Introduction To Tensor Algebra

Introduction to Tensor Algebra
Krishna Kannan
Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Madras
February 28, 2012
Krishna Kannan (IIT Madras)
February 28, 2012
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Outline
Algebra of vectors
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Outline
Algebra of vectors
Algebra of Second Order Tensors
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Algebra of vectors
Algebra of vectors
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Algebra of vectors
Denition of a vector space
What is a vector ?
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Algebra of vectors
What is a vector ? A set of objects V = {u, v, w, . . .} endowed with addition + : V V V and scalar multiplication : R V V, where R is the set of real numbers, is said to form a vector space if it satises:
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Algebra of vectors
Addition of vectors The sum of two vectors yields a new vector, which has the following properties: u + v = v + u, (u + v) + w = u + (v + w), u + o = u, u + (u) = o, where o denotes the zero vector. (1) (2) (3) (4)
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Algebra of vectors
Scalar Multiplication Then the scalar multiplication u produces a new vector with the following properties: ()u = (u), ( + )u = u + u, (u + v) = u + v, where , are arbitrary scalars. Any object V that satises all the above axioms is called a vector. Where in the above denition is the idea of magnitude and direction? (5) (6) (7)
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Algebra of vectors
Denition of an inner product space
An inner product is a scalar valued function f : V V R, which satises: u v = v u, u o = 0, u (v + w) = (u v) + (u w), u u > 0, u = 0, and u u = 0, if and only if (8) (9) (10)
u = 0, (11) A vector space that is endowed with an inner product is called an inner product space.
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Algebra of vectors
Denition of a normed vector space
A norm is a scalar valued function f : V R, which satises: u 0, u V u = 0 i u = 0 u = || u , u V and R u + v u + v , u V, v V (12) (13) (14) (15)
For example, the quantity |u| = (u u)1/2 satises all the requirements of a norm. Any Innner product space endowed with a norm is called a normed vector space.
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Algebra of vectors
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Denition of Second order tensor

Let Lin(V, V) represent the set of all linear transforms (functions) from the vector space V to V. One can show that Lin(V, V) is a new vector space by appropriately dening addition and scalar multiplication. Objects Lin(V, V) are second order tensors. A second order tensor A may be thought of as a linear operator that acts on a vector u generating a vector v
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Let Lin(V, V) represent the set of all linear transforms (functions) from the vector space V to V. One can show that Lin(V, V) is a new vector space by appropriately dening addition and scalar multiplication. Objects Lin(V, V) are second order tensors. A second order tensor A may be thought of as a linear operator that acts on a vector u generating a vector v We write v = Au which denes a linear transformation that assigns a vector v to each vector u
February 28, 2012
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Let Lin(V, V) represent the set of all linear transforms (functions) from the vector space V to V. One can show that Lin(V, V) is a new vector space by appropriately dening addition and scalar multiplication. Objects Lin(V, V) are second order tensors. A second order tensor A may be thought of as a linear operator that acts on a vector u generating a vector v We write v = Au which denes a linear transformation that assigns a vector v to each vector u A is linear we have A(u + v) = Au + Av, for all vectors u, v and all scalars ,
Krishna Kannan (IIT Madras) Introduction to Tensor Algebra February 28, 2012 10 / 13
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Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication
If A and B are two second order tensors, we can dene the sum A + B, the dierence A B and the scalar multiplication A by the rules (A B)u = Au Bu, (A)u = (Au), where u denotes an arbitrary vector (17) (18)
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Identity and Zero Second order tensor
Second order unit (or identity) tensor: 1u = u (19)
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Identity and Zero Second order tensor
Second order unit (or identity) tensor: 1u = u Second order zero tensor: 0u = o (20) (19)
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Denitions
Positive semi-denite: v Av 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v
Dene orthogonal tensor, and trace and determinant of a second order tensor
Denitions
Positive semi-denite: v Av 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v Positive Denite: v Av > 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v
Denitions
Positive semi-denite: v Av 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v Positive Denite: v Av > 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v Negative semi-denite: v Av 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v
Denitions
Positive semi-denite: v Av 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v Positive Denite: v Av > 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v Negative semi-denite: v Av 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v Negative Denite: v Av < 0 holds for all nonzero vectors v Dene orthogonal tensor, and trace and determinant of a second order tensor

Introduction To Tensor Algebra

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Introduction To Tensor Algebra

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Introduction to Tensor Algebra

February 28, 2012

Krishna Kannan (IIT Madras)