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Understanding your Camera
Exposure???
What is Exposure?
Shutter Speed Aperture (f Number) ISO
Shutter Speed
The amount of time for which a camera sensor is exposed to the light coming in from the lens.
Faster shutter speed -> Lesser the time the sensor is exposed to light -> Lesser subject/camera movement -> Sharper Images
RULE OF THUMB!
Use a higher shutter speed when you want the image to be sharp and devoid of motion blurs and a slower shutter speed when you want motion to be captured as a blur in the image. A higher shutter speed corresponds to a lesser exposure and vice versa given the same value of aperture and ISO
Aperture
Aperture defines the amount of light that enters a lens. i.e. the opening of the lens More the aperture of lens more is the light allowed inside. Hence in low light it is preferred to keep the aperture as large as possible. Aperture measured by f Number.
f Number
f number = Focal Length/Diameter of Aperture Greater f Number ie Narrower Aperture and vice versa.
f Stops
The Aperture values of Lenses available are usually in the multiples of Square Root of 2 (1.414) ie one Full Stop. The intermediate F stops are however more numerous. Usually upto 1/3 stops are used. Typical one-third-stop f-number scale f/# 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5.0, 5.6, 6.3, 7.1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22
RULE OF THUMB!
Use a Lower F number when you want more light to enter the lens and have a shallow depth of field and a Higher F number when you want a higher Depth of Field to be covered in the image Use narrower apertures while taking Landscape images to get maximum DOF.
ISO
The sensitivity of the Sensor to Light.
The light signals falling on the sensor (CCD*/ CMOS**) are analog and need to be amplified before they can be converted into digital signals for digital signal processing. ISO 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 (Increasing sensitivity)
* CMOS: Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ** CCD: Charge Coupled Device
RULE OF THUMB!
Use Low ISO when light is adequate, and High ISO when light is inadequate keeping in mind the trade off between noise and exposure
Interrelationships: SS | f | ISO
The Cardinal Rule: With increase in one stop of Aperture and one stop decrease in Shutter Speed simultaneously, the exposure remains the same, given the same ISO level. The perfect exposure is obtained by the right mix of Shutter Speed, Aperture and ISO.
All combinations as per above rule yield the same amount of light on the sensor and an identical picture in terms of exposure.
What does vary is the ability of the camera to stop action and the Depth of Field.
For example, if Im shooting at F4 and 1/1000 sec, then that is equivalent to an exposure of F5.6 and 1/500 sec given the same ISO.
Widen Aperture by 2 stops (lesser f number) and increase shutter speed by 1 stop -> Overall exposure increased by 1 stop.
SHOOTING MODES
AUTO MODE
MANUAL MODE
You control the settings for SS, Aperture and ISO independently.
Advised when you are sure of the exposure you need. Good tool to learn exposures by experimenting with various settings. TRY IT!
SHUTTER PRIORITY
Here you set the shutter speed you need and the camera decides based on the metering (exposure reading) the f number (Aperture) required to get the right exposure. You set the ISO as well.
Advised where you want to capture action and hence need a fast shutter speed and DOF isnt priority for you.
APERTURE PRIORITY
Here you set Aperture you need and the camera decides based on the metering (exposure reading) the Shutter Speed required to get the right exposure. In case the shutter speed is still very low, bump up the ISO.
Advised when DOF and sharp images are both priority for you. Most preferred Mode.
EXPOSURE COMPENSATION
Exposure as read by the camera metering need not be the one we want for our image.
EC helps to either manually increase or decrease the exposure. Positive EC increases the exposure and similarly negative EC decreases the exposure.
Positive EC Situation
Negative EC Situation
Rule of Thirds!
F R A M I N G
Leading Lines
Visual Anchor
Tonalities
Tonalities
Some Guidelines
Closure
Do not accidentally clip body parts. Use Diagonals to your advantage. Give space in the direction in which the subject is looking. Give space overall around the subject and not too close to the frame edge. Focus on the eye if included in frame. Try to not keep the horizon in the middle of the frame, keep more of the more interesting zone in the frame. (extension of Rule of Thirds)
Use of Diagonals
POST PROCESSING
Preferred Softwares:
Adobe Lightroom (Id recommend this) Adobe Photoshop
Canon DPP
Aperture (Mac)
Tackling Highlights
Ethics in Photography
Topic of huge debate!!! Try and be as honest with your images as possible and state digital alterations done if any.
Ensure subject and environment welfare above your need for the photograph.