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Introduction Handover Control Soft/Softer Handover Inter Frequency Handover Cell Selection/Re-selection Power Control Closed Loop Power Control Open Loop Power Control Load Control Call Admission Control Congestion Control Packet Data Transmission Packet Data Control Dynamic Scheduling
BTS 3
UE BTS 1
BTS 2
References
H. Holma, A. H Holma A Toskala (Ed ) WCDMA for UMTS , Wiley 4th edition, Wiley, 2007 (Ed.), WCDMA UMTS Wiley, edition Wiley Walke, Althoff, Seidenberg: UMTS Ein Kurs. J. Schlembach Fachverlag, 2001 H. Kaaranen, et.al., UMTS Networks: Architecture, Mobility and Services, Wiley, 2001. (see chapter 4) A. Viterbi: CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications, Addison Wesley, 1995. y, J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad (ed.): Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS, Wiley, 2001 T. Ojanper R. Prasad, Wideband T Ojanper, R Prasad Wideband CDMA for Third Generation Mobile Communication, Artech House, 1998. R. Prasad, W. Mohr, W. Konhuser, Third Generation Mobile Communications Systems, A t h H S t Artech House, M h 2000 March 2000. 3GPP standards: TS 25.214: Physical Layer Procedures (esp. power control) TR 25.922: Radio Resource Management Strategies TR 25.942: RF System Scenarios
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Cellular Network
Protocols
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Radio Resource Management algorithms control the efficient use of resources with respect to interdependent objectives: -- cell coverage -- cell capacity q y -- quality of service
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim
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RRM Components
non-access stratum Radio Resource M R di R Management t
Handover Control C t l
Load Control C t l
typically in RNC
Power Control C t l
typically in yp y NodeB
Physical layer
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Cell Breathing
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Cell Breathing
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Cell Breathing
Coverage depending on load: load causes interference which reduces the area where a SIR sufficient for communication can be provided
coverage low load coverage medium load coverage high load
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2.5
1.5
Downlink
0.5 Uplink 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Erlangs (2% GOS) 140 160 180 200
Downlink limits capacity while uplink limits coverage Downlink depends more on the load (user share total transmit BS power)
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NodeB 1
NodeB 2
UE
Downlink: combining in the mobile station Uplink: combining in the base station and/or radio network controller
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Soft/Softer Handover
In soft/softer handover the UE maintains active radio links to more than one Node B Combination of the signals from multiple active radio links is necessary Soft Handover The mobile is connected to (at least) two cells belonging to different NodeBs In li k th i I uplink, the signals are combined in the RNC, l bi d i th RNC e.g. by means of selection combining using CRC Softer Handover The mobile is connected to two sectors within one NodeB More efficient combining in the uplink is possible like maximum ratio combining (MRC) in the NodeB instead of RNC Note: In uplink no additional signal is transmitted, while in downlink each new link causes interference to other users, therefore: Uplink: HO general increase performance Downlink: Trade-off
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add
CPICH 2
drop
Tlink
Measurement quantity, e.g. EC/I0 on CPICH R l ti th h ld add & Relative thresholds drop for adding & dropping Preservation time Tlink to avoid ping-pong a oid ping pong effects Event triggered measurement reporting to decrease signalling load
Link to 2 time
Link to 1
Link to 1 & 2
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20% 1 link max 2 SHO links max 4 SHO links max 6 SHO li k links
15%
10%
5%
1,5
0,5
Inter-Frequency Handover
Hierarchical cell structure ( CS) (HCS) Hot-spot H
Macro f1
Micro f2
Macro f1 f1
Hot spot f2 f1 f1
Hard handover Inter-frequency measurements of target cell needed in both scenarios q y g Mobile-assisted handover (MAHO) slotted (compressed) mode for inter-frequency measurements to find suitable target cell g also supports GSM system measurements Database assisted handover (DAHO) no measurements performed on other frequencies or systems use cell mapping information stored in data base to identify the target cell
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Near-Far Problem
UE 1
Near Far Near-Far Problem: Spreading sequences are not orthogonal (multi-user interference) Near mobile dominates Signal to interference ratio (SIR) is lower for far mobiles and performance degrades The problem can be resolved through dynamic power control to equalize all received power levels
UE 2
NodeB N d B
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User data
PA
Receiver
Decoder
Outer loop
User data
BLERBLER-estimate
Adjust SIRtarget
TPC commands
Inner loop
SIRSIR-estimate
TPC commands
DeMUX
MUX
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6.5
5.5
PedA VehA
SIR requirement strongly depends on the environment (due to different fast fading conditions Jakes models) outer loop power control needed to adapt SIR
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Receiver R i
Measure Rx power
Adjust Tx power
PA
User data
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AICH/FACH
Acquisition Indicator Message Acknowledgement
Random access on RACH used for Initial access S o t packets: user Short pac ets use data, signalling (e.g. measurement reports) s g a g (e g easu e e t epo ts) Power Ramping MS starts with relatively low transmit power Repeats with incremental power steps until acquisition indicator R t ith i t l t til i iti i di t received Message sent with constant power offset
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Load Control
Main objective: Avoid overload situations by controlling system load Monitor and controls radio resources of users Call Admission Control (CAC) Admit or deny new users, new radio access bearers or new radio links li k Avoid overload situations, e.g. by means of blocking a new call Decisions are based on interference and resource measurements Congestion Control (ConC) Monitor, detect and handle overload situations with the already connected users Bring the system back to a stable state, e.g. by means of dropping an existing call
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i =
Ebi = Nt
Pi Po
W Rbi Pi j i Pj + I inter + I th
Resource of user i:
Pi Eb N t i = = I o W Rb + Eb N t
I o : Total Interference
Resource Consumption strongly depends on: data rate, quality (Eb/Nt), receiver structure (RAKE etc., channel estimation, path tracking, ) Non-linear relation b t N li l ti between resource, d t rate and required Eb/Nt data t d i d
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Resource Consumption
Service/BLER-dependent resource consumption Uplink example: Service I: Voice Rb = 12 2kb 12.2kbps, Eb/Nt = 5dB I = 0.99% Service II: Data Rb = 144kbps Eb/Nt = 3 1dB 144kbps, 3.1dB II = 7.11%
1000
with t
=
5% 50%
0,5% 10%
1% 20%
2% 35%
( Eb Nt ) W Rb + ( Eb Nt )
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I 0 = icell Pi + I inter + I th
Load Estimate
current = I 0 I th 1 = 1 I0 NR
NR = I 0 I th
DL Measurement
P0 = icell Pi + PP
Load Estimate
current = P0 PP 1 = 1 P0 PR
PR = P0 Pp
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20 18 N Noise Rise/ Power Rise [dB] P 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % System Load _ current t _current + _new thr_ CAC
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Congestion Control
20 18 N Noise Rise/ Power Rise [dB] P 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % System Load _ reduced thr_ConC NR/PR_max _ current
Triggered by measurement
current thrConC
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20% 18% 16% Dro opping Prob ability 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% % 0% 5 15 25 35 45 55 5 15 25 35 45 55 thr_CA C = 50% thr_CA C = 75% thr_CA C = 90%
40% Blo ocking Proba ability 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
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CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_DCH
DCH Active Time Chatty Applications Page Download Time Reading Time
Example: Web service Chatty apps.: keep alive message stock tickers etc apps : message, tickers, etc. (e.g. 100 bytes every 15 sec) Second stage: when no activity in CELL_FACH then switch to URA_PCH
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Burst Admission Control Decision on starting packet d k data transmission Similar principle like call admission control, i.e. check the system load against a threshold that is usually different from thrCAC Time horizon: 100msec 10sec Rate Adaptation Choose data rate according to transmit power UE nearby NodeB high data rate UE at cell edges low data rate Decrease data rate in case of overload, cf. congestion control
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Power Control:
Balances user received quality (BLER, SIR) Users at cell center get less share of BTS transmit power assigned than at cell edge Occurrence of power overload
UE 1
Rate Adaptation:
Transmit power ~ data rate Users at cell edge get lower data rate assigned than at cell center Reduces also power overload
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UM TS_urban, 50 k Byte 40% 35% 30% Outage Probability P 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 200
Mean De elay [sec] 8
UM TS_urban, 50 k Byte
300
400
500
600
300
400
500
600
Ce ll Throughput [k Bit/s e c]
Ce ll Throughput [k Bit/s e c]
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Dynamic Scheduling
Sample Flow
Flow #1 UE 1
Statistical multiplexing of data packets from different data flows over one shared medium, e.g. on DSCH or HSDPA S h d li with ti Scheduling ith time-horizon of h i f 2msec 1sec Optimised usage of radio resources Exploitation of the short-term variations on the radio channels (opportunistic scheduling) Provides ce a deg ee o o des certain degree of QoS
UE 3
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Conclusions
Basic RRM algorithms presented here: Handover Control Power Control Load Control Packet Data Control RRM procedures not discussed here: Spreading code management RRM for TDD mode: time-slot management f d ti l t t Related issue: RF engineering Enhanced RRM algorithms in order to: Support advanced packet data transmission techniques such as HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) Support intelligent transmitter/receiver structures like adaptive antenna or MIMO techniques
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