THE IMPACT OF STATCOM ON DISTANCE RELAY USING WAVELET ANALYSIS

D.NAVEEN KUMAR 3/4EEE Email:naveen.eee431@gmail.com A.ANUSHA 3/4EEE email:anushaappikatla@gmail.com

Bapatla Engineering College,Bapatla

Abstract - This paper presents analytical and simulation results of the application of distance relays for the protection of transmission systems employing flexible alternating current transmission controllers such as the unified power flow controller. This paper presents an efficient method based on wavelet transforms both fault detection and classification which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault location and fault inception angle of transmission line fault currents with the STATCOM. The simulation results show the impact of STATCOM on the performance of a distance protection relay for different fault conditions. Keywords - FACTS, short-circuit, power system protection, STATCOM. The work in [5] presents the analytical results based on steady-steady model of STATCOM, and has studied the impact of STATCOM on distance relay at different load levels. In [6], the voltagesource model of FACTS devices is used to study the impact of FACTS on the tripping boundaries of distance relay. The work in [7] shows that thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) has a big influence on the mho characteristic, reactance and direction and makes protection region unstable. The study in [8] demonstrates that the presence of FACTS devices on a transmission line will affect the trip boundary of the distance relay, and both the parameters the FACTS device and its location have impact on trip boundary. All the studies show that when the FACTS devices is in a fault loop, its voltage and current injection will affect both the steady and the transient components in voltage and current and hence the apparent impedance seen by a conventional distance relay is different from that on the system without FACTS. This paper will analyze and explore the impact of STATCOM employed in a transmission system on the performance model of STATCOM is proposed.

I.

INTRODUCTION

In this respect, due to the recent advances in high power semiconductor technology, Flexible AC transmission System (FACTS) technology has been proposed to solve the problem [1, 2]. However, because of the added complexity due to interaction of FACTS devices with the transmission system, the transients superimposed on the power frequency voltage and current waveforms (particularly under faults) can be significantly different from those systems not employing FACTS devices and it will result in rapid changes in system parameters such as line impedance and power angle. It is thus vitally important to study the impact of FACTS devices on the traditional protection relay scheme such as the impedance-based distance protection relay [3]. STATCOM is one of the most widely used FACTS devices. It is based on a voltage source convert and can inject an almost sinusoidal current with the connecting line voltage. It is widely used at the midpoint of a transmission line or heavy load area to maintain the connecting point voltage power into the voltage system [4].Because of the presence of STATCOM devices in a fault loop, the voltage and current signals at a relay point will be affected in both on steady and transient state. Some research has been done on the performance of the distance relay for a transmission system with different FACTS devices.

Fig.1 Single line diagram of STATCOM 1 A. STATCOM MODEL

Simulation System

Simpower Systems is a design tool using Simulink environment in MATLAB to model and simulate a power system. It has been to study a PWM convert-based distributed STATCOM in [9].In this study, this tool is used to model the 138kV parallel transmission system with 48-pulse STATCOM installed in the midpoint of one transmission line. The system configured with this tool is shown in figure 1. Two 200km parallel transmission lines connect two 138kV, 6500 MVA generators and the angle difference between these two generators in 20 degrees. The 160MVA STATCOM is installed in the second transmission line. The STATCOM uses one

48-pulse voltage source inverter which connects with two 4000F series DC capacitors. The transmission line is based on the distributed parameter line model. The positive and negative sequence line impedances are 0.195+j3.3425/km, the zero sequence transmission line impedance is 2.638+11.27j.

classification which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault location and fault inception angle. III. STATCOM AND SYSTEM MODEL TRANSMISSION

B. 48-pulse voltage inverter

The voltage source inverter in this research is based on the 48-pulse quasi harmonic neutralized GTO inverter [10]. It consists of four 3-phase,3-level GTO inverters and four phase-shifting transformers. Each inverter uses a 3-level GTO bridge block to generate a three square-wave voltage; these voltages are fed to the secondary windings of four phaseshifting transformers whose primary windings are connected in series to produce an almost sinusoidal voltage output. A DC capacitor is connected to the four 3-level inverters, the magnitude of square-wave voltage can be +Vdc, 0, -Vdc. The fundamental component of voltage source inverter has the amplitude of: Vx,n = 2/ VDC cos(/24) cos (1) As seen from above, the magnitude of the output voltage can be adjusted through changing the value of dead angle and/or the DC voltage of capacitor. The phase angle of the output voltage can be adjusted by using the input signal from pulse generator. In this STATCOM, the dead angle, and this inverter is known as a 48-pulse inverter. C. STATCOM control model The control of STATCOM is shown in figure 2. It is used to operate the voltage source inverter to inject or absorb reactive power to regulate the connecting point voltage to the setting value Vref. The three phase voltage at the connecting point is sent to the PhaseLock-Loop to calculate the reference angle which is synchronized to the phase A voltage. The three phase currents of STATCOM are decomposed into its real part Id and reactive part Iq by abc-dqo transform using the phase-lock-loop angle as reference. The magnitude of the positive sequence component of the connecting point voltage is compared with the desired reference voltage Vref, and the error is passed through a PI controller to produce the desired reactive current Iqref, this current reference is compared with the reactive part of the shunt current no produce the error which will be passed through another PI controller to obtain the relative phase angle, of the inverter voltage with respect to the phase A voltage. The phase angle together with the phase-lock-loop signal are feed to the STATCOM firing pulse generator to generate the desired pulse for the voltage source inverter (the dead angle of STATCOM is kept fixed at =/48 ). This paper presents an efficient methods based on wavelet transforms for both fault detection and

System Employing a STATCOM Model In this study, SimPowerSystem 3.1 toolbox in Matlab 7.0.1 is used to model the 138-kV parallel transmission system with STATCOM installed in the middle of one transmission line [9]. The system built with this tool is shown in Fig. 2. A 200-km parallel 138-kV transmission lines terminated in two 6500MVA short-circuit levels (SCLs) sources and the angle difference is 20. The 160-MVA UPFC is installed in the middle of the second transmission line. The STATCOM consists of two 48-pulse voltage source inverters connected through 2000F common dc capacitor. The inverter known as STATCOM connects into the transmission system through a 15 kV/138 kV /Y shunt transformer, and injects or consumes reactive power to the transmission system to regulate the voltage at the connecting point; The transmission line is based on the distributed parameter line model.

A. Transmission

Fig 2. Transmission system with STATCOM.

Fig 3.STATCOM Control model

Fig 4. 48-Pulse inverter

B. Voltage Source Inverter Model The voltage source inverter employed herein is based on the 48-pulse quasi harmonic neutralized GTO inverter [10] and the structure is shown in Fig. 5. It consists of four 3-phase, 3-level GTO inverters and four phase-shifting transformers. Each inverter uses a 3-level GTO bridge block to generate three square wave voltages. These voltage are fed to the secondary windings of four phase-shifting transformers whose primary windings are connected in series to produce an almost sinusoidal voltage output. A dc capacitor is connected to the four 3-level inverters. In this study, the STATCOM inverter is operated as 48-pulse inverter, that is to say, the dead angle kept constant during the operation, and the SSSC inverter is operated with a variable dead angle to control the amplitude of the injection voltage. II. FAULT CURRENT LIMITATION The fault current limitation based on impedance control is a quite known subject, as described in the literature. Three phase faults can be controlled with limiting reactors and phase-to-ground faults need zero sequence impedance management, sometimes with the use of grounding devices. However, little information exists on short-circuit limitation with series voltage injection, in view of their recent introduction on networks. Since the series voltages are introduced through series coupling transformers, their respective leakage reactance contribute for fault current limitation, and this aspect must be considered in the analysis. The UPFC fault limitation capability was investigated in [7], [8], [9] and [10], where it was showed that this device could be effective for that purpose. In the very simple configuration of Fig. 2, lets suppose the short circuit occurring at the point F, the connection point of the UPFC to the line. The UPFC action is effective only for the system contribution, at left of the fault, injecting positive sequence voltages in opposition to the left equivalent source, having no effect in the line contribution.

Fig 6. The fractal self-similarity of the Daubechies mother wavelet Within each family of wavelets (such as the Daubechies family) are wavelet subclasses distinguished by the number of coefficients and by the level of iteration. Wavelets are classified within a family most often by the number of vanishing moments. This is an extra set of mathematical relationships for the coefficients that must be satisfied, and is directly related to the number of coefficients [1]. For example, within the Coiflet wavelet family are Coiflets with two vanishing moments, and Coiflets with three vanishing moments. V. FAULT SIGNAL WAVELETS ANALYSIS USING

The high frequency information can be extracted from the original signal with the help of MRA. For the faulted power system, this high frequency information may contain useful fault signatures. The objective of this paper is to detect, classify, and locate the fault from the detail signals of the MRA output. Another important parameter is the wavelet type. After the examination of several kinds of wavelet, the Daubechies D-4 wavelet is proved to have little computational burden as well as good performance, where both the low-pass and band-pass filters h(n) and g(n) have only four coefficients. A power system shown in Figure 1 above was simulated by the MATLAB/SIMULINK to provide fault data for the algorithm. The fault was simulated on line, which is 200 km in length. In Figure 8 the effect of the down-sampling by two is to reduce the redundancy of the MRA representation. When a fault occurs, a large amount of MRA detail signal will be generated. Hence the sharp variations of the detail signals can be viewed as the features of the faults. By detecting these sharp variations, the fault can be identified correctly. But detection of fault has been done already in many papers and concluded online monitoring or sharp variations in detail coefficients are sufficient for detection.

IV. WAVELET ANALYSIS Wavelet transforms comprise an infinite set. The different wavelet families make different trade-offs between how compactly the basis functions are localized in space and how smooth they are. Some of the wavelet bases have fractal structure. The Daubechies wavelet family is one example

Fig 5.Daubechies wavelet functions, time-frequency tiles, coverage of time- frequency plane

Fig 7. Decomposition of original signal pof, filter bank implementation of MRA FIG 10. 3-PHASE FAULT WITH UPFC

FIG 11. PHASE A TO GROUND FAULT

Fig 8. Flow chart for Transmission line fault classification VI. FAULT LOCATION INTERPOLATION TECHNIQUE USING FIG 12. PHASE A TO GROUND FAULT WITH UPFC Detailed coefficients at Line to ground fault
KM/ FI 1st 2nd 40 60 80 120 160 180

The set of data required is that sum of coefficients of a particular phase current either a or b or c which is involved in fault for varying fault position say for each 10 km.The Matlab commands for interpolation technique such as 1.SPLINE: PP = SPLINE(X,Y) provides the piecewise polynomial form of the cubic spline interpolate to the data values 2.INTERP1:YI=INTERP1(X,Y,XI) interpolates to find YI, the values of the underlying function Y at the points in the vector, 3.PCHIP:PP = PCHIP(X Y) provides the piecewise polynomial form of a certain shape-preserving piecewise cubic Hermite interpolate. VII. SIMULATION RESULTS

1.11 1.13 1.16 1.21 1.26

1.05 1.07 1.10 1.16 1.23

0.97 0.99 1.02 1.08 1.17

0.70 0.72 0.75 0.81 0.93

0.13 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.32

-0.35 -0.35 -0.34 -0.32 -0.25

3rd 4th 5th

Table 1. Sum of detailed coefficients Sa_LG

KM/FI 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 40 6.70 6.77 6.90 7.08 60 6.86 6.94 7.07 7.28 80 6.99 7.06 7.20 7.44 120 6.92 6.99 7.13 7.42 160 5.31 5.35 5.44 5.69 180 2.31 2.33 2.37 2.50

FIG 9. 3-PHASE FAULT WITHOUT UPFC

5th

7.23

7.50

7.74

7.91

6.29

2.95

KM/FI 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

40 -1.10 -1.12 -1.14 -1.18 -1.20

60 -1.10 -1.11 -1.14 -1.18 -1.22

80 -1.09 -1.11 -1.13 -1.17 -1.23

120 -1.03 -1.05 -1.07 -1.12 -1.20

160 -0.80 -0.80 -0.82 -0.85 -0.94

`180 -0.44 -0.44 -0.45 -0.47 -0.53

VIII. CONCLUSION This paper firstly presents a detailed model of a Table 2. Sum of detailed coefficients Sb_LG
KM/FI 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 40 1.01 0.97 0.90 0.78 0.58 60 1.17 1.13 1.06 0.92 0.70 80 1.37 1.33 1.25 1.10 0.85 120 1.94 1.90 1.82 1.65 1.33 160 2.83 2.81 2.76 2.62 2.28 180 2nd 3.24 3rd 3.23 4th 3.21 5th 3.14 2.90 -0.57 -0.0 0.61 2.69 6.21 7.82 -0.35 0.20 0.91 3.03 6.48 7.98 -0.19 0.37 1.09 3.20 6.60 8.02 -0.09 0.47 1.19 3.29 6.64 8.04 KM/ FI 1st 40 60 80 120 160 180

-0.03

0.53

1.24

3.33

6.66

8.05

Table 3. Sum of detailed coefficients Sc_LG

KM/ FI 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

40

60

80

120

160

180

1.01 0.97 0.90 0.78 0.58

1.17 1.13 1.05 0.92 0.70

1.37 1.33 1.25 1.10 0.85

1.94 1.90 1.82 1.66 1.33

2.84 2.82 2.76 2.63 2.28

3.25 3.24 3.22 3.15 2.91

transmission system employing UPFC. The results presented in this paper clearly highlight the fundamental problems of protecting a transmission system employing a UPFC using distance protection with wavelet . It presented basic aspects to get effective short-circuit limitation through series voltage insertion in the network, taking into account the effect of healthy phases in unbalanced faults. Although the analysis focused mainly three-phase and phase-to-ground faults, it could easily be extended to faults of other types. References: [1] L. Gyugyi, Unified Power Flow Control Concept for Flexible AC Transmission Systems, in Proc. 5th International Conference on ACand DC Power Transmission Conf., IEE, Issue 345, pp 19-26, London, UK, 1991. [2] I. Papic, P. Zunko, D. Povh, M. Weinhold, Basic Control of Unified Power Flow Controller, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, v. 12,n.4, p.1734-39, Nov. 1997. [3] Z. Huang, et al., Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Interconnected Power Systems Modeling, Interface, Control Strategyand Study Case, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, v.15, n.2,p.817-24, May, 2000.

3-Phase Fault analysis Table 4. Sum of detailed coefficients Sa_LLL Table 5. Sum of detailed coefficients Sb_LLL

[4] E. Uzunovic, C. Caizares, J. Reeve, Fundamental Frequency Model of Unified Power Flow Controller, in Proc. North American PowerSymposium NAPS, Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 1998, pp. 294-99. [5] K. K. Sen, E. J. Stacey, UPFC-Unified Power Flow Controller: Theory,Modeling and Applications, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, Oct. 1998. pp.1953-60.

Table 6. Sum of detailed coefficients Sc_LLL

[6] L. C. Zanetta Jr., M. Pereira Limitation of Line Fault Currents with the UPFCthe International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST07) in Lyon, France on June 4-7, 2007. [7] K. Duangkamol, Y. Mitani, K. Tsuji, M. Hojo, Fault Current Limiting and Power System Stabilization by Static Synchronous SeriesCompensator, in Proc. International Conference on Power SystemTechnology (PowerCon2000), Australia, Dec. 2000. p.1581-86. [8] M. Takeshita, H. Sugihara, Effect of Fault Current Limiting of UPFC for Power Flow Control in Loop Transmission, in Proc. IEEE/PES Transm. & Distrib. Conference and Exhibition 2002, Asia Pacific, Oct.6-10, 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 2032 36, Yokohama, Japan, 2002. [9] K. Duangkamol, Y. Mitani, K. Tsuji, Power System Stabilizing Control and Current Limiting by a SMES with a Series Phase Compensator, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.11, No. 1, March 2001. pp. 1753-56. [10] Vasquez Arnez, R. L; Zanetta, L.C.; Effective Limitation of Line Fault Currents by Means of Series-Connected VSI-Based FACTS Devices. In:X Symposium of Specialists in Electric Operational and Expansion Planning, Florianpolis, Brasil, X SEPOPE, 2006 [11] Liang .J, Elangovan .S, Devotta .J.B.X, A Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis Approach to Fault Detection and Classification in Transmission Lines, EPSR, vol. 30, No. 5,1998, pp. 327-332. [12] Xiaoyao Zhou, Haifeng Wang, R. K. Aggarwal, Phil Beaumont, Performance Evaluation of a Distance Relay as Applied to a Transmission System With UPFC IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY [13] Fernandez .R, and Nelson Diaz .H, An Overview of Wavlet Transforms Application in Power Systems, 14th PSCC, Sevilla, 24-28 June 2002.