Index

Forward Channels

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Each below layers can be negotiated separately.

Application LayerDefault Signalling Application Protocol Default Packet Application Protocol

Signalling Network Protocol Signalling Link protocol

Stream Control Protocol Location Update Protocol Radio Link Protocol

Default Signalling Application Protocol:Signalling Network Protocol: - Provides message transmission services for signalling messages Signalling Link Protocol:- Provides fragmentation mechanism along with reliable and best effort

delivery mechanism for signalling messages Default Packet Application Protocol:Radio Link Protocol: - Provides retransmission and duplication detection of an octet aligned data

stream.
Location Update Protocol: - Provides location update procedures and messages in support of mobility

management for the Default Packet Application.

Flow Control Protocol: - Defines flow control procedures to enable and disable the Default Packet

Application data flow.

Stream LayerStream Protocol

Multiplex different application streams with different QoS requirements, first stream always carries signalling.

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Adds headers to each stream to be transmitted and remove the received stream header and transmit the packets to correct application.

Session LayerSession Management Protocol Session Configuration Protocol Address Management Protocol

Session Management Protocol: - Provides means to control the activation and deactivation of Address

Management Protocol and Session Configuration Protocol. It also provides session keep alive mechanism.
Address Management Protocol: - Provides means to Access Terminal identifier (ATI) Management Session Configuration Protocol: - Negotiate and configure the protocol used in the session

Connection LayerAir Link Management Connection Status Protocol Idle Status Protocol Route update Protocol Initialization Status Protocol Overhead message protocol Packet consolidation protocol

Security LayerSecurity Protocol Key exchange protocol Authentication protocol Encryption Protocol

MAC Layer3|Page

Physical Layer-

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1xEV-DO Frame and Slot Structure

Forward Traffic Channel Preamble To assist the AT in synchronizing to the changing data rates, a 32-chip bi-orthogonal sequence of preamble bits must be transmitted together with each traffic and control channel physical layer packets. The preamble chips are inserted within the data portion of the slot clock period prior to the start of the packet transmission. If the total number of preamble chips to be inserted exceeds the 400-chip data portion of the half-slot period, the preamble chips are time-multiplexed with the MAC and pilot channel chips.

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Dynamic Rate Control

The forward transmission rate varies with the radio environment of AT. The rate changes once at least in a 1.667ms slot. The AT continuously monitors the quality of receive pilot pulses from all sectors in the active set. In response, the AT sends back a Data Rate Control (DRC) report to the Base Station of sector with the highest C/I ratio and the highest rate in which the AT can receive quality data from the sector within a margin to insure a low erasure rate.

The DRC mask specifies transmit sector and the DRC value is used to specify the required transmit rate.

Virtual Soft Handoff

For the virtual soft handoff performed in the 1xEV-DO, the AT selects a sector with the best signal to provide service so that acquired gain is less than signal gain after the consolidation

When the DRC reports from the AT point to Sector 2 as its best serving sector for a definable period, sector2 sends forward data request to AN. And then, sector1 sends forward termination indication to AN to confirm that the last frame is transmitted successively. After receiving forward data request from sector2, AN sends a Flush command to sector1, and starts to send packet data to the sector2.

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Scheduling Algorithm
Primary factor in determining current scheduling algorithm is to remain the data throughput T and DRC request rate DRC within recent period of active users
k k

Compare with the DRCk/Tk of all the active users in current sector and select the maximum one for service. As a result, when the sum of all the request transmission data is larger than air interface capability, the data throughput of each subscriber is directly proportional to serving rate of environment request.

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Reverse Link Traffic Channel

The access channel is divided into two sub-channels, which are: - Pilot, for coherent demodulation at the base station. - Data, used by AT to initiate uplink data transmission. The reverse traffic channel is divided into four sub-channels, which are: Pilot, for coherent demodulation at the base station. Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI): which indicates to the base station the rate in which uplink (reverse) traffic channel is transmitted. Data Rate Control (DRC): Used by AT to indicate forward traffic channel data rate requested on forward channel and selected serving sector for AN. Acknowledge (ACK): Acknowledges if physical layer packets transmitted on forward traffic channel are successfully or unsuccessfully received. Data: Used by AT to transmit uplink data.

Uplink data is transmitted in successive 26.67ms frames at five different data rates from 9.6kbps to 153.6kbps

Pilot Channel All 0s RRI Symbol- 3 bit per 16 slots W 016 DRC Symbol- 4 bit per Active Slot W 816 DRC Cover Symbol 3 bit symbol per Active Slot Wi8 i=0~7 ACK channel- 1 bit per slot W 48

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For the Reverse Traffic Channel, the encoded RRI Channel shall be time-division multiplexed with the Pilot Channel. This time-division-multiplexed channel is, the DRC Channel, the ACK Channel, and the Data Channel shall be orthogonally spread by Walsh functions (also referred to as Walsh mask) of length 4, 8, 16 t a fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. Each Reverse Traffic Channel shall be identified by a distinct user long code.

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Forward channels:-

REL 0:-

Pilot Channel
Description Functions A cell reference signal sufficiently powerful to reach terminals throughout the cell Typically consumes 20% of the total base station transmission power The Pilot Channel signal is used by access terminals to: Estimate multi-path channel amplitude for coherent detection Synchronize to the network time reference Correct frequency offset Capture pilot strength measurements during handoff procedures

Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel

Reverse Activity Bit Channel:- Broadcasts a bit to all terminals in the service area to indicate whether reverse link transmission rates may be increased or decreased Data Rate Control Lock Channel:-Transmits a DRCLock bit stream to each AT with an open connection. Is used to indicate to the AT whether particular sectors can transmit data to the AT at the requested data rate level. Terminals that receive a DRCLock bit set to 0 for a given sector delete that sector reference from their DRC requests. Reverse Power Control Channel A power control bit stream continuously transmitted to terminals that are actively transmitting data on the reverse link.

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Control Channel
Combines the functions of the IS-95 Paging Channel and Synchronization Channel

Traffic Channel
Forward link traffic is transmitted in two 400-chip bursts in every active half slot. Transmissions are time-multiplexed to users over a single traffic channel. A scheduler algorithm seeks to maximize throughput, which in practice means that terminals with better RF conditions have a higher probability of being scheduled to receive data transmission. In Revision A systems, the scheduler algorithm also takes into account the quality of service profile and latency tolerance of different data flows.

REL A:-

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Channel

Revision A supports sub-packet, sub-frame transmissions on the reverse link The forward link ARQ Channel is used by the base station to signal the successful or unsuccessful receipt of a physical link sub-frame containing a sub-packet Each sector-carrier transmits an ACK symbol (acknowledgement, or successful receipt of the sub-frame) or a NAK symbol (negative acknowledgement, or unsuccessful receipt of the subframe)

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Reverse Link Traffic Channel

Rev 0:-

Access Channel:- Used by the AT to transmit access probes to the radio access system The access channel is divided into two sub-channels, which are: - Pilot
For coherent demodulation at the base station.
The access probe preamble is transmitted on the Pilot Channel

An access probe consists of a preamble and one or more access channel packets Used by AT to initiate uplink data transmission. Access channel packets are transmitted on the Data Channel

- Data,

The reverse traffic channel is divided into four sub-channels, which are: Pilot, for coherent demodulation at the base station. Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI): which indicates to the base station the rate in which uplink (reverse) traffic channel is transmitted. Data Rate Control (DRC): The data rate control (DRC) channel is part of the 1xEVDO link adaptation mechanism Used by AT to indicate forward traffic channel data rate requested on forward channel and selected serving sector for AN. Acknowledge (ACK): Acknowledges if physical layer packets transmitted on forward traffic channel are successfully or unsuccessfully received. it employs the ACK Channel to return an acknowledgement of successful receipt (ACK) or a negative acknowledgement (NAK, or failed receipt) Data: Used by AT to transmit uplink data. Uplink data is transmitted in successive 26.67ms frames at five different data rates from 9.6kbps to 153.6kbps

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Pilot Channel All 0s RRI Symbol- 3 bit per 16 slots W 016 DRC Symbol- 4 bit per Active Slot W 816 DRC Cover Symbol 3 bit symbol per Active Slot Wi8 i=0~7 ACK channel- 1 bit per slot W 48 For the Reverse Traffic Channel, the encoded RRI Channel shall be time-division multiplexed with the Pilot Channel. This time-division-multiplexed channel is, the DRC Channel, the ACK Channel, and the Data Channel shall be orthogonally spread by Walsh functions (also referred to as Walsh mask) of length 4, 8, 16 t a fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. Each Reverse Traffic Channel shall be identified by a distinct user long code

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Rev A:

Auxiliary Pilot Channel: - The access terminal transmits an auxiliary pilot signal along with the standard pilot signal when transmitting data at the higher rates Data Source Control Channel- Some Revision A applications, including voice over IP (VoIP), require nearly uninterrupted data flow during handoff The AT transmits over the Data Source Control (DSC) Channel to alert candidate cells of the potential handoff The handoff procedure begins while the AT is still receiving data transmission from the old serving Cell

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Physical layer enhancements for Revision A

Enhancements Subtype 0 default physical layer protocol as specified in the Revision 0 protocol architecture ACH- 9.6 kbps CCH-38.4, 76.8 kbps Subtype 1 supports faster data rates for use by the Access Channel ACH- 9.6 kbps, 19.2 kbps, 38.4 kbps CCH-38.4, 76.8 kbps Subtype 2 -supports additional packet sizes to allow for greater packing efficiency for data flows ACH- 9.6 kbps, 19.2 kbps, 38.4 kbps CCH-19.2 kbps, 38.4 kbps, 76.8 kbps -Improves packing efficiency by offering a wider range of packet sizes. Adds the following packet sizes: -A 128 bit packet size for use on the forward and reverse links -A 5,120 bit packet size for use on the forward link - A 12,228 bit packet size for use on the reverse link

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MAC layer enhancements for Revision A

Rev 0:-

Packet assembly and scheduling

MAC encapsulation of Security Layer packets optimizes air link efficiency Procedures for transmission on the FL Procedures for transmission on the RL Each of the 4 protocols can be independently negotiated at session establishment

Rev A:-

Support for Revision A Physical layer subtypes 1 and 2 for QoS differentiation for multiple concurrent traffic flows per AT Support (Subtype 3 Reverse TRCH MAC Protocol)
Support

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EV-DO Call processing and Connection Layer protocols

1x EV-DO call processing is performed by AN and AT instances of the connection layer protocols

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Air Link Management: - Provides overall state mechanism management of AT and AN during a connection.[ Open | Closed | Network not acquired ] Initialization Status Protocol: -Provides the procedure that an AT follows to acquire a network and an AN support network acquisition.
Corresponds to the Air Link Management state Network not acquired

Idle Status Protocol: - Provides the procedure that an AT and AN follows when a connection is not open. Facilitate paging by using Route Update Protocol to keep track of the approximate location of the AT; Open ATAN connections Perform actions that conserve AT power Corresponds to the Air Link Management state Closed Connection Status Protocol: -Provides the procedures that an AT and AN follows when a connection is open.
Protocol instances manage the ATAN radio link and perform the actions required to close a connection Corresponds to the Air Link Management state Open

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Route Update Protocol: -Provides the means to maintain a route between AT and AN. Overhead Message Protocol: -Broadcast the messages that contain information which are mainly used by connection layer. Packet consolidation Protocol: - Provides mechanism for packet prioritization and packet encapsulation.

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Active protocol instances for each state

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Default ALM > Default Initialization State > Sub-state

The Initialization State has four sub-states, as shown

Network Determination sub-state The access terminal selects a radio access network upon which to operate Pilot Acquisition sub-state The access terminal acquires a forward pilot channel Synchronization sub-state The access terminal synchronizes to the control channel cycle, receives a synchronization message from the AN, and synchronizes to system time

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Default Idle State

Traffic channels are deactivated and the AT enters the Idle State The AT sleeps for intervals of 12 control channel cycles, or 5.12 seconds 1 CH cycle=256 slots= 1.66ms*256=426.67ms 12 CH cycle= (426.67*12/1000)s=5.12s AT starts Sector Parameter supervision time for 12 control channel cycles. If the timer expires before it receives the current Sector Parameters message ,the AT will return a supervision failed indication and transition to the Network Determination state. If the Access Parameters message is not current, the AT starts the Access Parameters supervision timer ,if timer expires before it receives the current AcessParameter message The AT wakes up to monitor the control channel for messages, including pages Note: The EV-DO RNC keeps track of the AT sleep cycle and sends control channel messages only when the AT is awake

Enhanced Idle State benefits

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Connection establishment

Normal Connect:-

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Fast connect:Fast connect feature have to be supported from AT chip set also. After dormant period if AN needs to push a fast connect then it have to do it within AT suspend timer which is generally 5 sec. So for fast connect TCA assignment should be pushed within= dormancy timer + AT suspend timer.

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EV-DO call flow

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PCF to PDSN interface changes

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PDSN uses RSVP TFT (Resource Reservation Setup Protocol - Traffic Control Templates signaling) for flow mapping & packet filter establishment.
A single A11 can signal up to 7 bidirectional auxiliary service connections per session & up to 10 service flows

Benefits: Enables provisioning of QoS differentiated converged services. Permits real-time, delay sensitive services with acceptable call quality on Multimedia networks MS only uses a single PPP session and sends all svs instances over it. Service Option 59 identifies main instance. Service Reference Ids identify each svs instance. Unique A11 R-P tunnel for each svs instance. MS uses RSVP to send TFT Information Elements to PDSN. TFTs used to map traffic to main or auxiliary instance and if compression is required. One TFT for each MS IP address and svs instance pair. TFT IEs contain packet filters and flow treatments. QoS profile consists of DiffServ markings, svs option profile and Persistent TFTs. MS sends RSVP message over primary A10 data connection and PDSN verifies against QoS profile. PDSN sends Session Update with SR_D which triggers PCF RRQ for new svs instance.

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A11 Requests
A10 connection is created by A11 request from the PCF. A11 includes:
Data service option type - represented standard SO codes SR_ID 1 (Main A10) Default flow IDs - 255 forward, 255 reverse o o PDSN authenticates and retrieves the QoS from AAA PDSN sends back A11 RRP to establish main A10

When PDSN receives A11 request:

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Access Procedure Introduction

Airlink management protocol controls the access of initial AT to BASE STATION. Before sending data to BASE STATION, AT does not know the distance to the closest BASE STATION. Therefore, AT must access a network. If AT starts to access a network, access mode is activated immediately and AT determines the minimum transmit power used by BASE STATION to avoid unnecessary RF interference. AT sends access probe of power increment to complete the access. When AT sends an access probe and receives an ACK from BASE STATION, stop sending access probe. Transmit power of initial access probe is the function of signal strength received by AT. If the signal received by AT is strong, it indicates that AT is close to BASE STATION and corresponding access probe power is less. If AT receives an ACK from BASE STATION, AT sends a message through the last access probe power. A series of message parameters control the generation and sending of access probe. The messages are generated by AN through overhead message protocol and sent to AT.

System Access is a set of AT procedures involved in obtaining an entry into and/or update to DO RevA system AT is always in idle state before system access Parameters that govern these access procedure is governed by AN Two protocol subtype that define system access a) DEFAULT ACCESS CHANNEL MAC b) ENHANCED ACCESS CHANNEL MAC

When is system Access Triggered:a) In Idle state when (after period of inactivity greater that RLP inactive timer or dormancy period) AT desires to send receive BE data. It may have PPP session or go for PPP session setup. b) AT receives a Page when there is BE data available for an AT while it have PPP session

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SYSTEM ACCESS PROCEDURE

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