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4.11. Concrete
Theconcretematerialmodelpredictsthefailureofbrittlematerials.Bothcrackingand crushingfailuremodesareaccountedfor.TB,CONCRaccessesthismaterialmodel,whichis availablewiththereinforcedconcreteelementSOLID65. Thecriterionforfailureofconcreteduetoamultiaxialstressstatecanbeexpressedinthe form(WillamandWarnke([37.])):

where: F=afunction(tobediscussed)oftheprincipalstressstate( xp,yp,zp ) S=failuresurface(tobediscussed)expressedintermsofprincipalstressesandfiveinput parametersf ,f ,f ,f andf definedinTable4.4:ConcreteMaterialTable

t c cb 1 2

fc=uniaxialcrushingstrength xp,yp ,zp=principalstressesinprincipaldirections If issatisfied,thematerialwillcrackorcrush.

Atotaloffiveinputstrengthparameters(eachofwhichcanbetemperaturedependent)are neededtodefinethefailuresurfaceaswellasanambienthydrostaticstressstate.Theseare presentedinTable4.4:ConcreteMaterialTable.

Table 4.4 Concrete Material Table (Input on TBDATA Commands with TB,CONCR) Label f
t

Description Ultimateuniaxialtensilestrength

Constant 3

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TheoryReference Page:2 t f f
c cb

Ultimateuniaxialcompressivestrength Ultimatebiaxialcompressivestrength Ambienthydrostaticstressstate

4 5 6

f1

Ultimatecompressivestrengthforastateofbiaxialcompression 7 superimposedonhydrostaticstressstate

Ultimatecompressivestrengthforastateofuniaxialcompression 8 superimposedonhydrostaticstressstate

However,thefailuresurfacecanbespecifiedwithaminimumoftwoconstants,ftandfc.The otherthreeconstantsdefaulttoWillamandWarnke([37.]):

However,thesedefaultvaluesarevalidonlyforstressstateswherethecondition

issatisfied.Thuscondition

appliestostresssituationswithalowhydrostatic

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TheoryReference Page:3 stresscomponent.Allfivefailureparametersshouldbespecifiedwhenalargehydrostatic stresscomponentisexpected.Ifcondition isnotsatisfiedandthedefault thru areassumed,thestrengthofthe valuesshownin concretematerialmaybeincorrectlyevaluated. Whenthecrushingcapabilityissuppressedwithf =-1.0,thematerialcrackswhenevera
c

principalstresscomponentexceedsft. BoththefunctionFandthefailuresurfaceSareexpressedintermsofprincipalstresses denotedas 1 ,2 ,and 3 where:

and1

3 .Thefailureofconcreteiscategorizedintofourdomains:
1

1. 0 2.
1

(compression-compression-compression)
3

0 2 2

(tensile-compression-compression)
3

3. 1 4. 1

0 3

3 (tensile-tensile-compression) 0(tensile-tensile-tensile)

Ineachdomain,independentfunctionsdescribeFandthefailuresurfaceS.Thefour functionsdescribingthegeneralfunctionFaredenotedasF1 ,F2 ,F3 ,andF 4 whilethe functionsdescribingSaredenotedasS ,S ,S ,andS .ThefunctionsS (i=1,4)havethe
1 2 3 4 i

propertiesthatthesurfacetheydescribeiscontinuouswhilethesurfacegradientsarenot continuouswhenanyoneoftheprincipalstresseschangessign.Thesurfacewillbeshown inFigure4.30:3-DFailureSurfaceinPrincipalStressSpaceandFigure4.32:Failure SurfaceinPrincipalStressSpacewithNearlyBiaxialStress.Thesefunctionsarediscussed indetailbelowforeachdomain.

4.11.1. The Domain (Compression - Compression ContainsproprietaryandconfidentialinformationofANSYS,Inc. anditssubsidiariesandaffiliates

TheoryReference Page:4

Compression)
0
1

Inthecompression-compression-compressionregime,thefailurecriterionofWillamand Warnke([37.])isimplemented.Inthiscase,Ftakestheform

andSisdefinedas

TermsusedtodefineSare:

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TheoryReference Page:5

h isdefinedby arediscussedbelow.

andtheundeterminedcoefficientsa0 ,a1 ,a2 ,b0 ,b1 ,andb 2

ThisfailuresurfaceisshownasFigure4.30:3-DFailureSurfaceinPrincipalStressSpace. Theangleofsimilaritydescribestherelativemagnitudesoftheprincipalstresses.From ,=0referstoanystressstatesuchthat3 =2 >1 (e.g.uniaxial compression,biaxialtension)while=60foranystressstatewhere > = (e.g.

3 2 1

uniaxialtension,biaxialcompression).Allothermultiaxialstressstateshaveanglesof equalsr whileif=60, similaritysuchthat0 60.When=0,S

1 1

S1 equalsr 2 .Therefore,thefunctionr1 representsthefailuresurfaceofallstressstateswith =0.Thefunctionsr ,r andtheanglearedepictedonFigure4.30:3-DFailureSurface

1 2

inPrincipalStressSpace.

Figure 4.30: 3-D Failure Surface in Principal Stress Space

Itmaybeseenthatthecross-sectionofthefailureplanehascyclicsymmetryabouteach 120sectoroftheoctahedralplaneduetotherange0<<60oftheangleofsimilitude. Thefunctionr1 isdeterminedbyadjustinga 0 ,a1 ,anda2 suchthatft,fcb ,andf1 alllieonthe ContainsproprietaryandconfidentialinformationofANSYS,Inc. anditssubsidiariesandaffiliates

TheoryReference Page:6 failuresurface.Thepropervaluesforthesecoefficientsaredeterminedthroughsolutionof thesimultaneousequations:

with

Thefunctionr2 iscalculatedbyadjustingb0 ,b1 ,andb2 tosatisfytheconditions:

2 isdefinedby:

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TheoryReference Page:7 and0 isthepositiverootoftheequation

wherea ,a ,anda areevaluatedby

0 1 2

Sincethefailuresurfacemustremainconvex,theratior 1 /r2 isrestrictedtotherange

althoughtheupperboundisnotconsideredtoberestrictivesincer /r <1formost
1 2

materials(Willam([36.])).Also,thecoefficientsa0 ,a1 ,a2 ,b0 ,b1 ,andb2 mustsatisfythe conditions(WillamandWarnke([37.])):

Therefore,thefailuresurfaceisclosedandpredictsfailureunderhighhydrostaticpressure (>2 ).Thisclosureofthefailuresurfacehasnotbeenverifiedexperimentallyandithas beensuggestedthatavonMisestypecylinderisamorevalidfailuresurfaceforlarge compressiveh values(Willam([36.])).Consequently,itisrecommendedthatvaluesoff1 andf2 areselectedatahydrostaticstresslevel inthevicinityoforabovetheexpected

maximumhydrostaticstressencounteredinthestructure. expressestheconditionthatthefailuresurfacehasanapexat= .A
0

profileofr1 andr2 asafunctionofisshowninFigure4.31:AProfileoftheFailureSurface.

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TheoryReference Page:8 Figure 4.31: A Profile of the Failure Surface

AsaFunctionof Thelowercurverepresentsallstressstatessuchthat=0whiletheuppercurve representsstressstatessuchthat=60.Ifthefailurecriterionissatisfied,thematerialis assumedtocrush.

4.11.2. The Domain (Tension - Compression Compression)

1 0 2 3

Intheregime,Ftakestheform

andSisdefinedas

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TheoryReference Page:9

wherecosisdefinedby

and

Thecoefficientsa ,a ,a ,b ,b ,b aredefinedby
0 1 2 0 1 2

and

while

Ifthefailurecriterionissatisfied,crackingoccursintheplaneperpendiculartoprincipal stress1 . Thisdomaincanalsocrush.See(WillamandWarnke([37.]))fordetails.

4.11.3. The Domain (Tension - Tension - Compression)

Inthetension-tension-compressionregime,Ftakestheform

andSisdefinedas

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TheoryReference Page:10

Ifthefailurecriterionforbothi=1,2issatisfied,crackingoccursintheplanesperpendicular toprincipalstresses and .Ifthefailurecriterionissatisfiedonlyfori=1,cracking

1 2

occursonlyintheplaneperpendiculartoprincipalstress .
1

Thisdomaincanalsocrush.See(WillamandWarnke([37.]))fordetails.

4.11.4. The Domain (Tension - Tension - Tension)

1 2 3 0

Inthetension-tension-tensionregimes,Ftakestheform

andSisdefinedas

Ifthefailurecriterionissatisfiedindirections1,2,and3,crackingoccursintheplanes perpendiculartoprincipalstresses1 ,2 ,and 3 . Ifthefailurecriterionissatisfiedindirections1and2,crackingoccursintheplane perpendiculartoprincipalstresses1 and2 . Ifthefailurecriterionissatisfiedonlyindirection1,crackingoccursintheplane perpendiculartoprincipalstress .

1

Figure 4.32: Failure Surface in Principal Stress Space with Nearly Biaxial Stress

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TheoryReference Page:11

Figure4.32:FailureSurfaceinPrincipalStressSpacewithNearlyBiaxialStressrepresents the3-Dfailuresurfaceforstatesofstressthatarebiaxialornearlybiaxial.Ifthemost significantnonzeroprincipalstressesareinthexpandyp directions,thethreesurfaces presentedarefor slightlygreaterthanzero, equaltozero,and slightlylessthan

zp zp zp

zero.Althoughthethreesurfaces,shownasprojectionsonthexp-yp plane,arenearly equivalentandthe3-Dfailuresurfaceiscontinuous,themodeofmaterialfailureisa functionofthesignofzp.Forexample,ifxpandyp arebothnegativeandzp isslightly positive,crackingwouldbepredictedinadirectionperpendiculartothe direction.

zp

However,ifzp iszeroorslightlynegative,thematerialisassumedtocrush.
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