MTH 140 - Chapter 1 Lectures

MTH-140 Calculus I: Chapter 1 Lectures
Alexander Alvarez Dept. of Mathematics, Ryerson University Winter 2012
January 22, 2012
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MTH 140, Winter 2012
Lecture 1: Introduction to functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.1 and 1.2 Main concept in mathematics Mathematical abstraction for relation Cause Eect Universal relationship: Physics, Engineering, Economy, etc
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Lecture 1: Introduction to functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.1 and 1.2 Main concept in mathematics Mathematical abstraction for relation Cause Eect Universal relationship: Physics, Engineering, Economy, etc In computer science: Input Output
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Denition: A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one element called f(x) in a set E
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Denition: A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one element called f(x) in a set E -D: domain of the function
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Denition: A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one element called f(x) in a set E -D: domain of the function -f(x): value of f at x
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Denition: A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one element called f(x) in a set E -D: domain of the function -f(x): value of f at x -Range of f: set of all values of f(x) as x varies throughout the domain
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How to visualize and represent functions?
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How to visualize and represent functions? Four ways of representing functions: verbally table graph explicit formula In any case, the rule that denes the function must be clear
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Verbal description of a function: Example 1: The volume of a cube is the third power of its side. Typical description in problems....
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Verbal description of a function: Example 1: The volume of a cube is the third power of its side. Typical description in problems.... It leads to an explicit formula: V (x) = x 3 At x = 2, the volume is V = 8: V (2) = 8
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Example 2: Tabular representation of a function x f(x) 1 1 2 8 3 27
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Example 2: Tabular representation of a function x f(x) 1 1 2 8 3 27
Remark: Only functions with nite domains can be represented in this way
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Example 3: f (x) = x 2 What are the domain and the range of f?
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Example 3: f (x) = x 2 What are the domain and the range of f? Domain: R
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Example 3: f (x) = x 2 What are the domain and the range of f? Domain: R Range: R+
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Example 3: f (x) = x 2 What are the domain and the range of f? Domain: R Range: R+ Sketch the graph of f
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The vertical line test: (page 16) A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function of x if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
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The vertical line test: (page 16) A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function of x if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once. In other words it means that the rule that denes f is not ambiguous. Example 4: Unitary circumference
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More on domains of functions. Some examples -f (x) = 2x 4
-Argument inside the square root must be non-negative: 2x 4 0 2x 4 x 2 Domain: {x R : x 2}
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More on domains of functions. Some examples -f (x) = 2x 4
-Argument inside the square root must be non-negative: 2x 4 0 2x 4 x 2 Domain: {x R : x 2} -f (x) =

3 x5
-Division by 0 is not possible, therefore: x 5=0 x =5 Domain: {x R : x = 5}
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Symmetry A function f is said to be even if satises that f (x) = f (x) for every number x in its domain
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Symmetry A function f is said to be even if satises that f (x) = f (x) for every number x in its domain A function f is said to be odd if satises that f (x) = f (x) for every number x in its domain Discuss some examples of even and odd functions and their symmetries.
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Monotonic functions A monotonic function is either increasing or decreasing
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Monotonic functions A monotonic function is either increasing or decreasing A function f is called increasing on an interval I if f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 in I. A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 in I.
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Some essential functions: An overview Polynomials Power functions Rational and Algebraic functions Trigonometric functions Exponential and logarithmic functions Piecewise dened functions
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Polynomial functions A function P is called a polynomial if P(x) = an x n + an1 x n1 + + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 n: degree of the polynomial a1 , a2 , . . . , an are the coecients
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Polynomial functions A function P is called a polynomial if P(x) = an x n + an1 x n1 + + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 n: degree of the polynomial a1 , a2 , . . . , an are the coecients Example(linear function, n = 1) f (x) = 3x + 2
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Polynomial functions A function P is called a polynomial if P(x) = an x n + an1 x n1 + + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 n: degree of the polynomial a1 , a2 , . . . , an are the coecients Example(linear function, n = 1) f (x) = 3x + 2 Example(quadratic function, n = 2) f (x) = x 2 + 1
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Polynomial functions A function P is called a polynomial if P(x) = an x n + an1 x n1 + + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 n: degree of the polynomial a1 , a2 , . . . , an are the coecients Example(linear function, n = 1) f (x) = 3x + 2 Example(quadratic function, n = 2) f (x) = x 2 + 1 Domain of any polynomial: R Range: ?
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Power functions A function of the form f (x) = x a where a is a constant is called a power function
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Power functions A function of the form f (x) = x a where a is a constant is called a power function Dierent cases: i)a = n, where n is a positive integer: we get a polynomial.
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Power functions A function of the form f (x) = x a where a is a constant is called a power function Dierent cases: i)a = n, where n is a positive integer: we get a polynomial. ii)a = 1/n, where n is a positive integer: we get a root function Example(a=1/2): f (x) = x 1/2 = x Example(a=1/3): f (x) = x 1/3 = 3 x iii)a = 1: f (x) = x 1 =
1 x
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Rational and Algebraic Functions A rational function is the ratio of two polynomials: f (x) = Example: f (x) = x2 x +2 2x + 1 P(x) Q(x)
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Rational and Algebraic Functions A rational function is the ratio of two polynomials: f (x) = Example: x +2 2x + 1 An algebraic function is a function constructed using algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and taking roots): f (x) = x2 Example: 2x + 1 + x 2 4 f (x) = 6 5x 2 9 3x + 2 P(x) Q(x)
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Main Trigonometric functions: sin x, cos x, tan x. tan x = sin x cos x
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Main Trigonometric functions: sin x, cos x, tan x. tan x = sin x cos x
A function is periodic with period a if f (x + a) = f (x), for all values of x. sin x and cos x are periodic with period 2 tan x is periodic with period
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Exponential and logarithmic functions The exponential functions have the form f (x) = ax , for some a > 0. Domain: R Range: y > 0
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Exponential and logarithmic functions The exponential functions have the form f (x) = ax , for some a > 0. Domain: R Range: y > 0 The logarithmic f (x) = loga x, for some a > 0 are the inverse of the exponential functions Domain: x > 0 Range: R
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Piecewise dened functions: Example x if x < 0 0 if x = 0 f (x) = |x| = x if x > 0 A function is not necessarily given by a single expression that applies for all x, a function is a rule. An example of such a rule in real life is income tax.
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Lecture 3: Exponential and Logarithmic functions. Inverse functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.5 and 1.6 Exponential Functions f (x) = ax , a > 0
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Lecture 3: Exponential and Logarithmic functions. Inverse functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.5 and 1.6 Exponential Functions f (x) = ax , a > 0 How is this function dened for all x R? If x = n, ax = a a a (n factors)
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Lecture 3: Exponential and Logarithmic functions. Inverse functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.5 and 1.6 Exponential Functions f (x) = ax , a > 0 How is this function dened for all x R? If x = n, ax = a a a (n factors) If x = 0, ax = 1
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Lecture 3: Exponential and Logarithmic functions. Inverse functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.5 and 1.6 Exponential Functions f (x) = ax , a > 0 How is this function dened for all x R? If x = n, ax = a a a (n factors) If x = 0, ax = 1 If x = n, an = 1/an
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Lecture 3: Exponential and Logarithmic functions. Inverse functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.5 and 1.6 Exponential Functions f (x) = ax , a > 0 How is this function dened for all x R? If x = n, ax = a a a (n factors) If x = 0, ax = 1 If x = n, an = 1/an If x = p/q, ax = q ap = ( q a)p
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Lecture 3: Exponential and Logarithmic functions. Inverse functions The content for this lecture is in sections 1.5 and 1.6 Exponential Functions f (x) = ax , a > 0 How is this function dened for all x R? If x = n, ax = a a a (n factors) If x = 0, ax = 1 If x = n, an = 1/an If x = p/q, ax = q ap = ( q a)p There are real numbers that are not rational: Examples 2,
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Dening the exponential function for irrational exponent
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Dening the exponential function for irrational exponent Suppose we want to dene 2 2 We do that by approximating: 2 = 1.4142.... using rational numbers:
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Dening the exponential function for irrational exponent Suppose we want to dene 2 2 We do that by approximating: 2 = 1.4142.... using rational numbers: 1.4 21.4 = 2.6390 1.41 21.41 = 2.6574 1.414 21.414 = 2.6647 1.4142 21.4142 = 2.6651
2
2.6651....
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Draw graph of exponential function for dierent values of a
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Draw graph of exponential function for dierent values of a Laws of exponent: If a and b are positive numbers and x and y are any real numbers, then ax+y = ax ay axy = ax /ay (ax )y = axy (ab)x = ax b x
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Example Problem 4 a) (7th edition) Use the law of exponents to rewrite and simplify the expression x 2n x 3n1 x n+2 Answer x 2n x 3n1 x (2n)+(3n1) x 5n1 = = n+2 x n+2 x n+2 x
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Example Problem 4 a) (7th edition) Use the law of exponents to rewrite and simplify the expression x 2n x 3n1 x n+2 Answer x 2n x 3n1 x (2n)+(3n1) x 5n1 = = n+2 x n+2 x n+2 x = x (5n1)(n+2) = x 4n3 It seems very simple but errors on this kind of manipulation are very frequent!!!!
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Application of Exponential Function A lot of growing phenomena in nature, nance, computer science have exponential behavior. Nature: Population growth (see textbook example)
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Application of Exponential Function A lot of growing phenomena in nature, nance, computer science have exponential behavior. Nature: Population growth (see textbook example) Finance: Savings account with interest rate r Capital(t) = Capital(0)(1 + r )t
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Moores Law: The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years Linked to processing Speed, memory, etc.
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Moores Law: The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years Linked to processing Speed, memory, etc. Exponential formulation Memory (t) = Memory (0)( 2)t
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Moores Law: The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years Linked to processing Speed, memory, etc. Exponential formulation Memory (t) = Memory (0)( 2)t Checking the formula: Memory (2) = Memory (0)( 2)2 = 2Memory (0) For more details on Moores Law (graphics, etc) see Wikipedia
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The number e For some reasons that will be claried later in the course it is very convenable to use the exponential function with base e: f (x) = e x where e = 2.71828.... This will lead to simplications in the computations.
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Inverse Functions A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on the same value twice: f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) whenever x1 = x2
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Inverse Functions A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on the same value twice: f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) whenever x1 = x2 Horizontal line test: A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once
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Inverse Functions A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on the same value twice: f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) whenever x1 = x2 Horizontal line test: A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once Introduce some examples of one-to-one functions and non one-to-one
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Denition Inverse Function: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then its inverse function f 1 has domain B and range A and is dened by: f 1 (y ) = x f (x) = y for any y in B.
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Denition Inverse Function: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then its inverse function f 1 has domain B and range A and is dened by: f 1 (y ) = x f (x) = y for any y in B. Role interchange: Domain of f 1 = range of f Domain of f = range of f 1
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An example: y = f (x) = x + 1 inverse of f f 1 (x) = x 1
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An example: y = f (x) = x + 1 inverse of f f 1 (x) = x 1 Checking: f 1 (y ) = f 1 (x + 1) = (x + 1) 1 = x Graphical representation
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Cancellation equations: f 1 (f (x)) = x for every x in A f (f 1 (x)) = x for every x in B
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Cancellation equations: f 1 (f (x)) = x for every x in A f (f 1 (x)) = x for every x in B Later in the course we will need to use results of the type sin(sin1 (x)) = x
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How to nd the inverse of a one-to-one function f:
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How to nd the inverse of a one-to-one function f: Procedure described in the book Step 1 Write y = f (x)
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How to nd the inverse of a one-to-one function f: Procedure described in the book Step 1 Write y = f (x) Step 2 Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible).
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How to nd the inverse of a one-to-one function f: Procedure described in the book Step 1 Write y = f (x) Step 2 Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible). Step 3 To express f 1 as a function of x, interchange x and y. The resulting equation is y = f 1 (x)
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Example: Find the inverse function of f (x) = 2x 3 5 Solution: Step 1: y = 2x 3 5
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Example: Find the inverse function of f (x) = 2x 3 5 Solution: Step 1: y = 2x 3 5 Step 2: 2x 3 = y + 5 x 3 = y +5 x = 2

3
y +5 2
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Example: Find the inverse function of f (x) = 2x 3 5 Solution: Step 1: y = 2x 3 5 Step 2: 2x 3 = y + 5 x 3 = Step 3: y =
3
y +5 x = 2
y +5 2
x+5 2
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Example: Find the inverse function of f (x) = 2x 3 5 Solution: Step 1: y = 2x 3 5 Step 2: 2x 3 = y + 5 x 3 = Step 3: y = 3 x+5 2 Inverse function: f 1 (x) =
3
y +5 x = 2
y +5 2
x +5 2
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Graphical representation of the inverse function: The graph of f 1 is obtained by reecting the graph of f about the line y = x. Discuss the examples of f (x) = x + 1 and f (x) = x 3
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Logarithmic function The logarithmic function with base a (denoted loga ) is the inverse function of the exponential function with base a. loga x = y ay = x
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Logarithmic function The logarithmic function with base a (denoted loga ) is the inverse function of the exponential function with base a. loga x = y ay = x Cancelation equations for this case reduce to: loga (ax ) = x for every x R aloga x = x for every x > 0
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Domain and range of logarithmic function For the exponential function f (x) = ax : Domain: R Range: R+ (all positive numbers) Then for the logarithmic function loga x = f 1 : Domain: R+ (all positive numbers) Range: R
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Domain and range of logarithmic function For the exponential function f (x) = ax : Domain: R Range: R+ (all positive numbers) Then for the logarithmic function loga x = f 1 : Domain: R+ (all positive numbers) Range: R Graph logarithmic functions
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Laws of logarithms: These results are consequence of the respective results for exponential functions: If x and y are positive numbers 1-loga (xy ) = loga (x) + loga (y ) 2-loga (x/y ) = loga (x) loga (y ) 3-loga (x r ) = r loga x (for any real number r )
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Laws of logarithms: These results are consequence of the respective results for exponential functions: If x and y are positive numbers 1-loga (xy ) = loga (x) + loga (y ) 2-loga (x/y ) = loga (x) loga (y ) 3-loga (x r ) = r loga x (for any real number r ) Deduce 1
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Natural logarithms: When the logarithm base is e, it is referred as natural logarithm and is denoted as: loge x = ln x Of course it is the inverse of f (x) = e x .
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Natural logarithms: When the logarithm base is e, it is referred as natural logarithm and is denoted as: loge x = ln x Of course it is the inverse of f (x) = e x . Some properties ln e x = x, x R e ln x = x, x > 0 ln e = 1 loga x =
ln x ln a
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Lecture 4: Trigonometric functions and identities The content for this lecture is in Appendix D and Section 1.6 Trigonometric Ratios
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a sin = c , cos = b , tan = c
a b
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a sin = c , cos = b , tan = c c csc = c , sec = b , cot = a

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a b b a
Non acute angles
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Non acute angles
sin = y , cos = x , tan = r r

r r csc = y , sec = x , cot =
y x x y
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Non acute angles
sin = y , cos = x , tan = r r

r r csc = y , sec = x , cot =
y x x y
Remark: As x and/or y may be negative, then the trigonometric ratios may also be negative.
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Degrees and Radians Degrees: geometric angles Radians: arc length(real number)
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Degrees and Radians Degrees: geometric angles Radians: arc length(real number) From now on we consider the argument of a trigonometric function as a number, not an angle. Conversion: x-angle y-radians x y = 180 then y = Example: If x = 60 3 Geometric Problem Trigonometric problem
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Notable angles sin cos 0 0 1 /6 1/2 3/2 /4 2/2 2/2 /3 3/2 1/2 /2 1 0
MUST MEMORIZE!!!!!
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Problem 30, Appendix D Find the remaining trigonometric ratios: tan = 2, 0 < < 2
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c 2 = 12 + 22 = 5 = c =
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c 2 = 12 + 22 = 5 = c = Then: sin =
2 , 5
cos =
1 , 5
csc =
5 2 ,
sec =
5, cot =
1 2
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Trigonometric Identities csc = 1 1 1 , sec = , cot = sin cos tan cos sin , cot = tan = cos sin
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Trigonometric Identities csc = 1 1 1 , sec = , cot = sin cos tan cos sin , cot = tan = cos sin
Trigonometric version of Pythagoras theorem: sin2 + cos2 = 1
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Problem 30, Appendix D(Trigonometric solution) Find the remaining trigonometric ratios: tan = 2, 0 < <
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Problem 30, Appendix D(Trigonometric solution) Find the remaining trigonometric ratios: tan = 2, 0 < < tan = 2 = sin = 2 = sin = 2 cos cos
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sin2 + cos2 = 1 = (2 cos )2 + cos2 = 1 = 5 cos2 = 1
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sin2 + cos2 = 1 = (2 cos )2 + cos2 = 1 = 5 cos2 = 1 As 0 < < , the cos is positive, then cos = 1/ 5. 2 sin = 2/ 5, csc = 5/2, sec = 5, cot = 1/2
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Trigonometric Identities (cont) sin2 + cos2 = 1
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Trigonometric Identities (cont) sin2 + cos2 = 1 - Dividing by cos2 we get tan2 + 1 = sec2 - Dividing by sin2 we get 1 + cot2 = csc2
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Addition formulas sin(x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y cos(x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y tan(x + y ) = tan x + tan y 1 tan x tan y
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Addition formulas sin(x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y cos(x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y tan(x + y ) = tan x + tan y 1 tan x tan y
Formulas for sin(x y ), cos(x y ) and tan(x y ) can be obtained from the previous ones by using that: sin(y ) = sin y , cos(y ) = cosy , tan(y ) = tan y
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Formulas for double and half angle: sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x
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Formulas for double and half angle: sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x From the previous expression we get the half angle formulas: 1 + cos 2x 2 1 cos 2x sin2 x = 2 For other basic identities, check Appendix D cos2 x =
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Exercise 49 Appendix D: Prove the identity cot2 + sec2 = tan2 + csc2
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Exercise 49 Appendix D: Prove the identity cot2 + sec2 = tan2 + csc2 Solution:We will use that sec2 = 1 + tan2 and csc2 = 1 + cot2
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Exercise 49 Appendix D: Prove the identity cot2 + sec2 = tan2 + csc2 Solution:We will use that sec2 = 1 + tan2 and csc2 = 1 + cot2 cot2 + (1 + tan2 ) = tan2 + (1 + cot2 ) 1=1
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Exercise 52 Appendix D: Prove the identity 1 1 + = 2 sec2 1 sin 1 + sin
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Exercise 52 Appendix D: Prove the identity 1 1 + = 2 sec2 1 sin 1 + sin 1 1 (1 + sin ) + (1 sin ) + = 1 sin 1 + sin (1 sin )(1 + sin )
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Exercise 52 Appendix D: Prove the identity 1 1 + = 2 sec2 1 sin 1 + sin 1 1 (1 + sin ) + (1 sin ) + = 1 sin 1 + sin (1 sin )(1 + sin ) = 2 2 2 = = = 2 sec2 2 (1 sin )(1 + sin ) cos2 (1 sin )
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Exercise 52 Appendix D: Prove the identity 1 1 + = 2 sec2 1 sin 1 + sin 1 1 (1 + sin ) + (1 sin ) + = 1 sin 1 + sin (1 sin )(1 + sin ) = 2 2 2 = = = 2 sec2 2 (1 sin )(1 + sin ) cos2 (1 sin )
Emergency advise: Write everything in terms of sin and cos.
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Trigonometric Equations: Finding the values of x for which some trigonometric expression holds.
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Trigonometric Equations: Finding the values of x for which some trigonometric expression holds. Examples: -tan x + 3 sin x = cos x -sec2 x + 2 cos2 x = 3
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Trigonometric Equations: Finding the values of x for which some trigonometric expression holds. Examples: -tan x + 3 sin x = cos x -sec2 x + 2 cos2 x = 3 For most problems, solving a trigonometric equation involves the use of trigonometric identities.
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Exercise 72 Appendix D: Find all values of x in the interval [0, 2] that satisfy the equation 2 + cos 2x = 3 cos x
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Exercise 72 Appendix D: Find all values of x in the interval [0, 2] that satisfy the equation 2 + cos 2x = 3 cos x 2 + (2 cos2 x 1) = 3 cos x = 2 cos2 x 3 cos x + 1 = 0
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Exercise 72 Appendix D: Find all values of x in the interval [0, 2] that satisfy the equation 2 + cos 2x = 3 cos x 2 + (2 cos2 x 1) = 3 cos x = 2 cos2 x 3 cos x + 1 = 0 (2 cos x 1)(cos x 1) = 0 = cos x = 1/2 or cos x = 1
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Exercise 72 Appendix D: Find all values of x in the interval [0, 2] that satisfy the equation 2 + cos 2x = 3 cos x 2 + (2 cos2 x 1) = 3 cos x = 2 cos2 x 3 cos x + 1 = 0 (2 cos x 1)(cos x 1) = 0 = cos x = 1/2 or cos x = 1 cos x = 1/2 = x = /3, x = 5/3
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Exercise 72 Appendix D: Find all values of x in the interval [0, 2] that satisfy the equation 2 + cos 2x = 3 cos x 2 + (2 cos2 x 1) = 3 cos x = 2 cos2 x 3 cos x + 1 = 0 (2 cos x 1)(cos x 1) = 0 = cos x = 1/2 or cos x = 1 cos x = 1/2 = x = /3, x = 5/3 cos x = 1 = x = 0, x = 2
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Exercise 72 Appendix D: Find all values of x in the interval [0, 2] that satisfy the equation 2 + cos 2x = 3 cos x 2 + (2 cos2 x 1) = 3 cos x = 2 cos2 x 3 cos x + 1 = 0 (2 cos x 1)(cos x 1) = 0 = cos x = 1/2 or cos x = 1 cos x = 1/2 = x = /3, x = 5/3 cos x = 1 = x = 0, x = 2 Solution: {0, /3, 5/3, 2}
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Sketch the graph of functions sec x, csc x
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Inverse Trigonometric functions Trigonometric Functions are not one-to-one functions in the whole domain R. If the domain is restricted then they can become one-to-one functions. Example: Sine function restricted to [/2, /2] Then an inverse function exists for this restricted function.
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Domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions Function sin1 x cos1 x tan1 x csc1 x sec1 x cot1 x Domain 1 x 1 1 x 1 x R |x| 1 |x| 1 x R Range /2 y /2 0y /2 y /2 y (0, /2] (, 3/2] y [0, /2) [, 3/2) 0<y <
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Alternative notation: arcsin x = sin1 x arctan x = tan1 x, etc
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Alternative notation: arcsin x = sin1 x arctan x = tan1 x, etc The function sin1 x IS NOT the reciprocal of the sine function 1/ sin(x)
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Problem: Find sin(tan1 2)
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Problem: Find sin(tan1 2) Interpretation: Let y = tan1 2. From the denition of tan1 it means that tan y = 2. In other words y is an angle in /2 y /2 such that tan y = 2.
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Problem: Find sin(tan1 2) Interpretation: Let y = tan1 2. From the denition of tan1 it means that tan y = 2. In other words y is an angle in /2 y /2 such that tan y = 2. Then we are asked to nd the sine of this angle y . We solved this problem previously!!!
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MTH 140 - Chapter 1 Lectures

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MTH 140 - Chapter 1 Lectures

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MTH-140 Calculus I: Chapter 1 Lectures

Alexander Alvarez Dept. of Mathematics, Ryerson University Winter 2012

January 22, 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

How to visualize and represent functions?

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

Example 2: Tabular representation of a function x f(x) 1 1 2 8 3 27

MTH 140, Winter 2012

Example 2: Tabular representation of a function x f(x) 1 1 2 8 3 27

MTH 140, Winter 2012

Example 3: f (x) = x 2 What are the domain and the range of f?

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

More on domains of functions. Some examples -f (x) = 2x 4

-Argument inside the square root must be non-negative: 2x 4 0 2x 4 x 2 Domain: {x R : x 2}

MTH 140, Winter 2012

More on domains of functions. Some examples -f (x) = 2x 4

-Argument inside the square root must be non-negative: 2x 4 0 2x 4 x 2 Domain: {x R : x 2} -f (x) =

-Division by 0 is not possible, therefore: x 5=0 x =5 Domain: {x R : x = 5}

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

Monotonic functions A monotonic function is either increasing or decreasing

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

Main Trigonometric functions: sin x, cos x, tan x. tan x = sin x cos x

MTH 140, Winter 2012

Main Trigonometric functions: sin x, cos x, tan x. tan x = sin x cos x

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012

Dening the exponential function for irrational exponent

MTH 140, Winter 2012

MTH 140, Winter 2012