Professor: Federle; Book: Dressler; Grade: "A"

SuperExamOutline
1. JustificationDefenses
a. SelfDefense
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule Anonaggressor isjustifiedinusingdeadlyforce uponanotherifhereasonablybelieves that suchforceisnecessary toprotecthimselffromimminent use(actualorapparent)ofunlawfuldeadlyforce by theotherperson. a) LosingAggressorStatus i) NondeadlyAggressors Ifthevictimofanaggressorrespondswithexcessive(deadly unlawful) force,theaggressorloosestheaggressorstatus2rules: (1) MajorityRule Theaggressorimmediately regainsherrightofselfdefense,assoonasthe victimthreatensexcessiveforce. (2) MinorityRule Ifvictimrespondswithdeadlyforcetheaggressormustattempttoretreator havenosaferetreatpossiblebeforeusingdeadlyforce. ii) DeadlyAggressors Thedeadlyaggressoronlygainsarighttoselfdefenseaftershehasabandoned herdeadlydesignandcommunicates thisfacttothepersondefending. b) ReasonableBelief Beliefisobjectivelyreasonableinlightofthesurroundingcircumstances. i) PhysicalCharacteristics Defendantsphysicalcharacteristicsmaybeincorporatedintothe reasonablepersonstandardhere. ii) DefendersExperience Priorexperienceofthedefendantisrelevant,generally. 2) Retreat a) Majority Maystandgroundwhenreasonablynecessarytosaveself. b) Minority Mustretreattoasafeplaceifoneisavailable. i) Exception Mustnotretreatifitwouldjeopardizelifebydoingso. c) GeneralException(CastleDoctrine) Ifdefenderisattackedinhishomethroughnofaultofhisown,he neednotretreat.Somecourtsextendtotheareasurroundingthedwelling. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule Apersonisjustifiedinusingforceonanotherifhebelieves thatsuchforceisimmediately necessary toprotecthimselfagainsttheexerciseofunlawful forcebytheotheronthepresentoccasion. a) DeadlyForce Deadlyforceispermissiblewhentheactorbelievessuchforceisnecessarytoprotect himselfagainstdeath,seriousbodilyinjury,kidnapping,sexualintercourse compelledbyforce orthreatof force. 2) Retreat Ifthedefendantknowsofretreatwithcompletesafety,thenhemustretreat. a) Exception Doesnotapplytodwellingunlessdefendantwastheaggressor.Doesnotapplytoplaceof workunlessdefendantwastheaggressororifattackedbyacoworker.

b. DefenseofAnother
i. CommonLaw 1) ModernRule;ReasonableAppearance Theintervenormayuseforcethatreasonablyappears tothe intervenor tobejustified. 2) OldRule;IntheOthersShoes Theintervenorcanonly usetheforcethatwouldhavebeenjustifiedifthethird partywouldhavebeenjustified. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) ThreeAspectsthatLimitForce a) SelfProtection Intervenorusesnomoreforcethathewouldbeentitledtouseinselfprotection,based onthecircumstancesashebelievesthemtobe. b) ReasonableAppearance Underthecircumstancesashebelievesthemtobe,thethirdpartywouldbe justifiedinusingsuchforceinselfdefense;and c) NecessaryforProtection Hebelievesthatinterventionisnecessary forthethirdparty'sprotection

c. DefenseofProperty
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule Deadlyforceisnever justified.Apersonisjustifiedinusingnondeadlyforceifshereasonably believes thatsuchforceisnecessarytopreventtheimminent,unlawful dispossessionoftheproperty.Insome jurisdictionsdefendermustrequestthedispossessortostoppriortousingforce. 2) Recapture Ifthedefenderhasalreadybeendispossessedoftheproperty,forcemaynotbeused torecapture theproperty. a) Exception Nondeadlyforceispermittedinfreshpursuit ofdispossessorofproperty. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule Apersonisjustifiedinusingnondeadlyforceifshebelieves thatsuchforceisnecessaryto preventtheimminent,unlawful dispossessionoftheproperty. 2) Recapture Nondeadlyforceisauthorized,evenafterfreshpursuithasended,iftheactorbelievesthatthe dispossessorhasnoclaimofrighttotheproperty. a) Exception,Land Actormaynotuseforcetorecaptureunlesshebelievesthatitwouldconstitutean "exceptionalhardship"todelayreentryuntilhecangetacourtorder. 3) DeadlyForce(DefenseofHabitation) Theuseofdeadlyforceisjustifiedwhen: a) Thedefenderbelievesthatapersonintendstodispossess herofherdwelling otherthanunderaclaimof righttopossession. b) Thedefenderbelievesthatapersonintentstocommitarson,burglary,robberyorfelonioustheftinside thedwellingand i) Thepersonhasemployedorthreatened deadlyforceagainstorinthepresenceofthedefender;OR ii) Theuseofnondeadlyforcetopreventcommissionofthecrimewouldexposethedefenderor anothertoasubstantialriskofseriousbodilyharm.

d. DefenseofHabitation
i. CommonLaw 1) OldandBroadRule Deadlyforceisjustifiediftheactorreasonablybelievesthat1)theintruderintends unlawfullyandimmediatelyenterthedwelling,2)intendstocommitafelonyinsideorcausebodily(any)injury toanyoccupant,and3)deadlyforceisnecessarytoprevententry. 2) Modern,NarrowRule Deadlyforceislimitedtocircumstancesinwhichthedefenderbelievesthatthe intruderwillcommitanatrocious(violent)felonyinsidethedwellingiftheintruderenters. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule TheMPCusesdefenseofpropertyprincipalstoanalyzedefenseofhabitationissues.

e. Necessity
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule ThreeElements:1)Actor>clearandimminentdanger.2)actnecessarytoabate danger(above).3)Whathemustdoislessserious thantheharmhewantstoavoid. a) MinorityLimitation Limitthistotheprotectionofpersonalproperty b) Homicide typicallyinapplicable

ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule Threeelements:1)theactorbelieves conductisnecessary toavoidharmtohimselforanother. 2)theharmthattheactorseekstoavoidisgreater thanthatsoughttobeavoidedbythelawprohibitinghis conduct.3)theredoesnotplainlyexistanytoexcludethejustificationclaimedbytheactor. a) Homicide thedefenseisavailableforhomicide 2) Reckless/NegligentException Iftheactorwasrecklessornegligentthedefenseisunavailable.

f. Duress
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule Defendantmustproveshecommittedtheoffensebecause1)anotherpersonunlawfully threatenedimminently tokillorgrievously injureheroranotherpersonunlessshecommittedthecrimeand2) sheisnotatfault inexposingherselftothethreat. a) CoercedHomicide Defensenotavailableforcoercedhomicides. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule Defendantmustshowthat1)hecommittedanoffensebecausehewascoercedtodosoby anotherperson'suse,orthreattouse,unlawfulforceagainsthimorathirdparty,and2)apersonofreasonable firmness wouldhavecommittedtheoffense. a) CoercedHomicide Thereisnobartouseofthedefenseforcoercedhomicides.

2. ExcuseDefenses
a. Intoxication
i. VoluntaryIntoxication 1) CommonLaw a) GeneralRule Apersonisneverexcusedbecauseofvoluntarilyintoxication. b) MensRea Defense Failureofproof:specificintent offenseif,b/cofV/I,helackedthecapacity ordidnot formthespecificintentrequired forthecrime. 2) ModelPenalCode a) GeneralRule V/Iisadefenseifitnegatesanelementoftheoffense. i) Exception Ifthedefendantischargedwithrecklessnessoffense,defendantmaybeconvictedifthe reasonforherrecklessnesswasafailuretoperceivetheriskbecauseherselfinducedintoxication. ii. InvoluntaryIntoxication 1) CommonLaw a) MensRea Defense Involuntaryintoxicationisadefenseifactorlackstherequisitementalstateofthe offenseforwhichshewascharged(specificorgeneralintent) b) TemporaryInsanityDefense Voluntaryintoxicationisadefenseif,duetoinvoluntaryintoxication,the defendantsatisfiesthejurisdictionsinsanitytest. 2) ModelPenalCode a) MensRea Defense Involuntaryintoxicationisadefenseifactorlackstherequisitementalstateofthe offenseforwhichshewascharged(specificorgeneralintent) b) TemporaryInsanityDefense Voluntaryintoxicationisadefenseif,duetoinvoluntaryintoxication,the defendantsatisfiesthejurisdictionsinsanitytest.

b. Insanity
i. CommonLaw 1) M'NaghtenTest Apersonislegallyinsaneif,b/cofMD/D,1)hedidnotknow (cognition)thenatureand quality oftheactheor 2)didnotknow thedifferencebetweenrightandwrong. 2) IrresistibleImpulseTest Apersonislegallyinsaneif,b/cofMD/D,sheactedwithanirresistibleand uncontrollableimpulse,oriflostthepower tochoosebetweenrightandwrong. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule Anactorislegallyinsaneifatthetimeofthecriminalconduct,asaresultofaMD/D,the defendantlackedsubstantialcapacity to1)appreciate thecriminality/wrongfulnessofhisconduct(cognitive)OR conform hisconducttotherequirementsofthelaw(volitional). a) Wrongfulness/Criminality Lefttothecourttofigureout.Wrongfulnessisinsomesensebroaderthan criminality. b) Appreciation MPCusesappreciationratherthanknowing.Appreciationisbroaderthanknowing.Itisan understandingofconduct.

c. DiminishedCapacity
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule Diminishedcapacityisapartialdefense(failureofproof)wherethedefendantassertsthathe couldnotformthemensrea requiredforthecrimeduetoalowermentalstatus.Usuallyusedwhenmental problemisn'tenoughforinsanity. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule SeeEMEDhomicide

3. InchoateConduct
a. Attempt
i. CommonLaw 1) ActusReus Theactusreusisanactofperpetration. a) LastActTest Performedalloftheactsthatshebelievedwerenecessarytocommitthetargetoffense. b) DangerousProximityTest anattemptoccurswhenwhenanact"issoneartotheresultthatthedanger ofsuccessisverygreat." c) ProximitytoSuccessTest Theattemptwouldhaveresultedintheactualcommissionofthecrimeifit wasnotfrustratedbyextraneouscircumstances. d) IndispensableElementTest Anattemptoccurswhenthedefendanthasobtainedcontrolofan indispensablefeatureofthecriminalplan. e) Unequivocally/ResIpsaLoquiturTest Theactorsconduct,standingalone,demonstratescriminalintent. (Nowords,onlyactions). f) ProbableDesistanceTest Theactorisguiltywhensheproceedspastthepointwhichanordinaryperson wouldhavelikelyabandonedhercriminalendeavor(thepointofnoreturn). 2) MensRea a) TwoIntentsRequired: i) Theactormustintentionallycommittheactusreus ofanattempt;and ii) Mustperformsaidactswiththespecificintention ofcommittingthetargetcrime. b) AttendantCircumstances Atcommonlawitisunclearwhatmensrea,ifany,anactormustpossess regardinganattendantcircumstancestobeguiltyofattempt. i) RecklessApproach Recklessregardinganattendantcircumstance. ii) TargetCrimeApproach Looktothatelementofthetargetcrime. 3) Impossibility Legalimpossibilitywasadefensetoattemptwhilefactualimpossibilitywasnot. a) FactualImpossibility Ifthefactswereasthedefendantbelieved themtobethetargetcrimewouldhave occurred.Factualimpossibilityisneveradefense. b) LegalImpossibility Legalimpossibilityisgenerallyadefensewhenthedefendanttriestoviolatealaw

butnolawexists(purelegalimpossibility). c) HybridLegalImpossibility Anactorsgoalisillegalbutcommissionoftheoffenseisimpossibleb/kof mistakeregardingthelegalstatus ofsomefactual circumstancerelevanttoherconduct.Resultdepends uponthedangerandwhowewanttoblame. 4) Renunciation(Abandonment) Generallynotadefense.Injurisdictionswhereitisdefendantmustvoluntarily andcompletely renounceshiscriminalpurpose. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) General Apersonisguiltyofattemptifhe1)purposelyengagesinconduct thatwouldconstitutethecrime,2) actswiththepurposeofcausing orwiththebelief thatitwillcausethecriminalresult,or3)purposelydoesan actconstitutingasubstantialstep infurtheranceoftheoffense. 2) ActusReus Therewillonlybeanactusreus issuewithanincompleteattempt. a) SubstantialStepStandard Substantialstepisnotdefinedbutitmustbecorroborative oftheactor's criminalpurpose.Corroborativemustbeconsidered bythefactfinder: i) Lyinginwait ii) Enticing thevictimtotheplaceofthecontemplatedcrime iii) Reconnoitering theplacecontemplatedfromthecommissionofthecrime iv) Unlawfulentry intotheplaceofthecrime v) Possessionofmaterials tobeemployedinthecommissionofthecrime vi) Possession,collectionorfabricationofmaterialstobeemployedinthecommissionofthecrimeat orneartheplaceofthecrime vii) Solicitinganinnocentagent toengageinconductconstitutinganelementofthecrime. 3) MensRea a) CompleteorIncomplete? i) CompleteAttempt Adefendanthasdoneeveryactnecessaryonhisparttocommitthetarget offense. ii) IncompleteAttempt Adefendanthasnotcompletedthelastact b) CriminalResultorConduct(CompleteAttempt)? i) CriminalConduct(Rape) Mustpurposely engageinconductthatwouldconstitutethecrime. ii) CriminalResult(Murder) Mustactwiththepurpose ofcausingorwiththebelief thattheactwill causethecriminalresult. c) IncompleteAttempt,GeneralRule Mustpurposely engageinasubstantialstep. d) AttendantCircumstances MPCprovidesthatanactorisguiltyofanattemptifsheactswiththekindof culpabilityotherwiserequiredforcommissionofthetargetcrime. 4) Impossibility TheMPCstipulatesthatapersonisguiltyofattemptifhisconductwouldconstitutethecrimeif theattendantcircumstanceswereashebelievedthemtobe.Thus,factual impossibilityandhybrid impossibility arenotadefense.Purelegalimpossibility,however,remainsadefense. 5) Renunciation(Abandonment) ApersonisnotguiltyofMPCattemptif1)sheabandons herefforttocommit thecrimeorprevents itfrombeingcommitted,and2)herconductmanifestsacompleteandvoluntary renunciation ofhercriminalpurpose.

b. Conspiracy
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule Commonlawconspiracyisanagreement betweentwoormorepersonstocommitanunlawful actorseriesofunlawfulacts.Commonlawconspiracydoesnotmerge. 2) ActusReus Theactusreusofconspiracyisanagreement (actualorimplied)bythepartiestocommitan unlawfulactorseriesofunlawfulacts. a) OvertAct somejurisdictions(viaMPCinfluence)requireanovertact. 3) Mensrea Themensreaofconspiracyis1)specificintent toformanagreement,and2)specificintent to committheillegalact. a) Knowledge Note:Underthecommonlawitispossibletoinferintentfromknowledge. b) PluralityRequirement(BilateralTheory) Twoormorepersonsmustpossess(butneednotbeguilty)the requisitemensreaornopartyisguiltyofconspiracy. 4) CoConspirators Generally,tobeacoconspiratorapersonmusthaveageneralawarenessofthescopeand theobjectiveofthecriminalenterprise.Knowledgeoftheidentityofeveryoneinvolvedisnotnecessary. 5) Defenses a) Wharton'sRule Noconspiracyiftheonlypartiesintheoffensearethosewhoarenecessarytocommit theoffense(i.e.adultery) i) Exception Wharton'srulenotapplicableif1)twoconspiratorsarenotthepartiesnecessaryto commissionoftheoffence,and2)morepersons thannecessarytocommitthecrimeareinvolvedin theagreementtocommitthecrime. b) Legislative ExemptionRule Apersonmaynotbeprosecutedforconspiracytocommitacrimethatis intendedtoprotectthatperson(i.e.statutoryrape).Lookforissuesaboutwhothestatutewasintended toprotect. c) Abandonment Commonlawconspiracyiscompleteatthemomenttheagreementismade.Ifanactor freelyandvoluntarilyabandonstheconspiracybeannouncinghisintenttohiscoconspiratorsheisonly liableforthecrimescommittedpriortohisabandonment. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) ActusReus Theactusreusofconspiracyistheformation(orattemptedformation)ofanagreement (actualor implied)bythepartiestocommitancrimeorseriesofcrimes. a) OvertAct Anovertactofatleastoneparty isrequired(exceptforfeloniesoffirstandseconddegree) 2) MensRea Apersonisnotguiltyofconspiracyunlesssheactswiththepurpose ofpromotingorfacilitating the commissionoftheconductthatconstitutesacrime.Onewhofurnishesaserviceorinstrumentwithknowledge ofanother'scriminalactivitiesisnotguiltyofconspiracy. 3) PartiestoAgreement Twoaspectsofthecodemustbeconsidered: a) ConspiracyisaUnilateralOffense Thefirststepistoidentifyeachconspiracywiththisfactinmind. b) CoConspirators Ifapersonisguiltyofconspiracyknows thatthepersonwithwhomhehasconspired has,inturn,conspiredwithstillanotherpersonorpersonstocommitthesame crime,thefirstpersonis alsoguiltyofconspiringwiththeotherpersonsorperson,whetherornotheknowstheiridentity. 4) ObjectivesofaConspiracy UndertheMPCtheconspiracyisattachedtotheagreement.Iftwopartieshave multiplecriminalobjectivesderivedasingleagreementthereisoneconspiracy. 5) Defenses a) Wharton'sRule notrecognizedbytheMPC b) LegislativeExemptionRule Isadefenseifenforcementoftheconspiracylawwouldfrustratealegislative intentiontoexemptapartyfromprosecution. c) RenunciationofCriminalPurpose Noconspiracyifthepersonrenounces(manifestingcompleteand voluntaryrenunciation)hiscriminalpurposeandthenthwarts thesuccessoftheconspiracy.< completelyfreefromliability.CanwithdrawifC/Lrequirements.

c. Solicitation
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule Commonlawsolicitationiswhenanactorintentionallyinvites,requests,commands,or

encouragesanotherpersontoengageinconductconstitutingaunlawfulact. a) Merger Thecrimeofsolicitationmergeswiththetargetcrime. 2) ActusReus Theactusreusofsolicitationiscompletedwhentheactorcommunicates thewordsorperforms thephysicalactthatconstitutestheinvitation,request,command,orencouragementoftheotherpersonto committheoffense. a) UnsuccessfulCommunications Communicationmustbesuccessful. 3) MensRea Commonlawsolicitationisaspecificintent offense.Thepersonmustcommittheactusreuswith thespecificintentthatthepersonsolicitedcommitthetargetoffense. 4) Defense,Renunciation Notavailableatthecommonlaw. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule MPCsolicitationiswhenanactorinvites,requests,commands,orencouragesanotherpersonto engageinconductconstitutingacrime. 2) ActusReus Theactusreusofsolicitationiscompletedwhentheactorcommunicates thewordsorperforms thephysicalactthatconstitutestheinvitation,request,command,orencouragementoftheotherpersonto committheoffense. a) UnsuccessfulCommunications UndertheMPCapersonwhounsuccessfullycommunicatesasolicitation isstillguilty.< canattempttosolicit! 3) Mensrea Mustactwiththepurpose ofpromotingorfacilitating thecommissionofthesolicitedoffense. 4) Defense,Renunciation Thesolicitormust:1)completelyandvoluntarilyrenouncehercriminalintent;and2) persuadethesolicitedpartynottocommittheoffenseorotherwisepreventherfromcommittingtheoffense.

4. AccompliceLiability(Complicity)
a. CommonLaw
i. General 1) GeneralRule Apersonisanaccompliceifsheintentionallyassists anotherpersontoengageintheconduct thatconstitutesthetargetoffense. 2) CommonLawTerminology a) PrincipalintheFirstDegree Apersonwho,withtherequisitemensrea,personallycommitstheoffense, orusesaninnocenthumaninstrumentalitytocommitit. i) InnocentInstrumentalityDoctrine Theinnocentinstrumentalityruleprovidesthatapersonisthe principalinthefirstdegreeif,withthemensrearequiredforthecommissionoftheoffense,heuses anonhumanagent(e.g.,atraineddog)oranonculpablehumanagenttocommitthecrime. b) PrincipalintheSecondDegree Intentionallyassiststheprincipalinthefirstdegreetocommitthe offense.Isactuallyorconstructivelypresentduringitscommission. i) ConstructivePresence closeenoughtoassisttheprincipalinthefirstdegree. c) AccessoryBeforetheFact Apersonwhointentionallyassistsinthecommissionoftheoffense,butwho isnotactuallyorconstructivelypresentduringitscommission. d) AccessoryAftertheFact knowingly assistsafelontoavoidarrest,trial,orconviction. ii. ActusReus 1) Assistance Apersonassistsinanoffenseifshesolicitsorencouragesanotherpersontocommitthecrime,or ifsheaidsinitscommission. a) TrivialAssistance Actualassistance,nomatterhowtrivial,makesapersonliable.Canbemere psychologicalencouragementtotheperpetrator. iii. MensRea 1) GeneralRule Apersonmusthave:1)intent toassist;and2)actwiththementalstaterequiredinthe definitionoftheoffenseinwhichsheassisted. a) Knowledge Knowledgeisnotenoughbutcertainconditionscanbeusedtoinferintent fromknowledge. b) NaturalAndProbableConsequencesDoctrine Aperson,onceproventobeanaccompliceofanoffense, isliableforanyreasonablyforeseeable offencecommitted(orresultingconsequence reckless)bythe personsheaided. iv. Defenses 1) PerpetratorisAcquitted Iftheperpetratorisacquittedoftheoffensefromwhichtheaccompliceliabilityis derived,theaccompliceshouldalsobeacquitted. a) Exception Ifaperpetratorisacquittedonthegroundsofanexcuse(insanity)thentheaccompliceisnot acquittedbecauseatheoffensehasstilloccurred. 2) LegislativeExemptionRule Apersonmaynotbeconvictedasanaccompliceinherownvictimization.

b. ConspiracyLiability
i. C/LPinkertonDoctrine Atcommonlaw,apersonmaybeheldresponsibleforanycrimecommittedbyanyothermemberoftheconspiracy, whetherornotheassisted.Theoffensemusthavebeenanobjectoftheconspiracyorareasonablyforeseeable consequencethereof. ii. MPCPinkertonDoctrine TheMPCrejectsthePinkertonDoctrine.

c. ModelPenalCode
i. FormsofComplicityLiability 1) InnocentInstrumentalityDoctrine Apersonisguiltyofanoffensethatshedidnotpersonallycommitif, actingwiththerequisiteculpability(mensrea),shecauses aninnocentorirresponsiblepersontocommitthe crime. 2) AccompliceLiability Apersonisguiltyofanoffensethatshedidnotpersonallycommitifsheisanaccomplice ofanotherpersoninthecommissionoftheoffense. 3) CriminalAttempt Whentheprincipaldidntcompleteorattemptdefendantisdealtwithunderdirectliability forattempt. ii. ActusReus Assistance 1) GeneralRule Tobeanaccompliceinthecommissionofanoffense,apersonmust:1)solicittheoffense;2) aid,agreetoaid,orattempttoaidinitscommission;or 3)failtomakeaproperefforttopreventcommissionof theoffense(assuminglegaldutytoact). iii. MensRea 1) GeneralRule Apersonmustactwiththepurposeofpromotingorfacilitating thecommissionoftheoffense. a) Knowledge Knowledgeisneverenough.Musthavepurpose. 2) Exception:CrimesofRecklessnessorNegligence Apersonwhoisanaccompliceinthecommissionofconduct thatcausesacriminalresult,isalsoanaccompliceintheresult thereof,ifshehasthelevelofculpability regardingtheresult requiredinthedefinitionoftheoffense. 3) NaturalandProbablyConsequencesDoctrine MPCrejectsthedoctrine. iv. Defenses 1) PerpetratorisAcquitted Notadefense b/cA/Rincludesattempttoaid. 2) LegislativeExemptionRule Apersonmaynotbeconvictedasanaccompliceinherownvictimization. 3) Abandonment Apersonisnotanaccompliceinthecommissionofacrimeifsheterminatesherparticipation beforethecrimeiscommitted,andifsheeitherneutralizesherassistance,givestimelywarningtothepolice,or insomeothermannerpreventscommissionofthecrime.

5. Homicide
a. Murder
i. CommonLaw 1) GeneralRule Commonlawmurderisakillingofahumanbeingbyanotherhumanbeingwithmalice aforethought. a) Malice Apersonactswithmaliceifsheunjustifiably,inexcusably,andintheabsenceofanymitigating circumstance,killsapersonwith1)intenttokill,2)grievousbodilyinjury,3)depravedheart,OR 4)Felony Murder. 2) IntenttoKillMurder Intenttokillmurderisanintentional killingthatisunjustifiable,inexcusable,and unmitigated. a) Intent Intentrequirestheprosecutortoprovebeyondareasonabledoubtthatthekillerpurposefully or knowingly tookthelifeofanother. i) NaturalandProbableConsequences Thejurymayinferthatapersonintendsthenaturaland probableconsequencesofhisactions. ii) DeadlyWeaponRule Intentmaybeinferredifthedefendantusedadeadlyweapondirectedata vitalpartofthehumananatomy. b) Degrees(PennsylvaniaModel) Foramurdertobeinthefirstdegreeitmusthavebeenawillful, deliberateandpremeditatedkilling.Everythingelseisseconddegree. 3) IntenttoInflictGBHMurder iswhenthedefendantattemptstoinflictaninjurythatisclosetobutlessthan deadlyanddeathresults. a) Intent Theintentofthedefendantmaybeinferredfromthecircumstances. i) NaturalandProbableConsequencesDoctrine ii) DeadlyWeaponRule b) Degree Seconddegreemurderwhereadegreedsystemisused. 4) DepravedHeartMurder Depravedheartmurderiswhenanactorsconductmanifestsextremeindifference to thevalueofhumanlifeandsuchconductresultsindeath. a) ExtremeIndifference Extremeindifferenceisestablishediftheactorconsciouslytakesasubstantialand unjustifiableforeseeableriskofcausingdeath. b) Degree Seconddegreemurderwhereadegreedsystemisused. 5) FelonyMurder Maliceaforethoughtisinferredbythefelonywhendeathoccursduringthecommissionofa felony.Afelonymustbeproveninlieuofamurdermensrea. a) Limitations Feloniesaren'tnecessarilydangerousanymore,sothefollowinglimitationsareappliedto thefelonymurderdoctrine: i) InherentlyDangerousFelony Permittingitsuseforonlycertaintypes offelonies.Twowaysto establishifafelonyisinherentlydangerous: (1) Bythefactsofthecase (2) Thecrimeintheabstract violentactrequiredforthefelony ii) IndependentFelony(MergerDoctrine) thefelonymurderruleisinapplicabletofeloniesthatare anintegralpartofthehomicide.Thefelony"merges"withthehomicideandhomicidemustbe establishedwithoneoftheothermensrea requirements. iii) CausalConnect looktothefacts,ifthereisnotcausalconnectionbtwthefelonyandthemurder,a courtcoulddeclinetheuseofFM iv) InFurtherance Unpredictableactionsbyacofelonarenotinthefurtheranceofthefelony,thus nofelonymurder. (1) AgencyTheory Onlyliablefordeathscausedbycofelons. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) GeneralRule MPCmurderisthekillingofahumanbeing1)purposely,2)knowingly,or3)recklesslyunderthe circumstancesmanifestinganextremeindifferencetothevalueofhumanlife.Therearenodegreesofmurder. 2) MPCFelonyMurder Recklessindifferencetothevalueofhumanlifemaybepresumed(inferred)iftheperson causesadeathduringthecommissionofaMPCfelony(robbery,arson,burglary,kidnapping,feloniousescape, orrapeordeviatesexualintercoursebyforceorthreatofforce).

b. Manslaughter
i. CommonLaw 1) VoluntaryManslaughter Voluntarymanslaughterisanintentionalhomicidecommittedunderextenuating circumstanceswhichmitigate,thoughtheydonotjustifyorexcuse,thekilling. a) ProvocationDoctrine Provocationmustinflamethepassion ofareasonablepersonandtendtocause himtoactforthemoment frompassionratherthanreason. i) WordsAlone Cannotconstituteadequateprovocation ii) HotBlooded Thekillingmusthavebeenintheheatofpassion iii) OpportunitytoCool Thekillingmusthaveimmediatelyfollowedtheprovocation. b) CategoricalApproachtoProvocation Traditionalcategoriesthatresultinprovocation: i) CheatingSpouse ii) MutualCombat iii) AssaultandBattery iv) InjurytoRelativesorThirdParty v) IllegalArrest Deathresultingfromanillegalarrest. c) ReasonablePersonApproachtoProvocation Themoderntrendofprovocationisaskiftheprovocation wouldhaverenderedareasonablepersontoactrashly.Thestandardisnotcompletelyobjective. Ultimatelytheamountofsubjectivityisapolicyjudgment. 2) InvoluntaryManslaughter Involuntarymanslaughterisestablishedwhenapersonkillsanotherpersonwhile takingasubstantialandunjustifiableriskofdeaththattheactorshouldhavebeenawareof. 3) MisdemeanorManslaughterRule Anyunlawfulactthatisnotafelonyresultingindeathisautomatically involuntarymanslaughter.Mustprovethatdefendantcommittedamisdemeanor.Oftenlimitedtonon regulatoryoffences. ii. ModelPenalCode 1) RecklessnessHomicide Ahomicidecommittedrecklessly,wheretheactordoesnot manifestanextreme indifferencetohumanlife,constitutesmanslaughter. 2) ExtremeMentalorEmotionalDisturbance Murderconstitutesmanslaughterifcommittedundertheinfluence ofanextremementaloremotionaldisturbance (EMED)forwhichthereisareasonableexplanationorexcuse a) TheStandard Similartocommonlawprovocationdoctrineexceptmuchbroader.Canbewordsalone andacoolingoffperiodisnotneeded.TheactorsEMEDisestablishedsubjectively,whilethe reasonablenessoftheexcuseisdeterminedobjectively(subjectiveizedbytheactorsindividual characteristics). 3) NegligentHomicide MPCnegligenthomicideisahomicidecommittednegligently,wheretheactorshould havebeenawareofasubstantialandunjustifiablerisk.

6. Rape
a. CommonLaw
i. ForcibleRape

1) TraditionalRule Forciblerapeisvaginalintercoursebyamale,withafemalenothiswife,bymeansofforce or threatofforce,againstherwill,andwithoutherconsent. 2) ActusReus a) Force Forceisaseparateelementofrape.Thereforeitmustbeshownthatthemaleactedforciblyorby threatofphysicalforce. i) DegreeofForce Commonlawrequiredasubstantialforceuponthefemaleaboveandbeyondthat requiredforpenetration.Eventhoughforceandnonconsentareseparateelements,forceoften playsanevidentiaryroleinfindingnonconsent. ii) ThreatofForce Therequirementofforcedoesnotnecessarilyimplythepositiveexertionofactual physicalforce. (1) ThreatRequiredBodilyharmtothefemale (2) ReasonableFear Merefearisnotenough,itmustbereasonablefear. iii) Resistance Commonlawrulecreatedtoprovideevidenceofforce. b) Nonconsent Nonconsentmustbeprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt. i) Resistance Earlycourtsdemandedthatthevictimmanifestnonconsent.Highlydemandingtwo parttest: (1) IntensityofStruggle Theintensityofthestrugglemusthavereflectedthevictim'sphysical capacitytoopposesexualaggression. (2) SustainedStruggle Thevictimseffortsmusthavebeensustainedthroughoutthestruggle. ii) Unconsciousness Thevictimsunconsciousnessmanifestsnonconsentatcommonlaw. 3) MensRea Forciblerapeisageneralintentcrime(anyblameworthystateofmind)atcommonlaw.Themens rea isgenerallyimplied bytheelementofforce. ii. RapebyNonForcibleMeans 1) StatutoryRape Statutoryrapeisintercoursebyamalewithanunderagefemaletowhomheisnotmarried. Nomensreaisrequired. a) Underage Variesbyjurisdiction. 2) RapebyFraud a) FraudintheInducement Amaleisnotguiltyofrapeevenifhefraudulentlyinducesthefemaleto consenttointercourse withhim. b) FraudinFactum If,asaresultoffraud,thevictimisunawarethatshehasconsentedtoanactofsexual intercourse,herconsentisinvalid.

b. ModelPenalCode
i. Rape 1) GeneralRule Amalewhohassexualintercourse(analandoralincluded)withafemalenothiswifeisguiltyif hecompels hertosubmitbyforce orbythreat ofimminentdeath,seriousbodilyinjury,extremepainor kidnapping,tobeinflictedbyanyone. a) Grading Rapeisafelonyintheseconddegreeexceptfortwocircumstanceswhenitiselevatedtofirst degree: i) Themaleactually inflictsseriousbodilyinjuryuponanyone duringthecourseoftherape;OR ii) Thefemalewasnot avoluntarysocialcompanionoftheactorupontheoccasionofthecrimeand hadnotpreviouslypermittedhimsexualliberties b) MensRea Noculpabilitytermsinthedefinition.Readinpurposely,knowingly,recklesslyforeach materialelement. 2) OtherFormsofRape Threesituationswherenonforciblesexualintercoursebyamalewithafemalenothis wifeisprohibited: a) Substantiallyimpairedherpowertoappriseorcontrol herconductbyusing(withoutherknowledge) drugs,intoxicants,orothermeans forthepurposeofpreventingresistance. b) Ifshewasunconscious atthetimeoftheintercourse;OR c) Ifsheisunder10years ofage.Mistakeoffactastotheageisnotallowed. ii. GrossSexualImposition 1) GeneralRule Grosssexualimpositionisalessseriousoffencethanrape(felony,thirddegree).Three circumstancesconstitutegrosssexualimpositionwhenamalesecuressexualintercoursewithafemalenothis wife: a) Ifhecompelshertosubmitbyanythreatthatwouldpreventresistancebyawomanofordinary resolution. b) Ifheknowsthatshesuffersfrommentaldiseasewhichrendersherincapableofappraisingthenatureof herconduct;OR c) Heknowsthatsheisunaware thatasexualactisbeingcommitteduponherorthatshesubmitsbecause shemistakenlysupposedthatheisherhusband. iii. DeviateSexualIntercoursebyForceorImposition 1) Nopersonrequired.Impositionoffence.Forceorimpositionrequired.

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