, change rollers if necessary, chick hydraulics - check the air jets and circulation - add acetic acid to the padliquor for pH 5-6 | Thermosol problems | All List

Causes

Countermeasures