UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

Exam 2010 / Eksamen 2010

THERMOFLUIDS (MTV 310)

Lecturer / Dosent: Mr. Johnathan Vadasz External Examiner / Eksterne Eksamineerder: Dr. G. Ziskind (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) Time / Tyd: 180 min. Total / Totaal: 100 marks / punte
Check that there are 34 question pages including this one. Answer all questions and show all working and assumptions.

Answers to be written on the question paper below the questions in the space provided!!!
Verseker daar 34 vraag bladsye is, insluitend hierdie bladsy. Beantwoord alle vrae en toon alle bewerkings en aannames.

Antwoorde moet geskryf word op die vraestel in die ruimtes voorsien!!!

Question 1: please turn the page Vraag 1: blaai asb om

Question 1 / Vraag 1

(6)

When a uniform stream flows past an immersed thick cylinder, a broad low-velocity wake is created downstream, idealized as a V-shape in the figure below. Pressures p1 and p2 are approximately equal. If the flow is two dimensional and incompressible, with width b into the paper, derive an equation for the drag force F on the cylinder. Also rewrite your answer in the form of a dimensionless drag coefficient based on body length:
C D = F / U 2bL

Wanneer n uniforme stroom verby n dik silinder vloei, word n lae-snelheid volgstroom opgewek in die afstroom rigting, wat gedealiseer kan word deur n V-vorm soos in die onderstaande figuur getoon. Drukke p1 and p 2 is ongeveer gelyk. Indien die stroming tweedimensioneel en onsamedrukbaar is, met wydte b in die vlak van die papier, lei n vergelyking af vir die sleurkrag F op die silinder. Herskryf ook u antwoord in die vorm van n dimensielose sleurkoeffisient gebaseer op liggaamslengte, .
C D = F / U 2bL

Question 2 / Vraag 2

(7)

For the pipe flow reducing section of the figure below, D1 = 8 cm, D2 = 5 cm, and p2 = 1 atm. All fluids are at 20C. If V1 = 5m/s and the mercury manometer reading is h = 58 cm, estimate the total force resisted by the flange bolts. Densities: Water = 998 kg/m3, Mercury = 13550 kg/m3 Vir die getoonde pyp reduksie seksie, is D1 = 8 cm, D2 = 5 cm, en p2 = 1 atm. Alle vloeiers is by 20C. Indien V1 = 5m/s en die kwik-manometerlesing h = 58 cm is, bereken die totale krag wat deur die flensboute weerstaan word. Digthede: Water = 998 kg/m3, Kwik = 13550 kg/m3

Question 3 / Vraag 3 Given is a three-pipe series system as in the figure below. The total pressure drop is pA-pB = 170 kPa, and the elevation drop is zA-zB = 7 m. The pipe data are:

(12)

Die figuur hieronder toon n drie-pyp serie stelsel. Die totale drukval is pA-pB = 170 kPa. Die pypdata is: Pipe / Pyp 1 2 3 L, m 100 150 80 d, cm 4 6 8

, mm 0.24 0.12 0.08

/d 0.006 0.002 0.001

The fluid is water, = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.000001 m2/s. Calculate the flow rate Q in m3/h through the system. Die vloeier is water, met = 998 kg/m3 en = 0.000001 m2/s. Bereken die vloeitempo Q in m3/h deur die stelsel.

Question 4 / Vraag 4

(5)

A centrifugal impeller of 0.5m diameter is used to pump hydrogen at 15C and 1 atm pressure. Estimate the maximum allowable impeller rotational speed to avoid compressibility effects at the blade tips. For hydrogen R = 4124 m2/(s2-k) and k = 1.41. n Sentrifugale impeller van 0.5 m diameter word gebruik om waterstof te pomp by 15C en 1 atm druk. Bereken die impeller se maksimum toelaatbare rotasionele spoed om samedrukbaarhiedseffekte by die lempunte te vermy. Vir waterstof R = 4124 m2/(s2-k) and k = 1.41.

Question 5 / Vraag 5

(7)

A tank of oil has a right-triangular panel near the bottom, as seen in the figure below. Disregarding atmospheric pressure, find the (a) hydrostatic force and (b) the centre of pressure (CP) on the panel. Ixx = bL3/36 Ixy = b(b 2s)L2/72 n Olietenk het n regte-driehoekige panel naby die bodem, soos hieronder getoon. Ignoreer atmosferiese druk, en vind (a) die hidrostatiese krag en (b) die drukmiddelpunt (CP) op die paneel. Ixx = bL3/36 Ixy = b(b 2s)L2/72

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Question 6 / Vraag 6

(7)

Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0,2 m, thermal conductivity k = 1.2 W/mC, and surface area A = 15 m2. The two sides of the wall are maintained at constant temperatures of T1 = 120C and T2 = 50C, respectively. Determine (a) the variation of temperature within the wall and the value of temperature at x = 0.1 m and (b) the rate of heat conduction through the wall under steady conditions. Veronderstel n muur met n groot platvlak, wat n dikte van L=0,2 m, n warmtegeleivermo van k=1.2W/mC, en n oppervlak van oppervlakte A=15m2 het. n Konstante temperatuur van onderskeidelik T1=120C en T2=50C word op die twee kante van die muur gehandhaaf. Bereken (a) die temperatuurwisseling binne die muur en die temperatuurwaarde by x = 0.1 m en (b) die tempo van warmtegeleiding deur die muur onder bestendige toestande.

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Question 7 / Vraag 7 (10) Consider the base plate of a 1200 W household iron that has a thickness of L = 0.5 cm, base area of A = 300 cm2, and thermal conductivity of k = 15 W/mC. The inner surface of the base plate is subjected to uniform heat flux generated by the resistance heaters inside, and the outer surface loses heat to the surroundings at T = 20C by convection. Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be h = 80 W/m2C and disregarding heat loss by radiation, obtain an expression for the variation of temperature in the base plate, and evaluate the temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces. Veronderstel die voetplaat van n huishoudelike strykyster van 1200 W, wat n dikte van L=0.5 cm, n voetoppervlak A = 300 cm2, en n warmtegeleivermo van k=15W/mC het. Die binneoppervlak van die voet is onderworpe aan n egalige hittevloed wat deur die weerstandsverwarmers aan die binnekant gegenereer word, en vanwe konveksie (stroming/hittevloeiing) verloor die buiteoppervlak hitte aan die omgewing teen T = 20C. Aanvaar dat die konveksie-hitteoordragkoffisint h = 80 W/m2C is, en laat hitteverlies weens straling buite rekening. Bepaal dan n uitdrukking [vergelyking] vir die temperatuurwisseling in die voet, en bereken die onderskeie temperatuurwaardes van die binne- en die buite-oppervlakke onderskeidelik.

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Question 8 / Vraag 8

(12)

Consider a long resistance wire of radius r1 = 0.2 cm and thermal conductivity kwire = 15 W/mC in which heat is generated uniformly as a result of resistance heating at a & constant rate of egen = 50 W/m 2 . The wire is embedded in a 0.5 cm thick layer of ceramic whose thermal conductivity is kceramic = 1.2 W/mC. If the outer surface temperature of the ceramic layer is measured to be Ts= 45C, determine the temperatures at the center of the resistance wire and the interface of the wire and the ceramic layer under steady conditions. Veronderstel n lang weerstandsdraad met n radius van radius r1 = 0.2 cm en n warmtegeleivermo kdraad = 15 W/mC, waarin hitte egalig opgewek word weens & weerstandsverhitting teen n egalige (uniforme) tempo van egen = 50 W/m 2 . Die draad is ingebed in in n 0.5 cm dik laag keramiek met n warmtegeleivermo van kkeramiek = 1.2 W/mC. Indien die buiteoppervlaktemperatuur van die keramieklaag Ts = 45C meet, bereken die temperatuur, onder bestendige toestande, van die kern van die weerstandsdraad en van die keramieklaag onderskeidelik.

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Question 9 / Vraag 9

(7)

Consider a 0.8 m high and 1.5 m wide double pane window consisting of two 4 mm thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/mK) separated by a 10 mm wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/mK). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 20C while the temperature of the outdoors is -10C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10 W/m2C and h2 = 40 W/m2C, which includes the effects of radiation. Veronderstel n venster wat 0.8 m hoog en 1.5 m breed is, met n dubbele glaspaneel bestaande uit twee lae glas met n dikte van 4 mm elk (k = 0.78 W/mK), wat van mekaar geskei word deur n dooielugspasie van 10 mm breed (k = 0.026 W/mK). Bereken die bestendige tempo van hitteoordrag deur hierdie dubbelpaneelvenster en die temperatuur van sy binneoppervlak op n dag wanneer n vaste binnetemperatuur van 20C gehandhaaf word terwyl die temperatuur buite -10C meet. Aanvaar dat die konveksiehitteoordragkoffisint van die binne- en buiteoppervlak van die venster, met inbegrip van die stralingseffek, onderskeidelik h1 = 10 W/m2C en h2 = 40 W/m2C is.

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Question 10 / Vraag 10

(14)

Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is D1 = 3 cm and whose walls are maintained at a temperature of 120C. Circular aluminum alloy fins (k = 180 W/mC) of outer diameter D2 = 6 cm and constant thickness t = 2 mm are attached to the tube. The space between the fins is 3 mm, and thus there are 200 fins per meter length of the tube. Heat is transferred tot he surrounding air at T = 25C, with a combined heat transfer coefficient of h = 60 W/m2C. Determine the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins. In n verhittingstelsel vloei stoom deur pype met n buiteomtrek van D1 = 3 cm en n konstante wandtemperatuur van 120C. Ronde vinne van aluminium-allooi (k = 180 /mC), met n buiteomtrek van D2 = 6 cm en n eweredige dikte van t = 2 mm, is aan die pyp geheg. Die vinne 3 mm uitmekaar gespasieer, dus het die pyp 200 vinne per meterlengte. Hitte word teen T = 25C aan die omringende lug oorgedra, met n gesamentlike hitteoordragkoffisint van h = 60 W/m2C. Bereken die toename in die hitteoordrag per meterlengte van die pyp as gevolg van die toevoeging van nog vinne.

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Question 11 / Vraag 11

(13)

A 3 m high and 5 m wide wall consists of long 16 cm X 22 cm cross section horizontal bricks (k = 0.72 W/mC) separated by 3 cm thick plaster layers (k = 0.22 W/mC). There are also 2 cm thick plaster layers on each side of the brick and a 3 cm thick rigid foam (k = 0.026 W/mC) on the inner side of the wall. The indoor and outdoor temperatures are 20C and -10C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer sides are h1 = 10 W/m2C and h2 = 25 W/m2C, respectively. Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer and disregarding radiation, determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall. n Muur van 3 m hoog en 5 m breed is gebou met lang 16 cm X 22 cm dwarsdeursneehorisontale bakstene (k = 0.72 W/mC) met n pleisterlaag van 3 cm dik tussen elke ry bakstene (k = 0.22 W/mC). Daar is ook 2 cm dik pleisterlae aan weerskante van elke baksteen, en n 3 cm dik laag vasteskuim/hardeskuim (k = 0.026 W/mC) aan die binnekant van die muur. Die binnenshuise en buitenshuise temperatuur is onderskeidelik 20C en -10C, en die konveksie-hitteoordragkoffisint aan die binne- en aan die buitekant is onderskeidelik h1 = 10 W/m2C en h2 = 25 W/m2C. Aanvaar dat eendimensionele hitteoordrag plaasvind en laat straling buite rekening. Bereken dan teen watter tempo hitteoordrag deur die muur plaasvind.

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Information / Inligting: Fluid Vloeier Specific weight at 68F = 20C (N/m3) Spesifieke gewig by 68F = 20C (N/m3) 11.8 7733 8720 9790 10050 12360 15570 133100

Air / Lug (at/by 1 atm) Ethyl alcohol / Etileenglikol SAE 30 oil / SAE 30 olie Water Seawater / Seewater Glycerin / Gliserien Carbon tetrachloride / Koolstof-tetrachloried Mercury / Kwik

V ( x, y, z,t ) = iu ( x, y, z,t ) + jv ( x, y, z,t ) + kw ( x, y, z,t )

Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid / Termodinamiese eienskappe van n vloeier:

p = RT R = c p cv = gas const.
=
d du = dt dy

1 p = R11 + R2

)
p2 p1

Pressure Distribution in a Fluid / Drukverspreiding in n vloeier:

Liquids or

p2 p1 = ( z2 z1 ) z1 z2 =
g/( RB )

Bz p = pa 1 T0

where

g = 5.26(air) RB

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Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces / Hidrostatiese kragte op n plat oppervlak:

F = pa A + hCG A = ( pa + hCG ) A = pCG A

yCP = sin

xCP = sin

I xx pCG A I xy

pCG A

Integral Relations for a Control Volume / Integraalvergelykings vir n kontrolevolume:

d d (Bsyst ) = dV + V cos dAout V cos dAin dt dt CV CS CS d d (Bsyst ) = dV + ( V n ) dA dt dt CV CS d d (Bsyst ) = dV + ( Vr n ) dA dt dt CV CS

dV + ( i AiVi )out ( i AiVi )in = 0 t i i CV

F a
CV

rel

dm =

d VdV + CS V ( Vr n) dA dt CV

where

a rel

d 2 R d = 2 + r + 2 V + ( r ) dt dt

( r V ) dV + ( r V ) ( V n ) dA t CV CS

1 & & & Q Ws Wv = u + V 2 + gz dV t CV 2 1 + h + V 2 + gz ( V n ) dA 2 CS

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Friction and Shaft Work in Low-Speed Flow / Wrywing -en as werk in laespoed stroming:

p V2 p V2 + + z = + + z + h friction h pump + hturbine 2g 2g out in

Kinetic Energy Correction Factor / Kinetiese Energie Korreksiefaktor:

p 2 p + V + z = + V 2 + z + hturbine h pump + h friction 2g in 2g out

V dp 1 2 2 t ds + + 2 V2 V1 + g ( z2 z1 ) = 0 1 1
2 2

Dimensional Analysis and Similarity / Dimensionele Analise en Similariteit:

VL F = g V 2 L2 CF = g ( Re )
Viscous Flow in Ducts / Viskeuse pypstroming:

L V2 hf = f where f = fcn Re d , , duct shape d 2g d

flam =

/d 2.51 = 2 log + f 1/2 3.7 Re d f 1/2 2 V fL htot = h f + hm = + K 2g d 1

8 w,lam 8 ( V / d ) 64 64 = = = V 2 V 2 Vd / Re d

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Heat Conduction / Hitte geleiding:

T & Qn = kA n

T T & k + egen = c x x t & 2T egen 1 T + = 2 x k t 1 T T & rk + egen = c r r r t & 1 T egen 1 T r + = r r r k t 1 2 T T & r k + egen = c r 2 r r t & 1 2 T egen 1 T = r + r 2 r r k t
T T T T & k + k + z k z + egen = c t x x y y

1 T 1 T T T & kr + 2 k + z k z + egen = c t r r r r 1 T 1 T 1 T T & kr + 2 2 k + r 2 sin k sin + egen = c t r r r r sin

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Vwire & egenV Ts = T + hAs

& egen =

& Egen,electric

I 2 Re = 2 r0 L

Ts, plane wall = T + Ts, cylinder = T + Ts, sphere = T +

& egen L

h & egen r0

2h & egen r0 3h & egen r02 4k

Tmax, cylinder = T0 Ts = Tcenter = T0 = Ts + Tmax Tmax, plane wall = Tmax, sphere = & egen L2 2k

& egen r02 6k

kavg =

T2

T1

k(T )dT

T2 T1

T T2 A T1 & Qplane wall = kavg A 1 = k(T )dT L L T2 T1 T T2 2 L & Qcylinder = 2 kavg L 1 = k(T )dT ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r2 / r1 ) T2 T T2 4 r2 r1 T1 & Qsphere = 2 = 4 kavg r1r2 1 = k(T )dT r2 r1 r2 r1 T2

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Steady Heat Conduction / Bestendige Hitte geleiding:

T T2 T1 T2 & Qcond, wall = kA 1 = L Rwall T T & Qconv = s Rconv 1 Rconv = hAs T Tsurr 4 & Qrad = As Ts4 Tsurr = hrad As (Ts Tsurr ) = s Rrad 1 Rrad = hrad As

& T T2 Q = 1 Rtotal Rtotal = Rconv,1 + Rwall + Rconv,2 = & T = QR & Q = UAT UA = 1 Rtotal 1 L 1 + + h1 A kA h2 A

& Q/A hc = Tinterface 1 T Rc = = &interface hc Q/A

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& T T2 Q= 1 Rtotal 1 1 1 = + Rtotal R1 R2 T T2 & Qcond,cyl = 1 Rcyl Rcyl =

ln ( r2 / r1 ) 2 Lk T T2 & Qcond, sphere = 1 Rsphere r2 r1 4 r1r2 k & T T2 Q = 1 Rtotal Rtotal = Rconv,1 + Rcyl,1 + Rcyl,2 + Rcyl, 3 + Rconv,2 Rsphere = Rtotal = 1 ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(r4 / r3 ) 1 + + + + h1 A1 2 Lk1 2 Lk2 2 Lk3 h2 A4

rcr, cylinder = rcr, sphere

k h 2k = h

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d 2 m 2 = 0 2 dx hp m2 = kAc = T T T (x) T Long fin: = e mx = e x Tb T

hp / kAc

dT & Long fin: Qlong fin = kAc = hpkAc (Tb T ) dx x = 0 T (x) T cosh m(L x) Adiabatic fin tip: = Tb T cosh mL dT & Adiabatic fin tip: Qadiabatic tip = kAc dx A Corrected fin length: Lc = L + c p t Lc, rectangular fin = L + 2 D Lc, cylinderical fin = L + 4
x=0

= hpkAc (Tb T ) tanh mL

& Q fin,max = hA fin (Tb T ) & Q fin fin = & Q fin,max

& & Q fin Q fin A fin fin = & = = fin Qno fin hAb (Tb T ) Ab & Q fin hpkAc (Tb T ) kp long fin = & = = Qno fin hAb (Tb T ) hAc & h Aunfin + fin A fin (Tb T ) Qtotal, fin fin,overall = & = Qtotal,no fin hAno fin (Tb T )
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& Q fin Heat Transfer Ratio: & = Q

long fin

hpkAc (Tb T ) tanh mL hpkAc (Tb T )

= tanh mL

T T & Q fin = b = hA fin fin (Tb T ) R

Q = Sk (T1 T2 ) S = conduction shape factor

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