CHAPTER 3 PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-1

3.1 The vaporization line and the critical point What is the phase at room pressure, 101 kPa and temperature, 20oC, for the following substances: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and R-134a. Solution: To answer the question we need to know something about the location of the phase boundaries. For the critical point we have information from Table 3.1 or A.2. Room Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water R-134a T = 293 K Tc = 155 K Tc = 304 K Tc = 647 K Tc = 374 K P = 101 kPa Pc = 5040 kPa Pc = 7380 kPa Pc = 22090 kPa Pc = 4064 kPa

From this information alone we can notice: Oxygen has T >> Tc and P << Pc so superheated vapor, recall Fig. 3.5 Carbon dioxide has T Tc and P << Pc so superheated vapor, recall Fig. 3.5, and the actual phase diagram in Fig.3.6 could be used. Water has lower T and much lower P than the critical point so we need to know how much lower the saturation pressure is for the lower T as shown in Fig.3.7. From the vaporization line we estimate Psat = 3 kPa, the higher P means a compressed liquid state. More accurately we could look in Table B.1.1 and find Psat = 2.3 kPa. R-134a has lower T and P than the critical point so we must look up in Table B.5.1. For 20 C we have a saturation pressure of about 573 kPa the lower room pressure means we have an expanded vapor (superheated vapor)
o

The states are shown relative to the vaporization line in the P-T diagram below. P The fusion line for water slants left for the others it slants right. S Cr.P. L water V R-134a oxygen CO2

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-2

3.2 The vaporization line for water Determine the phase for each of the following water states using the section B tables and indicate the relative position in the P-v, T-v and P-T diagrams. a) 120oC, 500 kPa Solution: a) Enter Table B.1.1 with 120oC saturation pressure is 198.5 kPa so we have a compressed liquid. That is above the saturation line for 120oC. We could also have entered Table B.1.2 with 500 kPa and found the saturation temperature as 151.86oC so we would say it is subcooled liquid. That is to the left of the saturation line for 500 kPa as seen in the P-T diagram. b) Enter Table B.1.1 with 120oC and notice vf = 0.00106 < v < vg = 0.89186 m3/kg so the state is a two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor. The state is to the left of the saturated vapor state and to the right of the saturated liquid state both seen in the T-v diagram. P Cr.P. S 500 b T 120 P C.P. 500 198 a T=120 b v 152 120 a b P=198 kPa T C.P. P=500 kPa L a V b) 120oC, 0.5 m3/kg

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-3

3.3 The ammonia and the R-22 tables Determine the phase for each of the following states using the section B tables and indicate the relative position in the P-v, T-v and P-T diagrams. a) Ammonia 30oC, 1000 kPa Solution: a) Enter Table B.2.1 with 30oC, saturation pressure is 1167 kPa as we have a lower P it is a superheated vapor state. We could also have entered with 1000 kPa and found saturation temperature slightly less than 25oC so we have a state that is superheated about 5oC. P Cr.P. S 1167 1000 30 L V T 1167 1000 25 C v P C.P. 30 C 30 25 1167 kPa 1000 T b) R-22 200 kPa, 0.15 m3/kg

C.P.

b) Enter Table B.4.1 with 200 kPa and notice v > vg 0.1119 m3/kg so from the P-v diagram the state is superheated vapor. We can find the state in Table B.4.2 between 40oC and 50oC.

P Cr.P. S 200 L V T 1942 200

P C.P. 50 C -25C v 50 40 -25

C.P. 200 kPa

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-4

3.4 Water tables Determine the missing property of P-v-T and x if applicable for the following states for water. a) 140oC, 5000 kPa b) 200 kPa, 0.25 m3/kg Solution: a) Enter Table B.1.1 with 140oC and we see a saturation pressure of 361.3 kPa so at 5000 kPa we have a compressed liquid. We could also have started in Table B.1.2 with 5000 kPa and seen the 263.99oC saturation temperature so since the state is at a lower T we have compressed liquid (subcooled). Proceed to Table B.1.4 subsection for 5000 kPa with the number after the 5000 kPa as the 3 saturation temperature (boiling T for that P), which here is 263.99oC. We get a v = 0.001077 m /kg. b) Enter Table B.1.2 with 200 kPa and notice vf = 0.001061 < v < vg = 0.88573 m3/kg we have a two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor at saturation T = 120.2oC. The quality is from Eq.3.10 x = (v vf )/vfg = (0.25 0.001061) / 0.88467 = 0.2814 P Cr.P. S 5000 b 140 264 P C.P. 5000 361 200 a b 120 C v 140 a 120 b v 264 361 200 T L a V T

C.P. 5000 kPa

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-5

3.5 The R-22 and R-134a tables Determine the missing property of P-v-T and x if applicable for the following states. a) R-22: 30oC, 1000 kPa b) R-134a: 201 kPa, 0.1 m3/kg Solution: a) For R-22 we look in table B.4.1 with T = 30oC and notice P < Psat = 1191.9 kPa so we have superheated vapor. Proceed to table B.4.2 subsection 1000 kPa (Tsat = 23.42oC). 3 There we find the entry for v as: v = 0.02460 m /kg P 4969 S 1192 1000 L a T Cr.P. V 4969 1192 1000 P C.P. a v 96 30 T C.P. 1192 1000 a v

b) For R-134a we look in table B.5.1 with P = 201 kPa and notice that this is very close to the saturated vapor state listed at 201.7 kPa. See also in B.5.2 subsection 200 kPa where the first entry is the saturated vapor at 200 kPa. Interpolate between these two entries to get vg at 201 kPa 201 200 vg = 0.10002 (0.10002 0.09921) = 0.09954 m3/kg 201.7 200 We conclude the state is superheated (but very little) vapor at roughly 10oC. P 4064 S 201 L b T Cr.P. V b 201 v v 4064 P C.P. 101 -10 T C.P. 201.7 kPa b

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-6

3.6 The nitrogen table Determine the missing property of P-v-T and x if applicable for the following states. a) Nitrogen: -53.2oC, 600 kPa Solution: For nitrogen the properties are listed in Table B.6 with temperature in Kelvin. a) Enter in table B.6.1 with T = 273.2 53.2 = 220 K, which is higher than the critical T in the last entry. Then proceed to the superheated vapor tables. We would also have realized this by looking at the critical properties in table A.2. From table B.6.2 in the subsection for 600 kPa (Tsat = 96.37 K) 3 v = 0.10788 m /kg Remark: For comparison we find v assuming ideal gas, from Eq.3.5 and table A.5 as v = RT/P = 0.2968 kJ/kg K 220 K / 600 kPa = 0.10883 m3/kg which differs from the correct value by less than one percent. b) Enter in table B.6.1 with T = 100 K and we see vf = 0.001452 < v < vg = 0.03120 m3/kg so we have a two-phase state with a pressure as the saturation pressure Psat = 779.2 kPa and the quality from Eq.3.10 becomes x = (v vf )/vfg = (0.008 0.001452) / 0.02975 = 0.2201 P 3400 S 600 L b Cr.P. V a T v 3400 779 600 P C.P. b a 220 126 100 C.P. b v T a b) Nitrogen: 100 K, 0.008 m3/kg

SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE 3.7 Interpolation in the superheated water vapor table Determine the pressure for water at 200oC with v = 0.4 m3/kg.

STUDY PROBLEM 3-7

Solution: Start in Table B.1.1 with 200oC and notice v > vg = 0.12736 m3/kg so we have superheated vapor. Proceed to Table B.1.3 at any subsection with 200oC, say we start at 200 kPa. There the v = 1.08034 which is too large so the pressure must be higher. For 500 kPa (v = 0.42492) and for 600 kPa (v = 0.35202) so it is bracketed. P C.P. 1554 600 500 200 200 200 C v .13 .35 .42 1.08 .13 .35 .42 1.08 200 kPa v T

C.P.

1554 600 500

A linear interpolation between the two pressures is done to get P at the desired v. P = 500 + (600 500) P 600 The real constant T curve is slightly curved and not linear but for manual interpolation we assume a linear variation v .35 .4 .42 0.4 0.42492 = 0.35202 0.42492 534.2 kPa

500

Notice if we assume ideal gas then Pv = RT, R = 0.4615 kJ/kg K from Table A.5 P = RT/v = 0.4615 (273.15 + 200) kJ K kg = 545.9 kPa 0.4 kg K m3

which is 2% too high, but a reasonable approximation, see Fig. 3.9, the error goes up for smaller vs.

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-8

3.8 A hot-air balloon and ideal gas law A hot-air balloon is inflated with hot air, 75oC, at approximately 101 kPa to a volume of 775 m3. How much air mass is that? and how much air mass at 20oC, 101 kPa is displaced by the balloon volume? Solution: We assume the air is an ideal gas so we have from Eq.3.5 PV = mRT ; R = 0.287 kJ/kg K from table A.5 now PV 101 775 kPa m3 kg K m= = = 783.4 kg RT 0.287 (273.15 + 75) kJ K The mass of cold air displaced by the same volume is m= PV 101 775 kPa m3 kg K = = 930.4 kg RT 0.287 (273.15 + 20) kJ K

So that size balloon with the hot air at 75oC can lift the difference (930 783) kg in the gravitational field, an effect called the boyancy.

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-9

3.9 A gas-bell and mass flow rate A gas-bell is submerged in liquid water with its mass counterbalanced with rope and pulleys as shown. The pressure inside is measured carefully to be 105 kPa and the temperature is 21oC. A volume increase is measured to be 0.75 m3 over a period of 185 seconds. What is the volume flow rate and the mass flow rate of the flow into the bell assuming it is carbon dioxide gas? Solution:

CO2 m

m CO The volume flow rate is . dV V 0.75 V= = = = 0.04054 m3/s dt t 185

. . . and the mass flow rate is m = V = V/v. At close to room conditions the carbon dioxide is an ideal gas so PV = mRT or v = RT/P and from Table A.5 we have the ideal gas constant R = 0.1889 kJ/kg K. The mass flow rate becomes . 105 0.04054 kPa m3/s . = PV = m = 0.0766 kg/s RT 0.1889 (273.15 + 21) kJ/kg

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-10

3.10 The generalized chart Propane in a steel bottle of volume 0.1 m3 has a quality of 10% at a temperature of 15oC. Use the generalized compressibility chart to estimate the total propane mass and to find the pressure. Solution: To use the generalized chart we need the reduced pressure and temperature so from Table A.2 for propane Pc = 4250 kPa and Tc = 369.8 K. The reduced temperature is from Eq.3.8 T 273.15 + 15 Tr = = = 0.7792 = 0.78 Tc 369.8 From Figure D.1 shown below we can read for the saturated states Z sat vapor Tr= 2.0 Tr = 0.78 sat liq. 0.2 1 ln Pr Tr = 0.7 Pr sat = 0.2, Zf = 0.035, Zg = 0.83

For the two-phase state the pressure is the saturated pressure P = Pr sat Pc = 0.2 4250 kPa = 850 kPa The overall compressibility factor becomes, as Eq.3.1 for v Z = (1 x) Zf + x Zg = 0.9 0.035 + 0.1 0.83 = 0.1145 The gas constant from Table A.5 is R = 0.1886 kJ/kg K so the gas law is Eq.3.7 divided by molecular weight PV = mZRT m= 850 0.1 PV kPa m3 = = ZRT 0.1145 0.1886 288.15 kJ/kg 13.66 kg

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STUDY PROBLEM 3-11

3.11 The computer tables Find the states in study problems 3.2 and 3.3 with the computer aided thermodynamics tables CATT and list the missing property of P-v-T and x if applicable. Solution: Water states from study problem 3.2: Click tab water, click calculator and then select case 1 (T,P). Input (T, P) = (120, 0.5)

SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE Compressed liquid

STUDY PROBLEM 3-12 v = 0.0106 m3/kg (same as in Table B.1.4)

Click calculator and then select case 2 (T, v). Input (T, v) = (120, 0.5) Two-phase x = 0.5601, P = 198.5 kPa Ammoniastate from study problem 3.3: Click tab cryogenics, check that it is ammonia otherwise select ammonia click calculator and then select case 1 (T,P). Input (T, P) = (30, 1) Superheated vapor v = 0.1321 m3/kg (same as in Table B.2.2)

R-22 state from study problem 3.3: Click tab refrigerants, check that it is R-22 otherwise select R-22 (alt-R) click calculator and then select case 5 (P, v). Input (P, v) = (0.2, 0.15) Superheated vapor T = 46.26oC