Faculty of Engineering Science and Built Environment

Course: BEng Building Services Engineering Mode: Part Time Level: Two Unit: Thermofluids 2 A Tutor: Dr S Ahuja Unit Code: DTF-2-257 Date: Semester 1, 2010

Prepared By Douglas Buchan

Combined Cycle Report

Thermofluids 2a

PRODUCED BY DOUGLAS BUCHAN 2911727

12.12.2010

COURESEWORK 2 FOR THERMOFLUIDS 2A (From thermodynamics part of this unit)

A gas-turbine power plant operates on a pressure ratio of 13:1 with compressor and turbine-inlet temperatures of 290 and 1440 K, respectively. The adiabatic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 84% and 88%, respectively. The turbine exhaust, used as the energy source for a steam cycle, leaves the boiler at 500 K. The inlet conditions to the 86% efficient turbine in the steam cycle are 160 bar and 560 The condenser pressure is 0.08 bar, and the pump is 70% C. efficient. Calculate: a) The required heat input, in kJ/kg of air b) The mass flow rate ratio of air to steam c) The net work output of the gas-turbine cycle, in kJ/kg of air d) The net work output of the steam cycle, in kJ/kg of steam e) Overall thermal efficiency of the combined cycle f) Specific volume of air at the inlet of combustor, in m3/kg if air coming into the Brayton cycle is at 1 atmosphere. g) Draw a sketch of the complete cycle h) Show relevant P-v, T-s or h-s diagram for both the cycles Assume: 1) Cp for air = 1.005 kJ/(kg K) 2) Cp for combustion gases = 1.115 kJ/(kg K)

Assessment: The solution must be presented in a professional report format. Each element of the Engineering Problem Solving Method must be clearly listed. Each of the above, a through h, are worth 10 marks each. 10 marks are for assumptions. 10 marks are for clarity of your work and report presentation. Submission deadline: 16 December, 2010. Submit your report to FESBE Faculty Office T 313.

Contents
Introduction Brayton Cycle Analysis System Description System Thermodynamics Temperature Analysis PV and TS Diagrams Volumetric Analysis Work Input and Output Analysis Rankine Cycle Analysis System Description System Thermodynamics Properties of Steam and Water Analysis Summary of Interpolated Results Thermodynamic Analysis PV and TS Diagrams Combined Cycle Analysis System Description System Thermodynamics Thermal Efficiency Analysis Conclusions Further Analysis and Recommendations Bibliography 14 16 17 18 18 8 8 9 11 11 12 2 2 3 4 5 7 1

Combined Cycle Report Introduction This report contains an analysis of a combined cycle which has been undertaken in order to inform the client of the performance, through the various stages, of the processes involved. The combined cycle involves two processes, firstly the Brayton Cycle or Gas Cycle, and secondly the Rankine Cycle or Steam Cycle. Both of these cycles provide a means of generating electrical power. The reason that the cycles are combined (which is also termed Co-generation) is due to the fact that the exhaust gasses, which are a product of the Brayton Cycle, can be utilised in the Rankine cycle in order to produce the steam required to drive a turbine. The effects of this are obvious; by extracting the heat energy from the exhaust gasses more electrical energy can be produced, whilst the initial energy input, i.e. the combustion of fossil fuels, remains constant. This increases efficiency which in turn reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere. The fact that the Brayton Cycle provides the input heat energy for the Rankine cycle dictated that this cycle was the first to be selected for analysis.

Combined Cycle Report Brayton Cycle Analysis

Fuel In Combustor 2

Compressor

Turbine

Work Out Heat Exchanger 5 From Process 4 To Process

Fig 1, Schematic Diagram which is representative of the Brayton Cycle. System Description Air enters the cycle at the air intake (point 1), the air is then compressed in the compressor, which in an ideal cycle is an isentropic process, i.e. the entropy remains constant. This compressed air is then channelled to the combustor (point 2). Fuel is then mixed with the compressed air before being ignited in the combustor, which is an isobaric process, i.e. the pressure remains constant. The now heated air reaches the turbine (point 3) where is velocity is used to turn the turbine which in turn provides mechanical work which will drive the electrical generator as well as powering the crankshaft which connects to the Compressor, this process is again isentropic. The hot exhaust gasses then pass through a heat exchanger (between points 4-5) where heat is extracted from the gasses for use in the Rankine cycle, this process is isobaric. System Thermodynamics The following conditions were known and were not calculated as part of my analysis. The gas-turbine power plant operates on a pressure ratio of 13:1 with compressor and turbine-inlet temperatures of 290 and 1440 K, respectively. The adiabatic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 84% and 88%, respectively. The turbine exhaust, used as the energy source for a steam cycle, leaves the boiler at 500 K.

Combined Cycle Report The following assumptions have been made; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Air is delivered to compressor at atmospheric pressure of 101325 Pa The Fuel used in the combustor is natural gas The process is an ideal cycle The Heat Exchanger is 100% efficient and has no losses The specific Heat Capacity for Air is 1.005 kJ/(kg K) The specific Heat Capacity for Combustion Gases is 1.115 kJ/(kg K)

Temperature analysis T1 = 290 K (Compressor inlet temp) T3 = 1440K (Turbine inlet temp) Heat Capacity Ratio (Cp/Cv) (1.4 from class notes) Pressure Ratio)

Turbine = 88% Compressor = 84%

T2 had to be calculated using the following formula;

T2 = 603.5K
T4 was calculated in a similar manner;

T4 = 692K
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Combined Cycle Report A temperature entropy diagram can now be plotted using these values.
T

Q In Work Out

Compression Work In Q Out

Fig 2 Temperature Entropy Diagram showing the Brayton Cycle

P Q In Isobaric

Isentropic Compression

Isentropic Expansion

Q Out

Isobaric

Fig 3 Pressure Volume Diagram showing the Brayton Cycle

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Combined Cycle Report The temperatures that have been established were also used to assess the required heat input to the cycle. The following assumptions were made;

Cp for air = 1.005 kJ/(kg K) Cp for combustion gases = 1.115 kJ/(kg K)

Using the calculated value for T 2 and the value given for T3 the following formula has been used to carry out an assessment of the required heating input;

Qin = 932.7 kj/kg

Volumetric Analysis In order to establish the specific volume of the air entering the combustor I have used the Ideal gas law in conjunction with data taken from Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids fifth Edition; Formula of Ideal Gas Law

Where: V = Volume (m3/s) P = Pressure of fluid medium (bar) n = Amount of substance (mol) T = Temperature (Kelvin) V = Specific Volume (m3/kg) R = Specific Gas Constant = Molar Gas Constant

Combined Cycle Report

GAS CONSTANT

Where:

Entering Pressure The air pressure entering the Brayton cycle is at 1 atmosphere which is taken to be standard atmospheric pressure of 1.01325 bar, it is then compressed in the compressor at a pressure ratio of 13:1. I have used the following formula to calculate the pressure of air entering combustor;

Specific volume at combustor inlet T=603.5K p=1.01325bar=101.325kPa

Combined Cycle Report Work Input and Output Analysis The temperatures calculated for the Brayton Cycle have been utilised to calculate the amount of mechanical work being inputted and outputted to and from the system.
Compressor Work Done (W c)

This figure represents the work input of the compressor had it been operating at 100% efficiency, however the turbine efficiency is stated as 88%. Therefore the actual work input of the compressor has been calculated as follows;

Turbine Work Done (W T)

WT = This figure represents the output of the turbine had it been operating at 100% efficiency, however the turbine efficiency is stated as 88%. Therefore the actual output of the turbine has been calculated as follows; W T Actual = 733.92 kj/kg

Net Work Output for Brayton Cycle W Ne t= W T Actual W C Actual = 733.92 kj/kg 375.08 kj/kg W Net = 358.84 kj/kg
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Combined Cycle Report Rankine Cycle Analysis

Q in

Heat Exchanger 6 3 2 5

Turbine

Work Out

Pump Work In 1 Condenser 4

Q out

Fig 4, Schematic Diagram which is representative of the Rankine Cycle. System Description Water enters the pump (point 1), and through the work input of the pump is pressurised to a higher pressure and begins the cycle, which in an ideal cycle is an isentropic process, i.e. the entropy remains constant. The high pressure water is then channelled to the Heat Exchanger (point 2). The Heat Exchanger (between points 2-3) heats the water in the Rankine cycle and thus converts it into steam, the heat generated during combustion on the Brayton cycle has been utilised as a heat source in this instance, (This is a similar process to using a boiler, etc) which is an isobaric process, i.e. the pressure remains constant. The now superheated steam (dry saturated water vapour) reaches the turbine (point 3) where is velocity (due to expansion) is used to turn the turbine which in turn provides mechanical work which will drive the electrical generator, this process is again isentropic. The wet vapour (due to the loss of pressure and temperature) then leaves the turbine (point 4) it then passes through a Condenser where it is converted to a saturated liquid due to the additional temperature loss (between points 4-1), this process is isobaric. System Thermodynamics The following conditions were known and were not calculated as part of my analysis. The inlet conditions to the 86% efficient turbine in the Rankine cycle are 160 bar and 560 C. The condenser pressure is 0.08 bar, and the pump is 70% efficient. In order to carry out an analysis of this system I will be consulting the steam tables provided in Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids, Fifth Edition.
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Combined Cycle Report Properties of Water and Steam Analysis

In Order to achieve the correct figure for h 1 I have had to interpolate the steam tables as 0.08bar is not listed. The interpolation of the figures in the table is as follows;

Therefore

In Order to achieve the correct figure for h3 I have had to interpolate the steam tables as 560oC @160bar is not listed. The interpolation of the figures in the table is as follows;

Therefore

In Order to achieve the correct figure for hfg @ 0.8bar I have had to interpolate the steam tables as 0.08bar is not listed. The interpolation of the figures in the table is as follows;

Therefore
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Combined Cycle Report

In Order to achieve the correct figure for S1 I have had to interpolate the steam tables as 0.08bar is not listed. The interpolation of the figures in the table is as follows;

Therefore

In Order to achieve the correct figure for Sfg @ 0.08bar I have had to interpolate the steam tables as 0.08bar is not listed. The interpolation of the figures in the table is as follows;

Therefore

In Order to achieve the correct figure for Vf @ 0.08bar I have had to interpolate the steam tables as 0.08bar is not listed. The interpolation of the figures in the table is as follows;

0.0010081 Therefore

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Combined Cycle Report Summary of interpolated results

Thermodynamic Analysis Quality Dryness

Enthalpy @ h4

Work Done Pump

Enthalpy @ h2

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Combined Cycle Report

Work Done Turbine

The Pressure Volume Chart can now be plotted.

P

Liquid 1

Liquid and Vapour 2

Vapour

Fig 5. A Pressure volume Chart showing the Ideal Rankine Cycle.

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Combined Cycle Report

2 Liquid Liquid and Vapour Vapour

Superheated Steam 1

4 3 S

Fig 6. Temperature Entropy Diagram showing the ideal Rankine Cycle.

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Combined Cycle Report

Combined Cycle Analysis

Fuel In Combustor

Brayton Cycle Air Intake Compressor Turbine

Exhaust Gasses

Work Out Heat Exchanger

Rankine Cycle Turbine Work Out

Pump Work In Condenser

Q out

Fig 5. Schematic Diagram which is representative of the Combined Cycle. System Description The combined cycle is composed of the two component parts that have been shown in detail in previous chapters of this report. Namely the Brayton Cycle (Gas Turbine) and the Rankine cycle (Steam Turbine). The Brayton cycle is an open system in that the cycle requires a fresh intake of air (the fluid medium) for each cycle. The Rankine cycle is a closed system in that the water (the fluid medium) is constantly recycled. The way in which the systems operate independently has been described in this report (see Brayton and Rankine cycle system descriptions), however to summarise,
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Combined Cycle Report the heat input to the Rankine Cycle is provided by the gasses rejected by the Brayton Cycle turbine. The heat transfer is facilitated by way of a heat exchanger. The combined cycle produces electricity from both of these cycles and is shown diagrammatically below; this should help the reader of this report to envisage how the processes are used.

Fig 6, Diagram which shows the Combined Cycle1.

Diagram from, http://www.power-technology.com/projects/san_joaquin/san_joaquin3.html

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Combined Cycle Report

System Thermodynamics Heat Rejected From Brayton Exhaust Gas Exhaust gases leave turbine at 692K and enter the heat exchanger, in which heat is transferred to the Steam Cycle. Exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at a temperature of 500K. I have used the assumed cp of the exhaust gas.

Assuming that 1 kg/s of combusted gas will be circulating then;

Heat Absorbed I have assumed the heat exchanger to be ideal and as such it shall experience no losses. Therefore the same amount of heat that was rejected by the Brayton Cycle through the heat exchanger will be absorbed by the water from the Rankine Cycle. In the Rankine cycle I will be using the enthalpies instead of temperatures and the assumed cp value for steam.

From this equation I have calculated the mass flow rate of the steam, which is found using the following equation;

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Combined Cycle Report Mass Flow Rate Ratio I have assumed that the mass flow rate of the exhaust gases is 1 kg/s. The ratio of steam cycle has been calculated through the heat exchanged in the heat exchanger.

The ratio at which air cycles in comparison to that of steam was found to be; 15.4: 1

The net work output of the steam cycle [kJ/kg] of steam

Thermal Efficiency Analysis Heat Input

Work Done Brayton Cycle

Work Done Rankine Cycle

Thermal Efficiency

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Combined Cycle Report Conclusions It can be seen, from the results of my calculations, that the Rankine Cycle has produced 78.9 KW of Energy. Although the work that the pump has put into the Rankine cycle should be taken into account it is negligible. Therefore for the purposes of this report it can be assumed that the combined cycle has produced nearly 80KW of energy during a cycle. Of course the extra capital costs of implementing a system of this type would need to be taken into account before the final cost benefit (and payback period) to the client could be assessed.

Further Analysis and Recommendations The type of turbine fan blades that have been used as well as the pitch angle that they have been set at is undetermined; as a result further investigation should take place. This further work will certainly determine whether efficiency can be improved. The temperature of the gases being exhausted are currently still at 500 Kelvin, this heat is being lost. It is recommended that a feasibility study is carried out to ascertain whether this lost heat could be utilised for other uses such as space heating or other building services applications, this type of study is outwith the scope of this report. Frictional losses from rotating machinery have not been taken into account but will almost certainly be present; it is recommended that the client commission a more indepth report into these areas, this type of study is outwith the scope of this report. The combustion efficiency of the natural gas will also play a major part in the efficiency of the combined cycle this has been assumed to be ideal for the purpose of this report.

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Bibliography

Handbook for cogeneration and combined cycle power plants, By Meherwan P. Boyce Thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids: SI units By G. F. C. Rogers, Yon Richard Mayhew Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering By J.Selwin Rajadurai Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics By Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro

Websites Consulted

http://web.mit.edu/ http://www.cogeneration.net http://www.power-technology.com