Institute for Steel Structures and Shell Structures Lessingstr.

25/3 A-8010 Graz tel: +43-316/873-6200 (or 6206) fax: +43-316/873-6707 r.greiner@TUGraz.at lechner@TUGraz.at home: www.stahlbau.TUGraz.at

Valorisation Project: SEMI-COMP+ n RFS2-CT-2010-00023 "Valorisation Action of Plastic Member Capacity of Semi-Compact Steel Sections a more Economic Design"

DESIGNGUIDELINES FORCROSSSECTIONANDMEMBERDESIGNACCORDINGTO EUROCODE3 WITHPARTICULARFOCUSONSEMICOMPACTSECTIONS

12thJuly2011

(longversion)

SEMICOMP+

Preface

PREFACE
The present publication is the outcome of two recent research projects funded by the European ResearchFundforCoalandSteel(RFCS)andrespectivelyentitled: SEMICOMP Plastic member capacity of semicompact steel sections a more economic design(RFSRCT200400044); SEMICOMP+Valorisationactionofplasticmembercapacityofsemicompactsteelsectionsa moreeconomicdesign(RFS2CT201000023).

Bothprojectsrelatetothedevelopmentofnewevaluationproceduresforthedesignresistanceof class3steelcrosssections.Theseones,accordingtoEurocode3DesignofSteelStructures[1]are assumed to transfer no more than an elastic level of resistance while it is nowadays widely recognizedthataninternalplasticredistributionmay,sometimessignificantly,increasetheircapacity toresistforces. Thefirstproject,SEMICOMP[2],hasbeencompletedin2008,afterthreeyearsofintensiveresearch involving Graz University of Technology (coordinator), Lige University, Ingenieurbro Feldmann + WeynandandArcelorMittalResearchLige.Asanoutcomeofthisproject,anoriginalmodelfullyin linewiththeEurocode3principlesandallowinganincreaseofthedesignresistanceofClass3steel crosssectionshasbeenproposedasanalternativetothesafedesignapproachpresentlyfollowedin Eurocode3.IthasfurtherbeenextendedtothedesignofmembersmadeofClass3profilesandhas beenvalidatedthroughnumericalexperimentaltestingandadvancednumericalsimulations.Finally, itssafetylevel(Mfactor)hasbeendefinedthroughappropriatestatisticalevaluations. The quality and the economical importance for practice of this SEMICOMP model have convinced RFCStofundacomplementaryprojectcalledSEMICOMP+aimedatdisseminating,toprofessionals, thenewdevelopeddesignproceduresthroughthedraftingofdesignguidelines,thediffusionofthe specific software SemiComp Design and the organization of seminars for practitioners, at the European level. To achieve this task, ArcelorMittal Research Lige has been substituted, in the partnership,bytheEuropeanConventionforConstructionalSteelwork(ECCS). Thepresentdocumentispartofthisglobaldisseminationproject;itcontainsdesignguidelinesand selectedworkedexamplesfortheclassification.AllnotationsarechoseninaccordancetoEurocodes. MoreinfoonSEMICOMP+maybefoundonthetwofollowingwebsites: www.stahlbau.tugraz.at/semicompplusorwww.steelconstruct.com. Theuseindailypracticeofdesignapproachesnotexplicitlycoveredbythenorms,Eurocode3inthe presentcase,mayrepresentadifficultyintermsofdesignresponsibilityeven,asalreadymentioned before,theproposeddesignmethodsareinfullconformitywiththebasicprinciplesofEurocode3 and,so,maynotbeseenbyanyoneasprohibitedbyEurocode3.Inordertoovercomethisdifficulty, the authors have established direct contacts with the Technical Committee 8 Stability of the EuropeanConventionforConstructionalSteelwork(ECCS)withaviewtopublishsocalledEuropean DesignRecommendationsprovidingtothepractitionersandcontrolbodiesaduevalidationbythe recognizedEuropeanexpertsinthefieldofresistanceandstabilityofsteelstructures. 2

SEMICOMP+

Preface

As a recognition of the key support of RFCS to the development and to the dissemination of the presentguidelines,butalsototheorganizationofseminarsinvariousEuropeancountries,theSEMI COMP and SEMICOMP+ partners would like to express their sincere acknowledgments to the EuropeanResearchFundforCoalandSteeland,moreparticularly,toitsTGS8Committee. Projectpartners: Univ.Prof.DIDr.RichardGreiner(Coordinator) DIDr.AndreasLechner DIDr.MarkusKettler Prof.Dr.JeanPierreJaspart GrazUniversityofTechnology,InstituteforSteel Structures&ShellStructures Lessingstrasse25 AT8010Graz UniversitdeLige,DpartementM&S ChemindesChevreuils,1 BE4000Lige Feldmann+WeynandGmbH VaalserStrae259 DE52074Aachen ECCS European Convention for Constructional Steelwork AvenuedesOmbrages32 BE1200Brussels

Dr.Ing.KlausWeynand Dr.Ing.ClaudiaZiller DIRalfOerder DIMartinHerbrand Prof.Dr.LuisSimesdaSilva Mrs.VeroniqueDehan

SEMICOMP+

Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION
InEN199311thedesignofthecrosssectionandmemberresistancesisbasedontheclassification ofthesectionin4classes.Dependingontheslendernessoftheplatesitmaybedesignedforplastic orelasticbehaviourorevenforbuckling:

class1:plastic class2:compact class3:semicompact class4:slender

The classification of the individual parts (plates) of the sections in compression is related to the widthtothicknessratioc/t:

In the current EN 199311 the plastic behaviour in class 1 and class 2 is continued by the elastic behaviourinclass3exhibitingasignificantdiscontinuityattheborderfromclass2toclass3:

MRd Plastic global analysis

Elastic global analysis

Mpl Mel

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

c/t
Mpl Mel Meff

SEMICOMP+

Introduction

NRd Npl

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

c/t
Npl Neff

TheRFCSProjectSEMICOMP[2]hadtheobjectivetodevelopandvalidateacontinuoustransitionin therangeofthesemicompactclass3:

MRd Mpl Mel

Class 2

Continuous transition

Class 1

Class 3

Class 4

c/t

SEMICOMP+

Introduction

TheresultoftheSEMICOMPProjectwasthatalineartransitionbetweenclass2andclass4couldbe verifiedwithintherulesforstatisticalsafetyevaluationsofEN1990AnnexD.

TheScopeoftheresearchprojectSEMICOMPcomprisedthedevelopmentofdesignrulesforcross section and member resistances of rolled and welded I and Hsections and rectangular hollow sections with doublesymmetric crosssection shape. The objective of theseDesign Guidelines is to disseminatetheknowledgegained.

SEMICOMP+

TableofContents

TABLEOFCONTENTS
1. 2. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................4 Overviewonthedesignofframestructures..................................................................................8 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 3. Generalities.............................................................................................................................8 Isolatedmemberswithotherthanforktypesupportconditions.......................................8 Membersinbuildingframes...................................................................................................9

Classificationprocedure................................................................................................................12 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. General..................................................................................................................................12 Classificationforglobalanalysis............................................................................................13 Classificationformemberbucklingdesign............................................................................13 Classificationforcrosssectiondesign...................................................................................14 Modificationofthec/tlimitsforinternalcompressionparts..............................................15 Classificationexamples..........................................................................................................18

4.

Crosssectionresistance................................................................................................................24 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. ExistingrulesinEN199311.................................................................................................24 Newproposedrulesforclass3accordingtotheprojectSEMICOMP.................................27 ContinuitywithexistingrulesforsemicompactsectionsinEN1993,Part11and13......30

5.

MemberResistance.......................................................................................................................32 5.1. 5.2. ExistingrulesinEN199311.................................................................................................32 Newproposedrulesforclass3accordingtoprojectSEMICOMP.......................................32

6.

CalculationProcedure...................................................................................................................35 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. Calculationprocedureforcrosssectiondesign....................................................................35 Calculationprocedureformemberbucklingdesign.............................................................37 DefinitionofutilisationfactorUF..........................................................................................41

7. 8. 9. 10.

TabulatedValuesforW3,yandW3,z................................................................................................43 Workedexamples..........................................................................................................................43 Softwaredevelopment..................................................................................................................43 References.................................................................................................................................44

SEMICOMP+

Chapter2

2. OVERVIEWONTHEDESIGNOFFRAMESTRUCTURES 2.1. Generalities

Asexplainedintheintroductionchapter,newdesignmethodsfortheevaluationoftheresistanceof Class 3 crosssections have been made available through the SEMICOMP project. These ones are presentedinChapter3andChapter4ofthepresentpublication. These rules may directly be used for the verification of the design resistance of crosssections, by simply comparing the applied internal forces resulting from the frame analysis (MEd) to the Class 3 correspondingincreaseddesignresistances(MRd),withdueaccountofthepossibleinteractionswith axialforces. The benefit from the less conservative design approaches for Class 3 crosssections presented in Chapter 4 may also be taken into account when evaluating the resistance and the stability of memberssubjectedtobendingmomentsandaxialforces(beamcolumns). How to achieve this is addressed in Chapter 5 where it is explained how to slightly amend the Eurocode3beamcolumnformulaetoprofitfromahigherClass3crosssectionresistance. The soamended Eurocode 3 beamcolumn formulae are directly applicable to isolated members characterised by fork type support conditions. In these isolated members, the critical buckling lengthsforflexuralbucklingaroundtheweakandstrongaxesbutalsoforlateraltorsionalbuckling are all to be taken as the actual member length (system length); besides that, no second order effectsareaffectingthevalueofthebendingmomentspossiblyappliedofbothmemberends. TheapplicationoftheEurocode3beamcolumnformulae(amendedortoprofitfromahigherClass 3 section resistance) to isolated members with other end conditions or to members in building framesismuchlessobviousandmanymisusesoftheformulaeindailypracticemaybeforeseenat thatlevel. The difference with respect to the simply supported end conditions may involve arbitrary combinations of full, partial or null (i) warping restraint, (ii) flexural rotation restraint and (iii) transverse displacement restraint at the member end sections. Members torsionally restrained at somedistancesalongtheirlengthtolimitorpreventlateraltorsionalbucklingeffectsbelongalsoto thiscategory. ECCS publication N119 [3] provides detailed information about the application of the Eurocode 3 beamcolumn formulae to isolated members with other end conditions or to members in building frames. Inthenextparagraphs,thistopicisbrieflyaddressed.Butbeforelookingattheseones,usersshould beawarethat,duetothecomplexityofthephenomenaaffectingthebeamcolumnbehaviourand the lack of extensive studies and thorough calibration procedures, a loss of accuracy is to be expected when applying the interaction formulae to non simply supported members. The major concern is safety, i.e., the application of the formulae should yield practically always safe strength estimates,evenifsometimesratherconservative.

2.2. Isolatedmemberswithotherthanforktypesupportconditions
For such members, the task of determining the appropriate buckling length Lcr for flexural and lateraltorsionalbucklingisastraightforwardone(unlikeinframemembers)andcanbeperformed 8

SEMICOMP+

Chapter2

either analytically (numerically) or resorting to one of the various tables, charts or approximate expressionsavailableintheliterature.Thus,theonlyissuesaddressednextconcernthedefinitionof the diagram of bending moments MEd to consider and the determination of the appropriate equivalentmomentfactorsCm. TwodifferentapproachesaretraditionallyusedinEuropeasfarastheevaluationofthedistribution ofbendingmomentsMEdandthecorrespondingequivalentmomentfactorsCmareconcerned: theequivalentmomentfactorsmethod theequivalentcolumnmethod

Bothapproachesaredetailedandillustratedthroughworkedexamplesin[3].

2.3. Membersinbuildingframes
Thedesignoftheframeandofitscomponentsconsistsofatwostepprocedureinvolvingaglobal frameanalysisfollowedbyindividualcrosssectionand/ormemberdesignchecks. Table1 Variouswaysfortheglobalanalysisanddesignprocess
Non-sway frame Sway frame

cr 10 resp. 15

cr < 10 resp. 15

1st order analysis

Amplified Sway Moment Global analysis 1st order analysis 2nd order analysis Method

Sway Mode Buckling Length Method

(cr

3)

No limitation

Account for 2nd order P- effects

Amplified sway moments

In plane member stability with non sway buckling length Check of components and frame Joint resistances

In plane member stability with sway buckling length

Cross-section resistances and local stability

Out-of-plane stability of the members

SEMICOMP+

Chapter2

Global frame analysis is conducted based on assumptions regarding the component behaviour (elastic or plastic) and the geometric response (firstorder or secondorder theory) of the frame. Oncetheanalysisiscomplete,i.e.allrelevantinternalforcesaredeterminedinthewholestructure, thenthedesignchecksofalltheframecomponentsareperformed. InEurocode3,framesareclassifiedasswayornonsway.Thedescriptionnonswayframeapplies toaframewhenitsresponsetoinplanehorizontalforcesissostiffthatitisacceptabletoneglect anyadditionalforcesormomentsarisingfromhorizontaldisplacementsofitsstoreys(socalledP effects).Thismeansthattheglobalsecondordereffectsmaybeneglected.Whenthesecondorder effectsarenotnegligible,theframeissaidtobeaswayframe. VariousopportunitiesofferedbyEurocode3toperformtheglobalanalysisanddesignprocessare illustratedinTable1. For the verification of the resistance and the stability of beamcolumns, reference has again to be made here either to the the equivalent moment factors method or to the equivalent column method. Obviously,asanalternativetoTable1,afullsecondorderanalysisinwhichallgeometricalsecond ordereffects(swayandmember)andmaterialnonlinearities(plasticity)maybeperformed.Inthis case,nocrosssectionandmembercheckhastobeachievedfurthertothestructuralanalysis. However, this approach would need an advanced software code capable of covering the warping effects(7.degreeoffreedom),localplateimperfectionsandmaterialnonlinearities. A simpler alternative frequently used in practice is an elastic full second order analysis (with geometrical sway and member effects) followed by crosssection checks for the internal forces. In thiscase,noseparatememberchecksareneeded(seeTable2ApproachB). Thisapproachcanalsobeperformedinthewaythatthesecondorderanalysisiscarriedoutjustfor the inplane behaviour and the outofplane behaviour is considered on basis of member design formulae. The elastic second order analysis (see Table 2 Approach B) is also capable of covering frame structureswithnonuniformmembersandsections. For uniform members the twostep procedure is most straight forward when the frame analysis is performed with sway effects alone (if relevant) and the forces/moments at the member ends are usedforthecrosssectioncheckandthemembercheckbythedesignformulaeofEN199311(see Table2ApproachA). AtraditionaldesignmethodhasbeenbasedonswaymodebucklinglengthstocoverthePeffect ofswayframes.Thecrosssectionandmemberchecksarethenperformedbythedesignformulaeof EN199311(seeTable2ApproachA).

10

SEMICOMP+

Chapter2

Table2 Designapproachesformembersinframes

11

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

3. CLASSIFICATIONPROCEDURE 3.1. General

This chapter presents the procedure to be followed for the classification of sections of simple members or members in frames. This classification may be performed on basis of Table 5.2 of EN 199311. In principle, the classification is based on c/tratios of parts in compression reaching the limitstateoffy. Additionalspecialrulesareprovidedforthedesignofclass4sectionswhereusemaybemadeofthe reducedstressstateofthedesignstresscom,Edwhendeterminingthec/tratios. Thespecificuseofc/tratiosbasedonfyoroncom,Edisrelevantonlyincaseofclass4sectionsandit dependsonthedesignmethodappliedtothemember.Incasethatuniformmembersaredesigned onbasisofthememberbucklingformulaeofsection6.3ofEN199311(seeApproachAofTable2) thec/tratiosmustbebasedonfy.Ifthememberdesignisperformedwithinternalforcesfromfull secondorderanalyses(seeApproachBofTable2)orifnosecondordereffectexistatallthencom,Ed canbeusedfordeterminingthec/tratio. Ingeneral,theclassificationofcrosssectionsisusedtoselecttheappropriatedesignmethodwith respectto theglobalanalysis thememberbucklingdesign thecrosssectiondesign

Atthelevelofglobalanalysistheclassificationallowstodecidewhetherelasticorplasticanalysis canbeused.Incaseofelasticglobalanalysisithastobeverifiedthatthestiffnesspropertiesof thesectionsarenotreducedbylocalbucklingeffects.Incaseofplasticglobalanalysisitmustbe checkedifappropriaterotationcapacityisprovided. At the level of member design the classification is needed to decide which type of buckling formula(forclass2,3,4)applies.Inthecaseofaxiallynonuniforminternalforcesandbending momentsthevaryingstressstatesmayleadtodifferentclassesalongthememberlength. Atthelevelofcrosssectiondesigntheclassificationdictatesthetypeofcrosssectionresistance, i.e.plastic,elasticoreffectiveresistance.Accordingly,thelimit2/3indicateswhetherfullplastic capacitycanbeexploitedinclass2orjustpartialplasticcapacityinclass3.Thelimit3/4indicates thatreducedeffectivesectionpropertiesmustbeaccountedforinclass4.

Principles: A general principle of classification is that it has to be made on basis of the loading condition of the section including all internal forces/moments NEd + My,Ed + Mz,Ed, if relevant, in a combined stressstate. This has to be investigated for each load combinationresultingfromtheglobalanalysisofthestructure. Ingeneral,thesectionclassificationisneededatthelevelof globalanalysis, memberbucklingdesignand crosssectiondesign

12

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Theclassificationprocedureitselfdistinguishesbetweentheelasticstressstateandtheplasticstress stateofthesection.Thefirstonedeterminesthelimitbetweenclass3andclass4(calledlimit3/4) andthesecondonebetweenclass2andclass3(calledlimit2/3)aswellasclass1andclass2(limit 1/2).Theproceduresaredescribedinsections0to3.4below.

3.2. Classificationforglobalanalysis
Twodifferentaspectshavetobedealtwith: Thefirstoneconsidersthecheck,whetherthesectionisinclass4ornot;thismeansthatthe limit3/4hastobechecked.Thisstepisneededalreadyatthelevelofglobalanalysis,sinceif thesectionwasinclass4theeffectivesectionpropertiesofAandImaybeinfluenced.Itmay occurthen,thatthereducedvaluesAeff,Ieffhavetobeusedfortheglobalanalysis. Thesecondaspectconsiderswhetherplasticglobalanalysiscanbeadopted.Forthisbehaviour the crosssection must provide sufficient rotation capacity according to the class 1behaviour. Therefore,thelimit1/2hastobechecked.

Thegeneralprocedurefortheclassificationforglobalanalysislimit3/4appliesasfollows: calculateMII,NforthestructuralsystembasedonA,I(brutto) classify on basis of elastic stress distribution under NEd + My,Ed + Mz,Ed in 1/10 points using c/t(fy),whereasc/t(fy)indicatesthe crosssectionslendernesslimitc/tbasedontheyield strengthfyaccordingtoTable5.2ofEN199311 iftheclassis3orbetter:globalanalysiswithA,Iisok iftheclass4governs,calculateforallrelevantelementsofthecrosssectionusingc/t(fy) ifall0,5:globalanalysiswithA,Iisok ifis<0,5:useAnnexEofEN199315tocalculateIeffandmakeglobalanalysiswithIeff IfnostabilitycheckaccordingtoEN199311section6.3.isneeded(i.e.thatafullsecondorder analysisisperformed)theclassificationmaybebasedoncom,Edinsteadoffy:

fy M0 c c limitc/t(com,Ed)maybeapplied: t t limit com,Ed

class4governs,ifthelimitvaluec/t(com,Ed)isexceeded if com,Ed > fy/M0 then the limit value c/t (fy) is to be applied. This is relevant when the sectioncapacityexceedstheelasticlimit

3.3. Classificationformemberbucklingdesign
The buckling resistance of members is considerably affected by the degree of plastic capacity providedbythecrosssectionbehaviour.Therefore,thememberbucklingformulaeinsection6.3of EN199311dependonthecrosssectionclasses. 13

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Ingeneralloadcasesofmembersthestressstateofthecrosssectionsmayvarysignificantlyalong thememberlength.Accordingly,thecrosssectionclassesmayvaryalongthelengthtoo.Sincethe member buckling formulae were developed for uniform members the decisive crosssection class needstobedefinedastheequivalentone. Fromthemechanicalpointofviewitmaybeproposedtotakethepointofmaximumutilisationand the given class there as the decisive section. This leads to the procedure of determining the utilization factor UF along the member length in all 1/10 points together with the corresponding sectionclass.

3.4. Classificationforcrosssectiondesign
Theaspectstobeconsidereddealwiththedeterminationofthelimits3/4intheelasticrangeand thelimits2/3intheplasticrange. Thelimitclass1/2concernstherotationcapacityandisrelevantfortheselectionofthemethodof globalanalysis.Itmaybeexecutedanalogoustothelimit2/3. basisistheelasticstressdistributionunderNEd+My,Ed+Mz,Edofthebruttosection(A,I) class4governs,ifthelimitvaluec/t(fy)isexceededatanypartofthecrosssection forclass4sectionsthekindofclassificationisrelatedtothekindofmembercheckas summarizedinTable3asfollows:
My,Ed NEd Mz,Ed

Classificationprocedureforlimit3/4: =0
+

com,Ed

Table3 Classificationforlimit3/4inrelationtothememberchecksaccordingtoEN199311 andthecrosssectioncapacityofclass4accordingtoEN199315 Membercheck acc.EN199311 basedon chapter6.3.1 chapter6.3.2 chapter6.3.3 full2ndordercalculation 14 Classificationlimit3/4 basedon c/t(fy) c/t(fy) c/t(fy) c/t(com,Ed) ResistanceinClass4 acc.EN199315 basedon

p,red (com,Ed)

p,red (com,Ed) p (fy) p,red (com,Ed)

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Mpl,z NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed (plast.) Npl Mpl,y

Classificationprocedureforlimit2/3and1/2:

+ +

basisistheplasticstressdistributionunderNEd+My,Ed+Mz,Ed increase(NEd+My,Ed+Mz,Ed)stepwiseuntiltheplasticlimitismetandthenusethe correspondingstressblocksforclassification (precondition:(NEd+My,Ed+Mz,Ed)increaseslinearlyproportionaluptothelimitstate,see section6.3ofthisdocument) class3governs,ifthelimitvaluec/t(fy)ofclass2isexceeded,otherwisethesectionisclass2 orbetter class2governs,ifthelimitvaluec/t(fy)ofclass1isexceeded,otherwisethesectionisclass1

3.5. Modificationofthec/tlimitsforinternalcompressionparts
BytheresultsoftheSEMICOMPProjectitcameoutthatthec/tlimitsgiveninTable5.2ofEN1993 11 for internal parts in compression need a modification towards lower limitvalues, in order to reachthespecifiedsafetylevel. Forbetterunderstandingthereasoningforthesechangesisgivenbelow: TheESDEPbackgroundoftheclassificationcriterion[5]iscomparedwiththec/tlimitsgiveninTable 5.2 of EN 199311 in the following Table 4. For the limit 3/4 the values p,min are in accordance withtheplateauvaluesofEN199315. AdiscrepancybetweenEN199311andEN199315isobviousfortheinternalpartsincompression atthelimitbetweenclass3/4.Thereasonforitmaybefoundinthechangeofthe p,min valuefrom 0,74to0,673madeinthelatestversionsofEN199315.However,suchdiscrepanciesarealsofound forthelimitsbetweenclass2/3andclass1/2. In contrast, EN 199313 provides the analogous limit between class 3/4 in accordance with EN199315.AlsoDIN18800usesc/t=38insteadofc/t=42fortheclass3/4limit.

15

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Table4 Backgroundofc/tlimitvalues[5] Classificationcriterionfor compressionparts: ESDEPBackground EN199311

p =

c/t = p,min 28,427 k

p,min
0,673* 0,874 0,748 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,74
)

c/tlimit( ) 38,23 121,35 13,93 34,11 83,38 11,18 28,43 69,48 9,32 42,07 42 124 14 38 83 10 33 72 9 42

Limitbetweenclass3/4: internalpart incompression inbending

outstandflangeincompression Limitbetweenclass2/3: internalpart incompression inbending

outstandflangeincompression Limitbetweenclass1/2: internalpart incompression inbending

)

outstandflangeincompression * previously

In BS 59501:2000 higher limit values up to c/t = 44 are used for classification of RHSsections in bending. Since in this case the web acts as restraint for the internal flange in compression the increasedlimitvalueisunderstandableintendency.Thec/tlimitsofBS5950areillustratedinTable 5;therebythesevalueshadtobeconvertedtothedefinitionsofEN199311(E,fy,c/t). Table5 c/tlimitsofBS59501 RHShotfinished RHScoldformed class2/3 35 30,7 class3/4 43,8 38,3

However,ingeneraldesignsituations,wherethewebmayalsobeincompressionorasinglesided fillet weld connection in boxsections would not allow restraining effects of the flange, these beneficial conditions cannot be assumed. On the other hand, if c/t = 42 can be validated by test resultsforbendingofRHSsections,itcouldbekeptinEurocodewiththerestrictiontothecaseof purebendingandcertainaspectsratiosh/b. Conclusion: Forgeneralsectionshapesthec/tlimitsinTable5.2ofEN199311forinternalpartsincompression shouldbemodifiedto38(insteadof42)atthelimit3/4andto34(insteadof38)atthelimit2/3,see Table6.Thelimit1/2indicatesthesamediscrepancyforinternalpartsincompression,andshould althoughnotsubjectofthisprojectalsoberevisedaccordingly.

16

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Table6 MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsaccordingtoprojectSEMICOMP (modifiedTable5.2ofEN199311,sheet1of3) Internalcompressionparts axisofbending

axisofbending Class Stress distribution inparts (compression positive) 1 (modified limits) Partsubjectto bending Partsubjectto compression Partsubjecttobendingandcompression

when > 0.5: c / t

c / t 72

c / t 28

126 5.5 1 36

when 0.5: c / t when > 0.5: c / t

c / t 83 c / t 34

2 (modified limits) Stress distribution inparts (compression positive) 3 (modified limits) c / t 124 c / t 38

188 6.53 1 41.5

when 0.5: c / t

when > 1: c / t

38 0.653 + 0.347

when 1a : c / t 62 (1 )

( )
460 0.71

= 235 / fy
a

fy

235 1.00

275 0.92

355 0.81

420 0.75

1 applieswhereeitherthecompressionstess fy orthetensilestrain y > fy / E

17

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

3.6. Classificationexamples
Example1:
IPE400S355
r tf

A = 84.46 cm

Wel , y = 1156 cm 3 3 W pl , y = 1307 cm 4 I y = 23128 cm

a)SectioninbendingMy:

h tw

h = 400mm b = 180mm t w = 8.6mm t = 13.5mm f r = 21mm

ENA=PNA

Webinbending:

c h 2t f 2r 400 213.5 221 = = = 38.5 < 124 = 100.4 ... the web is class 3 or better 8.6 tw tw < 83 = 67.2 ... the web is class 2 or better < 72 = 58.3
Flangesincompression:

... the web is class 1

c b 2 t w 2 r 180 2 8.6 2 21 = = = 4.8 < 14 = 11.3 ... the web is class 3 or better 13.5 tf tf < 10 = 8.1 ... the web is class 2 or better < 9 = 7.3
Result: Web 18 Class1 Thecrosssectionisclass1.

... the flange is class 1

Flange Class1

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

b)SectionincompressionN:

Webincompression:

c h 2t f 2r 400 213.5 221 = = = 38.5 > 42 = 34.0 ... the web is class 4 tw tw 8.6 ( > 38 = 30.8 with new limits ) > 38 = 30.8 ... the web is not class 2

( > 34 = 27.5 with new limits )

> 33 = 26.7 ... the web is not class 1

( > 28 = 22.8 with new limits )

Flangesincompression:

c b 2 t w 2 r 180 2 8.6 2 21 = = = 4.8 < 14 = 11.3 ... the flange is class 3 or better 13.5 tf tf < 10 = 8.1 ... the flange is class 2 or better < 9 = 7.3
Result: Web
c)SectionincompressionandbendingN+My:

... the flange is class 1

Class4

Flange Class1

Thecrosssectionisclass4.

N Ed = 550 kN M y , Ed = 350 kNm

Toclassifythegivensectionunderthecombinedactionofcompressionandbending,aplasticstress distributionmaybeassumedforclass1andclass2limitsandanelasticdistributionmaybeassumed fortheclass3limits. 19

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Firstthecheckagainstclass3isshown:

Webincombinedbendingandcompression:

c h 2t f 2r 400 213.5 221 42 42 0.81 = = = 38.5 < = = tw tw 8.6 0.67 + 0.33 0.67 0.33 0.59 = 71.6 ... the web is class 3 or better

( = 68.7 with new limits )

36.8 kN / cm 2

1 =

N Ed M y , Ed A Iy

h t f r = 2 40 1.35 2.1 = 31.5 kN / cm 2 2

550 350 102 84.46 23128

ENA

18.5 = 0.59 31.5

Flangesincompression:

1 = 2 =

550 350 102 40 + 1.35 2.1 = 18.5 kN / cm 2 84.46 23128 2

c b 2 t w 2 r 180 2 8.6 2 21 = = = 4.8 < 14 = 11.34 ... the flange is class 3 or better tf tf 13.5
Thecrosssectionisclass3orbetter. Thecheckagainstclass2reads:

35.5 kN / cm2 = f y

canbeobtained
-

ENA PNA +

c=
=0.83c

fromanappropriatesoftwarethatis abletocalculatetheplasticneutral axis(PNA)=0.83 orbyusingthefollowingformula fromGardneretal[4](forIsections underN+Myonly): 1 h 1 N Ed (t f + r ) 1 = + c 2 2 tw f y

275mm

208mm

20

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Webincombinedbendingandcompression:

c h 2 t f 2r 400 2 13.5 2 21 456 456 = = = 38.5 > = = tw tw 8.6 13 1 13 0.83 1 = 37.7 ... the web is class 3

( = 34.5 with new limits )

Flangesincompression:

c b 2 tw 2 r 180 2 8.6 2 21 = = = 4.8 < 10 = 8.1 ... the flange is class 2 or better 13.5 tf tf < 9 = 7.3 ... the flange is class 1
Result: Web CalculatingtheparameterforIsectionsunderN+My(discussionontheanalyticalformula): Class3 Thecrosssectionisclass3.

Flange Class1

By calculating the plastic neutral axis with an appropriate software (increasing the loading proportionally)avalueof=0.83canbeobtained,seepreviousfigure.Applyingthegivenanalytic formularesultsin:

= +

1 h c2

1 400 1 550 103 1 N Ed (t f + r ) = + (13.5 + 21) = 0.77 2 tw f y 331 2 2 8.6 355

Thisvalueof0.77onlyholdstrueiftheaxialforceiskeptconstanttoNEd=550kNandthebending momentMy,Edisincreasedseparatelyuntilthefullplasticlimitstateisreached(i.e.MN,Rdseefigure below).Comparedto=0.83theformulagiveslowervaluesforthecaseofbendingmomentplus axialcompressionresultinginmoregenerousslendernesslimits.

M
MN,Rd MN,Rd
MEd

Mpl

+22%

For the given example, the loading can be increasedproportionallyby22%untilthefull plastic crosssection resistance is reached, see figure. Therefore, the utilisation factor readsUF=1/1.22=0.82. Formoredetailsonthedefinitionofthe utilizationfactorseesection6.3.

N
NEd NEd UF

Npl

21

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

ByintroducingtheutilisationfactorUFintheformulafor,theportionofthewebincompressionin thefullplasticsituationgives:

= +

1 h c2

1 400 1 550 103 0.82 1 N Ed UF (t f + r ) = + (13.5 + 21) = 0.83 331 2 2 8.6 355 2 tw f y

Thisvaluefitswellwiththenumericalcalculationbasedontheappropriatesoftware. Example2:
HEA300 S355
tf r h tw

A = 112.5 cm 2 Wel , y = 1260 cm 3 3 W pl , y = 1383 cm 4 I y = 18263 cm

Wel , z = 420.6 cm3 3 W pl , z = 641.2 cm 4 I z = 6310 cm

h = 290mm b = 300mm t w = 8.5mm t = 14mm f r = 27 mm

SectionincompressionandbiaxialbendingN+My+Mz:

N Ed = 500 kN M y , Ed = 200 kNm M z , Ed = 100 kNm

(n = N Ed N pl , Rd = 0.125) (mpl , y = M y , Ed M pl , y , Rd = 0.407) (mpl , z = M z , Ed M pl , z , Rd = 0.439)

Webincombinedbendingandcompression:

c h 2t f 2r 290 214 227 208 = = = = 24.5 tw tw 8.5 8.5 c 42 42 0.81 = 24.5 < = = 64.8 ... the web is class 3 or better tw 0.67 + 0.33 0.67 0.33 0.44 ( = 61.5 with new limits ) 456 456 0.81 < = = 45.6 ... the web is class 2 or better 13 1 13 0.70 1 ( = 42.6 with new limits ) < 396 396 0.81 = = 39.6 ... the web is class 1 13 1 13 0.70 1 ( = 35.8 with new limits )
22

SEMICOMP+

Chapter3

Flangeincombinedbendingandcompression:

k = 0.21 + 0.07 2 = 0.57 0.21 0.57 + 0.07 0.57 2 = 0.47 c b 2 tw 2 r 300 2 8.5 2 27 = = = 8.5 tf tf 14 c = 8.5 < 21 k = 21 0.81 ( 0.47 ) = 11.7 ... the flange is class 3 or better tf > 10 = 8.1
44.1kN/cm 25.4kN/cm 3.5kN/cm 15.8kN/cm

... the flange is class 3

35.5 kN/cm
=1.0 146mm

=0.57

+ PNA

208mm

ENA
=0.44

=146/208=0.70

+
6.95kN/cm 35.5 kN/cm

Result: Web Class1

+ 35.2kN/cm

plasticstressdiagram

elasticstressdiagram

Flange Class3

Thecrosssectionisclass3.

Thefollowingconservativeandcompactapproachleadstothesameresult Webinpurecompression(conservativeapproach):

c h 2t f 2r 290 214 227 208 = = = = 24.5 < 33 = 26.8 ... the web is class 1 tw tw 8.5 8.5 (note: the web is class 2 with new limits)
Flangeinpurecompression(conservativeapproachforclass3limit):

c b 2 tw 2 r 300 2 8.5 2 27 = = = 8.5 < 14 = 11.4 ... the flange is class 3 or better tf tf 14 > 10 = 8.1 ... the flange is class 3
Therefore,thecrosssectionisclass3. 23

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

4. CROSSSECTIONRESISTANCE 4.1. ExistingrulesinEN199311

The existing design procedure of EN 199311 is illustrated separately for I and Hsections and for RHS.Forabetteroverviewtherulesforelasticandforplasticresistancesarevisualizedindiagrams. Theplasticdesigncheckcanbepresentedinthreesteps: Step1:Determinationofthemonoaxialbendingresistances(i.e.Mpl,Rd) Step2:Interactionofmonoaxialbendingandaxialforce(MN,Rd) Step3:Interactionforbiaxialbending
DesignprocedureforplasticCSresistanceofIandHsections(EN199311)
y

MRd
Step1:

Mpl,Rd Mel,Rd

class 2
My
Step2:

class 3

class 4

c/t

Mpl,y,Rd Mel,y,Rd
a/2 a

n=N 1.0

N Ed
pl,Rd

Mel,z,Rd Mpl,z,Rd Mz
Step3:

MN,y,Rd

MN,z,Rd
24

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

Table7 CrosssectionresistanceofIandHsectionsaccordingtoEN199311 Class2: Step1: Step2:

My,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd
MN,y,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd

Mz,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd

(1 0.5a)

(1 n)

Mpl,y,Rd

n a: MN,z,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd n a 2 n > a: MN,z,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd 1 1a

a=
Step3:

( A 2btf ) 0.5
A

n=

NEd Npl,Rd

M M = 2; = 5n 1 y,Ed + z,Ed 1 MN,y,Rd MN,z,Rd

Class3

My,Ed Mz,Ed NEd + + 1 Nel,Rd Mel,y,Rd Mel,z,Rd

Class4:

My,Ed + NEd eNy Mz,Ed + NEd eNz NEd + + 1 Aeff fy / M0 Weff,y fy / M0 Weff,z fy / M0

Table8 CrosssectionresistanceofRHSandboxsectionsaccordingtoEN199311 Class2: Step1: Step2:

My,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd
MN,y,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd
MN,z,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd

Mz,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd

(1 0.5aw )
(1 n )

(1 n )

Mpl,y,Rd

(1 0.5af )
af =

Mpl,z,Rd

aw =
Step3:

( A 2btf ) 0.5
A
1.66

( A 2htw ) 0.5
A

n =

NEd Npl,Rd

My,Ed Mz,Ed == 6 + 1 2 1 1.13n MN,y,Rd MN,z,Rd

Class3

My,Ed Mz,Ed NEd + + 1 Nel,Rd Mel,y,Rd Mel,z,Rd

Class4:

My,Ed + NEd eNy Mz,Ed + NEd eNz NEd + + 1 Aeff fy / M0 Weff,y fy / M0 Weff,z fy / M0

25

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

DesignprocedureforplasticCSresistanceofRHSandboxsections(EN199311)

MRd
Step1:

Mpl,Rd Mel,Rd

class 1

class 2

class 3 class 4 38 42

c/t
Flange

33

MRd

Mpl,Rd Mel,Rd
class 2

class 1

class 3 83
My

class 4

c/t
Web

72

124

Step2:

Mpl,y,Rd Mel,y,Rd
aw /2 af /2

n=N 1.0

N Ed
pl,Rd

Mel,z,Rd Mpl,z,Rd Mz
Step3:

MN,y,Rd

MN,z,Rd

26

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

4.2. Newproposedrulesforclass3accordingtotheprojectSEMICOMP
TheproposeddesignprocedureisillustratedforIandHsectionsandforRHSseparately.Forabetter overviewtheproposedformulaearevisualizedinsimilarformliketheexistingrulesinsection4.1.It canberealizedthattheexistingandnewdesignproceduresareincloseaccordance,whentheplastic resistancesMpl,RdarereplacedbytheinterpolatedvaluesM3,Rd. In order to keep the formulae simple for the wide scope of different design situations minor discontinuitieshavebeenacceptedatthetransitionstoclass2andtoclass4.Atthetransitionfrom class 3 to class 2 the small plateaus of the MNinteraction of class 2 in EN 199311 could not be validatedfortheclass3sectionsbythenewevaluationsandhad,therefore,beeneliminated.Atthe transitionfromclass3toclass4thecurvedMyMzinteractioncurveinclass3hastopassintothe linearinteractioncurveinclass4,sothatasmallstepmayoccurthere.However,intotalthegiven discontinuitiesarenumericallysmallinrelationtothebasicvaluesoftheresistances.
DesignmodelforCSresistanceofIandHsectionsinclass3
y

MRd
Step1:

Mpl,Rd

M3,Rd Mel,Rd

class 2
0.0

class 3
c/t ref 1.0

class 4

c/t ref

My
Step2:

M3,y,Rd Mel,y,Rd MN,3,y,Rd n=N 1.0 Mel,z,Rd M3,z,Rd Mz MN,3,z,Rd

N Ed
pl,Rd

Step3:

MN,3,y,Rd

MN,3,z,Rd
27

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

Table9 CrosssectionresistanceofIandHsectionsaccordingtonewclass3designmodel Interpolation parameters:

2,y,f = 10

3,y,f = 14

2 ,z ,f = 10

3,z ,f = 16

2,y,w = 83

3,y,w = 124

c / tref,y = max c / tref,z = max Step1:

( c / tf 2,z,f ) ;0 1 (3,z,f 2,z,f )

fy M0

( c / tf 2,y,f ) ; ( c / tw 2,y,w ) ;0 3,y,f 2,y,f ) ( 3,y,w 2,y,w ) (

M3,(y/z),Rd = W3,(y/z)

= Mpl,(y/z),Rd Mpl,(y/z),Rd Mel,(y/z),Rd c / tref,(y/z)

MN,3,z,Rd = M3,z,Rd 1 n2

Step2: Step3

MN,3,y,Rd = M3,y,Rd (1 n )

= 2; = 5n 1
My,Ed Mz,Ed + 1 MN,3,y,Rd MN,3,z,Rd

Table10 Interpolation parameters: CrosssectionresistanceofRHSandboxsectionsaccordingtonewclass3design model

2,y,f = 34

3,y,f = 38

2,z,w = 34

3,z,w = 38

2,y,w = 83

3,y,w = 124

c / tref,y = max c / tref,z = max Step1:

( (

( c / tf 2,y,f ) ; ( c / tw 2,y,w ) ;0 3,y,f 2,y,f ) ( 3,y,w 2,y,w ) (

;0 1 3,z,w 2,z,w c / tw 2,z,w
fy M0

) )

M3,(y/z),Rd = W3,(y/z)

= Mpl,(y/z),Rd Mpl,(y/z),Rd Mel,(y/z),Rd c / tref,(y/z)

Step2: Step3

MN,3,y,Rd = M3,y,Rd (1 n)
== 1.66 1 1.13n2

MN,3,z,Rd = M3,z,Rd (1 n)

My,Ed Mz,Ed + 1 MN,3,y,Rd MN,3,z,Rd

28

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

DesignmodelforCSresistanceofRHSandboxsectionsinclass3

MRd
Step1:

Mpl,Rd

M3,Rd
current EC3

Mel,Rd
class 1

class 2 0.0

class 3
c/t ref 1.0

class 4

c/t ref
Flange

28

34

38

c/t

MRd

Mpl,Rd

M3,Rd Mel,Rd

class 2

class 1

class 3
c/t ref

class 4 1.0

c/t ref
Web

0.0

72

83
My

124

c/t

Step2:

M3,y,Rd Mel,y,Rd MN,3,y,Rd n=N 1.0 Mel,z,Rd M3,z,Rd Mz MN,3,z,Rd

N Ed
pl,Rd

Step3:

MN,3,y,Rd

MN,3,z,Rd

29

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

4.3. ContinuitywithexistingrulesforsemicompactsectionsinEN1993,Part11and13
EN199311,clause6.2.2.4

IntheexistingEN199311,clause6.2.2.4allowanceismadetomakeuseofpartialplasticcapacity ofaclass3sectioninpurebending,wheretheflangesareinclass2andthewebinclass3.Thefigure belowillustratestheresultofthegivencodeprovision,whichisplottedinadiagramfortheclass3 range.

1,5 New Design Model EN 1993-1-1 (c/tf = 5) EN 1993-1-1 (c/tf = 10) 1,0

(MFEM - Mel)/(Mpl - Mel)

0,5

0,0

-0,5

Class 1 + 2
-1,0 -0,5 0,0

Class 3
0,5 1,0

Class 4
1,5

c/tref

Itappearsasanearlylineartransitionfromtheclass2/3limittotheclass3/4limit.Thetwocurves representthecaseswheretheflangesareeitherinclass1(i.e.c/tf=5)oratthelimitofclass2/3 (i.e.c/tf=10).Inconclusion,itisobviousthatthedesignproposalwithlineartransitionisinclose accordancewiththegivencodeprovisionofsectionsinbending. EN199313,clause6.1.4

IntheexistingEN199313,clause6.1.4givesdesignprovisionsforthebendingmomentresistances, whichallowtousealineartransitionbetweenplasticandelasticmoment(seefigurebelow).Even thoughtheEN199313doesnotformallyusecrosssection classes,the e0 limitsappliedin the formulaecorrespondtothec/tlimitvaluesforclass3ofEN199311intheoreticalsense.

0, 75 e 0

ThefollowingfiguresgiveacomparisonofthedesignrulesofEN199313withthenewdesignrules of the project SEMICOMP in the range of class3sections. The diagrams for internal elements in bendingandoutstandelementsincompressionshowfairlygoodaccordancewithEN199311,ifthe

eo valueforoutstandflangeswouldbeshiftedfromthepreviousvalue0,673tothecurrentvalue
0,748 (this discrepancy follows from the implementation of a new buckling formula for outstand flangesinthelatestversionsofEN199315,whichwasnottakenintoaccountintheEN199313at 30

SEMICOMP+

Chapter4

this time). The small differences at the transition to full plastic design (class 2) follow from the assumptions,thatinEN199313thisoccursat p,pl =0,75 eo whileinEN199311 p,pl =0,6has beentaken.
Web in Bending governing
1,5

Outstand flange governing

1,5
New Design Model EN 1993-1-3

0,5
1,0

0,6

0,75 eo

0,75 eo

0,75 eo
0,6

0,5
1,0

(MFEM - Mel)/(Mpl - Mel)

0,5

(MFEM - Mel)/(Mpl - Mel)

New Design Model EN 1993-1-3 (revised) EN 1993-1-3 (current version)

0,5

My

My
0,0

eo = 0,874
Class 2 Class 1
60 72

0,0

eo = 0,673

eo = 0,748
-0,5

-0,5

Class 2

Class 3
83 100 120 124

Class 4
140

Class 1
6 8

Class 3
10 12 14

Class 4
16

80

c/(tw x )

c/(tf x )

Inadditionthecurrentlimitsforinternalpartsincompressionarecomparedwiththeproposednew limits in the following two figures. The left figure shows graphically what has been explained in chapter3before;thecurrentlimitsinEN199311areinconflictbothwiththecontinuitytoclass4 andwiththerulesinEN199315. The right hand figure illustrates the diagram for the modified c/tlimits of the present proposal. Thereby,justthelimitsbetweenclass2/3andclass3/4havebeenrevised,whilethelimitbetween class 1/2 has been kept at the current value c/t = 33 (while the value corresponding to p = 0,5 wouldleadtoc/t=28);adecisiononthislimitdoesnottouchthefocusofthisproposalandshould bemadeonbasisoftestmaterialfortherotationcapacityofhollowsections. Concerning the limit 0,75 eo of the current EN 199313 this seems to be too conservative for internalflanges.
Internal flange governing (current limits)
1,5 1,5

Internal flange governing (new limits)

EN 1993-1-3

0,75 eo
1,0

0,58

0,67
1,0

0,5
(MFEM - Mel)/(Mpl - Mel)

0,75 eo

0,6

New Design Model EN 1993-1-3

(MFEM - Mel)/(Mpl - Mel)

0,5

0,5

My
0,0

EC315 qualitatively

0,0

My

EC315 qualitatively

eo = 0,673
-0,5

-0,5

Class 1
26 28 30 32 34

Class 2
36 38

Class 3
40 42

Class 1

eo = 0,673
Class 2
28 30 32 34

Class 4
44 46 26

Class 3
36 38

Class 4
40 42 44 46

c/(tf x )

c/(tf x )

In summary, it may be concluded that the modification of the c/tlimits would lead to a better harmonizationoftherulesinEN199311,EN199313andEN199315.

31

SEMICOMP+

Chapter5

5. MEMBERRESISTANCE 5.1. ExistingrulesinEN199311

The member buckling rules for beam columns in the existing EN 1993 are given in form of two interactionformulae,equ.(6.61)and(6.62),whichcoverthepotentialbucklingmodesabouttheyy axisandthezzaxis. bucklingyy:

My,Ed + My,Ed Mz,Ed + Mz,Ed NEd + k yy + k yz 1 y NRk My,Rk Mz,Rk LT M1 M1 M1

bucklingzz:

My,Ed + My,Ed Mz,Ed + Mz,Ed NEd + kzy + kzz 1 z NRk My,Rk Mz,Rk LT M1 M1 M1

ThedefinitionandthevaluesofeachoftheconstitutivecoefficientsareprovidedinEN199311for Class1,Class2,Class3andClass4crosssections. The interaction factors kyy, kyz kzy and kzz may be taken from two alternative approaches, called Method1andMethod2.TheformulaeforthesefactorsaregiveninAnnexAandAnnexB. Remark:Itisimportanttonoticethat,inadditiontothisstabilitycheck,theresistancecheckofthe memberendsectionshasalsotobecarriedout. Itshouldbenotedthattheexistingrulesarerestrictedtodoublesymmetriccrosssectionshapesand onlyslightlyunsymmetricshapes.

5.2. Newproposedrulesforclass3accordingtoprojectSEMICOMP
TheapplicationofthelineartransitionofthebendingresistancesM3,y,RdandM3,z,Rdinclass3hasa correspondingeffectalsoonthememberresistances. ThecrosssectionpropertiesusedforthecalculationofthedesignvaluesNRd,My,RdMz,Rdandforthe coefficients y , z , LT , which determine the reduction factors y, z, LT depend on the specific crosssectionclass.ThecorrelationbetweentheclassesandthepropertiesisgiveninTable11(taken fromEN199311andamendedbytheresultsofprojectSEMICOMPforclass3): Table11 Class Ai Wy Wz My,Ed Mz,Ed 1 A Wpl,y Wpl,z ValuesforNRk=fyAi,Mi,Rk=fyWiandMi,Ed 2 A Wpl,y Wpl,z 3 A Wel,yorW3,y Wel,zorW3,z 4 Aeff Weff,y Weff,z eN,yNEd eN,zNEd

32

SEMICOMP+

Chapter5

Method1:

ThegeneralformatoftheMethod1(AnnexA)beamcolumnformulaeforclass1andclass2sections presentedinEN199311canberearrangedforclass3asfollows:

C N Ed + y mLT N LT y Rk M1

Cmy M y , Ed
N 1 Ed N cr , y M y , Rk C yy M1

+ 0, 6

Cmz M z , Ed wz wy M z , Rk N Ed 1 C yz N cr , z M1

N Ed + z 0, 6 N z Rk M1

wy CmLT Cmy M y , Ed Cmz M z , Ed + wz LT M y , Rk M z , Rk N Ed N 1 Ed Czy 1 Czz N N M1 M1 cr , z cr , y

Both expressions remain identical for Class 3 sections for which the bending resistance (M3,y,Rd and M3,z,Rd) is evaluated through the new resistance model proposed in Section 4.2 of the present publication. Only some of the abovementioned constitutive coefficients have to be evaluated in a different way compared to the present EN199311. Table 12 summarises the changes to be achievedformembersnotsusceptibletotorsionaldeformationsaswellasformemberssusceptible totorsionaldeformations. Table12 Coefficients
My,Rk Mz,Rk CyyandCzz Cyz

ValuesofcoefficientstoadoptinthecaseofincreasedClass3resistance Valuestoadopt
M3,y,Rk M3,z,Rk 1,0
2 Cmz 2 max N Ed wz Wel , z 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 cLT 0, 6 5 N Rk wz wy W3, z M1

Czy

2 C 2 max N Ed 2 14 my 1 + ( wy 1) d LT 0, 6 wy 5 N Rk M1

wy Wel , y wz W3, y

cLT

10 aLT

2 4

M y , Ed

5 + z C my LT M 3, y , Rd

dLT

2 aLT
W3,y W3,z

0
4

M y , Ed

M z , Ed

0,1 + z Cmy LT M 3, y , Rd Cmz M 3, z , Rd

Wpl,y Wpl,z wy wz

W3,y/Wel,y W3,z/Wel,z

33

SEMICOMP+

Chapter5

Method2:

In Method 2 (Annex B) the effect of the linear transition should be accounted for by replacing the plasticresistancesby thepartialplasticresistances M3,y,Rdand M3,z,Rdasillustratedby thefollowing equations.Thesameholdsforthecalculationoftheslenderness LT .Theinteractionfactorsshould bethesameasforplasticbehaviour(class1,class2)inAnnexBofEN199311.
W3,y f y M cr

LT =

LT

bucklingyy: bucklingzz:

NEd + k yy yNRk M1

My,Ed M + k yz z,Ed 1 M Mz,Rk LT y,Rk M1 M1

M3,y,Rd M3,z,Rd

NEd + k zy yNRk M1

My,Ed M + k zz z,Ed 1 M Mz,Rk LT y,Rk M1 M1

M3,y,Rd M3,z,Rd

34

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

6. CALCULATIONPROCEDURE 6.1. Calculationprocedureforcrosssectiondesign

Thefollowingprocedureappliestothecrosssectiondesignforthegiveninternalforcesoftheglobal analysis: calculatethestressdiagramsofthesectionsin1/10pointsofthememberlength forreasonsofmembercheckonlytheendsectionswouldneedacheckofthemember resistance howeverforreasonsoffindingthepointofthehighestutilisationfactorall1/10pointsneedto becalculated classifythesectionin1/10pointsaccordingtochapter3.4forthelimits3/4resp.2/3 performthecrosssectionchecksaccordingtochapter4.1and4.2: inclass1+2:calculatethecrosssectioncheckacc.toequ.(6.41)ofEN199311usingMpl,Rd

My,Ed Mz,Ed + 1 MN,z,Rd MN,y,Rd

inclass3:calculatethecrosssectioncheckacc.tothesemicompprocedurein4.2usingM3,Rd inclass4: Ifthedesignisbasedontheformula(6.44)ofEN199311forthecrosssectionresistance:

My,Ed Mz,Ed + 1 MN,3,z,Rd MN,3,y,Rd

My,Ed + NEd eNy Mz,Ed + NEd eNz NEd + + 1 Aeff fy Weff,y,min fy Weff,z,min fy M0 M0 M0

calculate AeffforpureNandeN Wy,effforpureMy Wz,effforpureMz thereby,determineonbasisof p (basedonfy) forIandboxsectionsthe2stepprocedureofEN199315(4.4.3)maybeused forothersectionsuseiterativeprocedure executecrosssectioncheckbyequ.(6.44)ofEN199311 Ifthedesignisbasedonthestressverification(formula6.43ofEN199311):

x,Ed

fy M0

35

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

calculateAeff,Wy,eff,Wz,effandeNonbasisofthestressdistributionoftheloadcombination (NEd+My,Ed+Mz,Ed)oftherelevantpointofthemember thereby,determineonbasisof p,red (basedoncom,Ed) com,Ediscalculatedfortheloadcombination(NEd+My,Ed+Mz,Ed)elasticallyusingtheeffective crosssectionbyiteration for elements with free end the stress 1 has to be calculated for the outside fibre of the originalsection(bruttosection)inordertodetermine=2/1and.Insuchcasescom,Edat theoutsidefibremustbelimitedbyfy/M0forthecalculationof p,red calculatecrosssectioncheckbyequ.(6.43)ofEN199311. Result: UFutilisationfactorineachofthe1/10pointstogetherwithrelevantsectionclass UF1,0mustbeverified

Remark:TheutilizationfactorUFistobedeterminedappropriatelyforthegivenproblem.This meansthatitmustbebasedontheratiooftheresistancesRandnotonratiosofsingleforces (e.g.MN).

AnexampleforillustrationisgivenforabeamcolumnunderN+My+Mzasfollows: Example3:
r

IPE500S235
tf

A = 115.5 cm 2 Wel , y = 1928 cm 3 3 W pl , y = 2194 cm 4 I y = 48200 cm

Wel , z = 214 cm 3 3 W pl , z = 336 cm 4 I z = 2142 cm

h tw

h = 500mm b = 200mm t w = 10.2mm t = 1.6mm f r = 21mm

36

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

MyIIEd

NEd qz,Ed

N [kN]
1 2 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 0 47,5 3 4

My [kNm]
250 247,5 240 227,5 210 187,5 160 127,5 90 5,1 7,9 6,2 6,2 7,9 5,1

Mz [kNm]
0,0

L=2x5=10m

Position

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

2,3 14,0 2,3

0,0

qy,Ed

NEd

UF (decisiveclassofProfile)
1 2 3 4 0,51 0,52 0,52 0,59

Class
1 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

Position

6 7 8 9 10 11 0,0 0,13 0,2 0,4 0,23 0,32 0,44 0,38

Position

0,54 0,56

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

UF UFEP UFEE 0,6 0,8 1,0

memberbuckling checkacc.class3 (classatlocation withhighest utilisationfactor)

Thereby, theclassesweredeterminedonbasisofc/t(fy) thefulllineillustratestheutilizationaccordingtotheSEMICOMPapproach(lineUF) theleftdashedlineillustratestheutilisationforclass2(fullplastic,lineUFEP) therighthanddashedlineillustratestheelasticutilisation(lineUFEE)

6.2. Calculationprocedureformemberbucklingdesign
ProcedureformemberbucklingcheckaccordingtoapproachA,Table13: Thememberresistanceforeachmemberiscalculatedasfollows: therelevantclassofthecrosssectionsisgivenforthe1/10pointsofthememberthroughthe crosssectionchecks identifytheclass,whereUFismaximum;thisclassisdecisiveforthemembercheck,see Example3/clause6.1

37

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

executethemembercheckonbasisofthebucklingformulaeofEN199311,6.3.1,6.3.2or 6.3.3:

NEd 1 Nb,Rd

(EN199311,6.3.1)

MEd 1 Mb,Rd

(EN199311,6.3.2)

bucklingyy:

My,Ed + My,Ed Mz,Ed + Mz,Ed NEd + k yy + k yz 1 My,Rk Mz,Rk y NRk LT M1 M1 M1 (EN199311,6.3.3)

bucklingzz:

My,Ed + My,Ed Mz,Ed + Mz,Ed NEd + kzy + kzz 1 z NRk My,Rk Mz,Rk LT M1 M1 M1

AccordingtothegivensectionclassNRkandMRkareappliedasfollows: inclass1+2:withplasticresistancesNplandMplbasedonAandWpl inclass3:withSEMICOMPresistancesNplandM3basedonAandW3 inclass4:witheffectiveresistancesNeffandMeffasfollows: forpurecompressionN(approachA1,Table13): Aeffcanbebasedon p,red (com,Ed/effectivesection)forsectionswhereeN=0;thismeans, thatonlydoublesymmetricsectionsorsuch,wherenoreductionofareaoccursforAeff,can bedealtwith p,red (com,Ed), otherwiseAeffmustbebasedon p (fy) forpurebendingMy(approachA2,Table13): Weffcanbebasedon p,red (com,Ed/effectivesection) forbendingplusaxialcompressionN+M: AeffandWeffmustbebasedon p (fy)withoutcom,Ed Procedureformembercheckforsectionsbyfull2ndordertheory(approachB,Table14): themembercheckisbasedon2ndordertheoryplusimperfectionsleadingtocrosssection checksfortheincreasedforcesandmoments compactandsemicompactsections(classes1,2and3): In case that the member check is based on crosssection checks for the 2nd order forces and momentsM1shouldbeusedinsteadofM0.Ifplasticbehaviourisconsidered,itshouldbetaken into account that the elastic global analysis does not account for the effects of plastic deformations of members in compression (method EP). Therefore, the check should be based onthelinearcrosssectioninteractionaccordingtoequ.(6.2)ofEN199311.Thisholdsalsofor sectionsinclass3accordingtoSEMICOMP(clause4.2). class4sections: Aeff,Weffaretobedeterminedonbasisof p,red usingcom,Ed 38

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

Table13

DESIGNPROCEDURESFORMEMBERSOFAPPROACHA
STABILITYEFFECTSCOVEREDBYMEMBERBUCKLINGFORMULAE

DESIGNPROCEDURE A1
Trussmembersunder pureaxialcompression N

DESIGNPROCEDURE A2
Girderunderpure bendingMy

DESIGNPROCEDURE A3
SwayframeunderN+My+Mz Me

Imp. for 0.5 N

MII
A fy NEd

including (P.)

MI Provisionsforglobalanalysis(elastic): classifyacc.toc/t(fy)for

My

N+My+Mz

ifinclass4:calculatewith p (fy) provided0,5:A,I,areok (if<0,5:AnnexE Ieff) checkcrosssectionresistance(M0) executetheclassification: class4isalreadyknown, classifytherestforthelimit2/3inthe1/10pointsbasedonc/t(fy)for

My

N+My+Mz Mz,Ed

MyIIEd

makecrosssectionchecksfor class1,2withplasticresistanceMpl class3withSEMICOMPresistanceM3 class4witheffectiveresistanceAeff/Weffbasedon

p,red (com,Ed)

p,red (com,Ed)

p (fy)

calculateutilisationfactorsUF ifUF1,0 checkmemberresistance NEd checkmemberresistance(M1) thegivenclassatpointofUFmaxdeterminestheclassforthemembercheck, applybucklingformulaeofEN199311,section6.3

basedon6.3.1: FByyandFBzz

basedon6.3.2: LTB ifUF1,0 conformityisverified

basedon6.3.3: yycheck zzcheck

UFclass

39

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

Table14

DESIGNPROCEDURESFORMEMBERSOFAPPROACHB
STABILITYEFFECTSCOVEREDBYFULL2ndORDERMOMENTS

DESIGNPROCEDURE B1
Trussmembersunder pureaxialcompression N

DESIGNPROCEDURE B2
Girderunderpure bendingMy

DESIGNPROCEDURE B3
SwayframeunderN+My+Mz

Imp.e0,y,e0,zin compr.parts

Imp.e0,z Imp.+e0 My+MzII

MII including (P+P.)

N+MyII+MzII

Provisionsforglobalanalysis(elastic): classifyacc.toc/t(com,Ed/brutto)for N+MyII+MzII My+MzII ifinclass4: calculatewith pred (com,Ed/effective) provided0,5:A,I,areok (if<0,5:AnnexE Ieff)

N+MyII+MzII

checkcrosssectionresistance(M1) executetheclassification: class4isalreadyknown, classifytherestforthelimit2/3inthe1/10points basedonc/t(fy)for My+MzII N+MyII+MzII N+MyII+MzII makecrosssectionchecksfor class1,2withplasticresistanceMpl class3withSEMICOMPresistanceM3 class4witheffectiveresistanceAeff,Weffbasedon pred (com,Ed/effective) calculateutilisationfactorsUF ifUF1,0 conformityisverified memberresistancealreadyfulfilledbycrosssectionchecks

MIIEd

NEd

40

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

6.3. DefinitionofutilisationfactorUF
ThedefinitionofanappropriateutilisationfactorUF(ofthecrosssectionresistance)isneededin ordertodeterminetherelevantcrosssectionofamemberandthecorrespondingcrosssectionclass, seesection6.1. TheutilizationfactorUFisdefinedaspresentedinthefollowingfigure.Thegivenloading(NEd+MEd) is increased proportionally until the design resistance is reached. This holds true for the resistance functionsofallclasses(i.e.class1toclass4).

M
Mpl

UF =

REd M M = Ed Ed RRd MN,Rd MN,Rd

UF ... utilisation factor

MN,Rd
MN,Rd

MEd
REd

RRd

N
NEd

NEd UF

Npl

RemarksontheerroneoususeofformulaeforUF: Utilisationfactorandusingformula(6.31)ofEN199311

TheresultofMEd/MN,Rd(monoaxialbendingplusaxialforce)isinprinciplenottobeinterpretedas utilisation factor in terms of a percentage against the ultimate state. The formula calculates the resistance MN,Rd on basis of a fixed axial force NEd. A value of MEd/MN,Rd=0.5 therefore only means thatthemoment canbe increasedby afactoroftwotoreachtheultimatestate,giventhatNEdis kept constant.ByincreasingNEdand MEdsimultaneouslyadifferent (i.e.smaller)valueisobtained. Generally,theutilisationfactorisdefinedasthereciprocaloftheloadamplifierthatisachievedby increasingallinternalforcessimultaneously. Utilisationfactorandusingformula(6.41)ofEN199311

WhenthisformulaisappliedforMyonly(e.g.whenMzisnegligiblesmall),thevalueMEd/MN,Rdhasto be increased by an exponent of 2. In comparison with the above example a value of (MEd/MN,Rd)=0.5=0.25 is obtained. It is now obvious also by a comparison with the result of formula(6.31)thatthisvalueof0.25isnottheutilisationfactor.OnlyforthecasethatNEdandMEd exactly reach the ultimate state (i.e. MEd/MN,Rd=(MEd/MN,Rd)=1.0) the results of the discussed formulaeareequalandcorrespondtotheutilisationfactor. Utilisationfactorandusingformula(6.63)ofEN199311

For using the formula the parameter ult,k (i.e. the minimum load amplifier of the design loads to reach the characteristic resistance of the most critical cross section) has to be evaluated. This parameter can be calculated with formulae (6.31) or (6.41), but the loading NEd and MEd has to be increased simultaneously until the characteristic resistance is reached. Therefore, using the 41

SEMICOMP+

Chapter6

reciprocal of the result of formulae (6.31) or (6.41) as the value for ult,k is in principle wrong and leadstounconservativeresultsforthecaseofMEdplusNEd. Inthefollowingsomeexamplesforthedeterminationoftheutilisationfactorareshortlypresented.
MN,Rd = Mpl
MN,Rd

M
+33% +29%

MEd

IPE 400, S235 N Ed M Ed = 0.18 = 0.75 N pl M pl,y Bilinear interaction curve for class 2 section.

UF =

1 = 0.76 1.29

N
NEd NEd UF

Npl

Mpl
MN,Rd
MN,Rd

M
IPE 400, S355 N Ed M Ed = 0.18 = 0.75 N pl M pl,y Linear interaction curve for class 3 section, (new design model).

+9%

+7.5%

MEd

UF =

N M 1 = 0.93 = Ed + Ed = 0.18 + 0.75 N pl M pl,y 1.075

N
NEd NEd UF

Npl

Mpl

M
IPE 400, S355 N Ed M Ed = 0.5 = 0.3 N pl M pl,y Linear interaction curve for class 3 section, (new design model).
+67% +25%

MN,Rd
MN,Rd

MEd

UF =

N M 1 = 0.80 = Ed + Ed = 0.5 + 0.3 N pl M pl,y 1.25

N
NEd

NEd UF

Npl

42

SEMICOMP+

Chapter7

7. TABULATEDVALUESFORW3,YANDW3,Z
Further to the above formulaic approach it should be noted, that the calculation of the bending resistancesM3,Rdbyinterpolationcanbeomittedbyprovidingthesevaluesinformoftablesforthe different section shapes and steel grades. The values of W3,y and W3,z for common European hot rolledsections(IPE,HEAA,HEA,HEBandHEM)andthethreesteelgradesS235,S355andS460are givenintheAnnexB. Apartfromgeometricdata(i.e.h,b,tw,tf,r)andcommonsectionpropertiesA,Wel,y,Wpl,y,Wel,z,Wpl,z a crosssection classification is given for pure major axis bending and for pure compression. The classificationforpurecompressionisdoneforthecurrentEN199311limitsaswellasforthenew c/tlimits for internal elements under compression. Note that the classification according to pure bendingisnottouchedbythenewlimits(becausethelimitsforinternalelementsunderbendingare unchanged). Theclassificationofsectionsisbasedontheresultantstressdistribution(i.e.N+My+Mz).Therefore, only the sections that are classified as class 3 or class 4 sections due to pure compression could potentially be class 3 sections under a given combined loading (e.g. N + My). In that context the followingexampleisgiven:AnIPE500section,steelgradeS355,underpurecompressionisclassified asclass4sectionbecauseoftheweb(basedonthecurrentc/tlimitsaswellasforthenewlimits), see Annex B. The same section under pure major axis bending is in class1. Therefore, the section underthecombinedloadingN+Mycouldbeinclass3dependingontheratioofaxialcompression andbendingmoment. Basedonthisfact,allsectionsthatareclassifiedasclass3orclass4sectionduetopurecompression (new limits) are highlighted in the tables of the Annex. For these sections (and steel grades S235, S355andS460)theauxiliarytermsc/tref,yandc/tref,zandtheclass3sectionmoduliW3,yandW3,zare givenbasedontheformulaeinTable9.Itshouldbestatedinthiscontextthatthetermsc/tref,yand c/tref,z do not classify the section they are simply a parameter to calculate the class 3 bending resistances(basedontheactionofthecorrespondingbendingmomentonly).Asanexample,again the above mentioned IPE 500, S355 isgiven. It is assumed that the section is in class 3 due to the combinedloadingN+My.Sothenewdesignmodel(Table9)canbeappliedandc/tref,y=0.Thatdoes not mean that the section is at the border to class 2 it only states that the class 3 bending resistancecanbetakenastheplasticone(i.e.W3,y=Wpl,y).TheinteractionbetweenNandMyshould thenbeaccountedforaccordingtothenewdesignmodelforclass3sections.

8. WORKEDEXAMPLES
WorkedexamplesfordifferenttypesofmembersaregiveninaseparateAnnex.

9. SOFTWAREDEVELOPMENT
Within the SEMICOMP+ project a design software SemiComp Design has been developed for crosssectionandmemberdesign,whichisprovidedasfreeware.

43

SEMICOMP+

References

10. REFERENCES
[1] EuropeanCommitteeforStandardisation, EN199311:Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures Part1.1:Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings,Brussels,2005. Greiner,R.,Kettler,M.,Lechner,A.,Jaspart,J.P.,Boissonade,N.,Bortolotti,E.,Weynand,K., Ziller,C.,rder,R.: SEMICOMP:PlasticMemberCapacityofSemiCompactSteelSectionsa more Economic Design, RFSRCT200400044, Final Report, Research Programme of the ResearchFundforCoalandSteelRTD,2008. Boissonade,N.,Greiner,R.,Jaspart,J.P.,Lindner,J.:RulesforMemberStabilityinEN199311: Background documentation and design guidelines, ECCS Technical Committee 8 Structural Stability,P119,Brussels,2006. Gardner, L., Nethercot, D. A.: Designers Guide to EN 199311 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structuresGeneralrulesandrulesforbuildings,ThomasTelford,SCI,2005. Greiner, R., Kettler, M., Lechner, A., Jaspart, J.P., Weynand, K., Ziller, C., Oerder, R.: SEMI COMP+: Valorisation Action of Plastic Member Capacity of SemiCompact Steel Sections a more Economic Design, RFS2CT201000023, Background Documentation, Research ProgrammeoftheResearchFundforCoalandSteelRTD,2011.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

44

SEMICOMP+

TabulatedM3,RdValues

45